Character Strengths-based Intervention Research Articles

Do Character Strengths-Based Interventions Change Character Strengths? Two Randomized Controlled Intervention Studies

Character strengths-based interventions are effective for increasing well-being. However, whether such interventions also change character strengths has never been tested. In Study 1, we studied the effects of seven different variants of character strengths-based interventions on well-being, ill-being, and character strengths traits and states (i.e., frequency of behavior during one week). We analyzed data of N = 1,163 participants (82.3% women, aged 18 to 78; Md = 45) who were randomized to seven intervention conditions lasting one week; (1) learning about the VIA classification of character strengths, (2) learning about one’s own strengths, using signature strengths (3) in a new way, (4) with a minor challenge, (5) with a larger challenge, (6) for other people, (7) forming a strengths-based habit, or a placebo control condition (early memories). Results showed that using signature strengths in a new way led to increased well-being, social well-being, as well as character strengths states and traits. Forming a strengths-based habit also increased well-being and character strengths states. No effects on ill-being were found. In Study 2, we tested a four-week multi-component program that combined several interventions tested in Study 1 in a sample of N = 254 participants (77.8% women, aged 19 to 87; Md = 42). Compared to a waitlist control group, the intervention condition showed increases in well-being and character strengths states, and reductions in stress and neuroticism. We conclude that character strengths interventions may not only affect well-being but also character strengths states and traits, as well as broader personality traits such as neuroticism.

Does mindfulness matter in the development of character strengths? A RCT study comparing mindfulness-based strengths practice and character strengths-based intervention

ABSTRACT Character strengths-based interventions (CSBI) take various forms and integrate different ingredients into interventions. This study investigated the role of mindfulness in strengths development, directly comparing the effects of mindfulness-based strengths practice (MBSP) and a form of CSBI without mindfulness. Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to MBSP, CSBI, and blank control groups. Participants’ mindfulness, character strengths, strengths knowledge, strengths use, psychological well-being (PWB), and subjective well-being (SWB) were assessed before and after the intervention, and one month later. The results showed that MBSP and CSBI were equally effective in enhancing character strengths, strengths knowledge, and strengths use. MBSP was more effective in promoting mindfulness, PWB, and overall character strengths, while CSBI was more effective in enhancing participants’ SWB. The development of strengths knowledge and strengths use served as serial mediators of the increase in character strengths, and the development of mindfulness served as the mediator of the increase in PWB.

Development of an evidence‑based, theory‑driven, and culturally appropriate character strengths-based intervention for breast cancer patients, following the Medical Research Council Framework.

To design and develop a complex, evidence‑based, theory‑driven, and culturally appropriate character strengths-based intervention (CSI) for breast cancer patients, following the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework. From 2018 September to 2020 November, a complex intervention perspective was adopted. The rationale, methods, and processes employed in carrying out the study were reported. The acceptability and feasibility of intervention program were evaluated as a part of subsequent pilot study. Based on piloting, a refined and optimized definitive intervention was obtained. The development of the intervention is an iterative process involving input from three key stakeholders: experts, medical staff, and patient representatives. The systematic review revealed CSIs were effective and the selected theory served as a guide and indicated theory-inspired modifications. A representative team of breast cancer patients and oncology nurses collaboratively developed and tailored the intervention content and format with attention to the acceptability and feasibility. Five main strategies, including peripheral, evidential, linguistic, constituent-involving, and sociocultural strategies, were used to achieve and strengthen the cultural appropriateness. After the pilot phase, several refinements were made on the CSI program, such as editorial changes in the booklet or alternative suggestions for difficult strengths-based activities (e.g., outdoor activities). All participants not only expressed satisfaction with the program in process evaluation, but also reported perceived benefits such as enjoyable and sociable experience, better well-being, and increased confidence. Consideration of the MRC framework, theory guidance, and suggestions from stakeholders during intervention development can optimize uptake and sustainability in the clinical setting. It is recommended that randomized controlled trial be used in future studies to assess the intervention, the process and the mechanisms of the intervention. Our approach may offer implications for the design and implementation of similar initiatives to support cancer patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Register Identifier: NCT04219267, 07/01/2020, retrospectively registered.

Character Strengths as a Predictor of Adult Friendship Quality and Satisfaction: Implications for Psychological Interventions

Since the birth of positive psychology, character strengths-based interventions aiming at promoting wellbeing have become very popular. However, there are only a few previous studies focusing on the associations of character strengths with social wellbeing, e.g., positive outcomes in close relationships. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between character strengths and positive adult friendship outcomes (i.e., friendship quality, satisfaction, and number of friends). The effects of age and gender were also examined. A total of 3051 adults aged from 18 to 65 years participated in the study. The Values-In-Action Inventory of Strengths-120 and the McGill Friendship Questionnaires (measuring friendship quality and satisfaction) were used. The results indicated that all character strengths positively correlated with friendship variables, while specific strengths predicted adult friendship quality (love, kindness, honesty, and curiosity), satisfaction (kindness, honesty, modesty, spirituality, love, and bravery), and number of friends (curiosity and persistence). Age, gender, and gender of the friend dyad (same and opposite-sex friendships) moderated only three of these effects. Practical implications for designing and implementing strengths-based positive friendship interventions in several contexts, such as university, workplace, and counselling are discussed.

Neurodiversity and Opportunities in Psychiatry

Neurodiversity and Opportunities in Psychiatry

Life Satisfaction and Character Strenghs in Ecuatorian Adolescents

There is empirical evidence that life satisfaction (LS) in adolescence is associated with adequate development and future well-being. Research into the factors underpinning LS can therefore help to promote healthier development of societies. The aim of this study was to extend knowledge about LS among adolescents in Ecuador, a Latin American country for which research on this topic is lacking. Specifically, we analyze the relationship between LS and character strengths, controlling for gender, age, socioeconomic status, and family structure. Participants were 659 adolescents (43.1% female) aged between 12 and 18 years who completed the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS) and the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth (VIA-Y). Their parents or legal guardians completed the Survey of Socioeconomic Stratification (SSES). Correlation analysis and regression modeling were performed. Results showed that LS was not related to age or socioeconomic status, but there was a significant association with gender and family structure, insofar as boys and adolescents living in intact families reported higher levels of LS. Overall, the majority of character strengths were positively related to LS. After eliminating overlap between strengths and controlling for sociodemographic variables, the strengths of hope, zest, love, and prudence significantly predicted LS. We discuss how these strengths, related to the cognitive component of well-being, may play a protective role against difficulties during adolescence. Character strengths-based interventions are proposed to promote healthy development in Ecuadorian adolescents.

The efficacy of character strengths-based group intervention on reducing anxiety among adolescents and mediating role of self-efficacy

The efficacy of character strengths-based group intervention on reducing anxiety among adolescents and mediating role of self-efficacy

Character Strengths Predict an Increase in Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being Over a One-Month Period During the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown.

This study examines whether character strengths predict resilience (operationalized as stable or higher mental health and subjective well-being despite an adverse event) over a period of approximately 1 month during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Spain. Using a longitudinal design, participants (N = 348 adults) completed online measures of sociodemographic data, information regarding their situation in relation to the COVID-19, character strengths, general mental health, life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect. All variables were measured at Time 1 and Time 2, except for sociodemographic and most COVID-related information (Time 1 only). Time 1 data collection was conducted between March 21, 2020 and April 2, 2020, i.e., approximately the second week of lockdown in Spain. Time 2 data collection was conducted between April 24, 2020 and May 18, 2020, after the Spanish government announced its intention to progressively release the lockdown. A principal component analysis of character strengths was conducted. Five character strength factors were extracted: fortitude, goodness, intellectual, interpersonal, and restraint. Factor structures at Times 1 and 2 were highly consistent. All character strength factors at Time 1 correlated positively with life satisfaction and positive affect, and negatively with negative affect and mental health at T2 (higher scores in the mental health measure indicate poorer mental health). Fortitude strengths showed the highest correlations. We conducted a series of regression analyses with strength factors at Time 1 as predictors, and mental health, life satisfaction, and positive and negative affect as dependent variables, controlling for their baseline levels. To test the directionality of the relationship between strengths and the dependent variables, all analyses were reversed. All character strength factors predicted an increase in mental health. They also predicted positive affect, with the exception of strengths of restraint. Fortitude, intellectual, and interpersonal strengths predicted an increase in life satisfaction. Finally, fortitude strengths, interpersonal strengths, and strengths of restraint, predicted a decrease in negative affect. None of the reversed analyses yielded significant effects. Limitations, implications, and possible character strengths-based interventions aimed at promoting mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.

Character strengths-based interventions: Open questions and ideas for future research

ABSTRACT Numerous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of character strengths-based interventions for fostering well-being. However, there are still several open questions. The present article discusses some of the most important questions. We review the current body of research and provide ideas and possible future directions on issues such as: Should interventions be generic or personalized? What strengths should be addressed in a strengths-based intervention? What is the role of signature strengths? Do strengths-based interventions change the level of character strengths? How can you justify strengths-based interventions? We conclude that increasing knowledge has not tempered but rather has heightened the initial high expectations on the important contribution of strengths-based interventions in research and practice, but still much work remains to be done.

A systematic review of the effects of character strengths-based intervention on the psychological well-being of patients suffering from chronic illnesses.

To identify and evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of character strengths-based intervention on the psychological well-being of patients with chronic illnesses. A systematic review with meta-analysis. Six electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO (CINAHL® and MEDLINE), Web of Science, and PsycINFO, were searched from inception to December 2018. The quality appraisal of evidence and summary of studies were undertaken following Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists and the standard guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Meta-analysis was conducted according to Cochrane methods using RevMan 5.1. Clinical studies on the character strengths-based intervention for patients with chronic illnesses are limited. Eight studies involving 692 patients were identified and critically appraised in this review. Meta-analysis results for three comparable studies indicated that character strengths-based intervention was effective in improving the self-esteem of patients with chronic illnesses and it significantly enhanced their general self-efficacy and reduced their depression. The findings support the effectiveness of character strengths-based intervention on improving the psychological well-being of patients with chronic illnesses. However, caution is needed in interpreting these results due to limited studies and heterogeneity across studies. Further research is needed to provide strong evidence on the applicability of the intervention in clinical practice. This rigorous review provided current evidence on using character strengths-based intervention to improve the psychological well-being of patients with chronic illnesses. Character strengths-based intervention provides a creative approach for patients because it may help improve their well-being, happiness, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, and reduce depression and mental symptoms. Studies in different groups of patients suffering from chronic illnesses are recommended in the future. The character strengths-based intervention should be replicated in various inpatient facilities and include a larger and a more ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample.

Effectiveness of Character Strengths-based Intervention Among Breast Cancer Patients

Effectiveness of Character Strengths-based Intervention Among Breast Cancer Patients

Outcomes of a Character Strengths–Based Intervention on Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy of Psychiatrically Hospitalized Youths

Mental health treatment approaches based on character strengths can be used to complement the traditional focus on functional impairment. The study tested use of a character strengths-based intervention to enhance the self-esteem and self-efficacy of psychiatrically hospitalized youths. Eighty-one hospitalized adolescents were randomly assigned to intervention or comparison groups. The intervention used the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth to discover character strengths and incorporate them into coping skills. Self-efficacy and self-esteem were measured at baseline, postintervention, two weeks, and three months. Self-esteem and self-efficacy initially increased in both groups, but only the intervention group showed sustained improvement. The intervention was associated with increased self-efficacy at two weeks and increased self-efficacy and self-esteem at three months. A brief, easily administered character strengths-based intervention may be an adjunctive tool in the treatment of psychiatrically hospitalized youths.

Strengths Gym: The impact of a character strengths-based intervention on the life satisfaction and well-being of adolescents

This preliminary research study examined the impact of Strengths Gym, a character strengths-based positive psychological intervention program, on adolescent life satisfaction. Using a quasi-experimental treatment-control condition design, the study compared student outcomes for life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and self-esteem for 319 adolescent students aged 12–14 (M = 12.98): 218 adolescent students who participated in character strengths-based exercises in the school curriculum, and 101 adolescent students who did not participate in character strengths-based exercises in the school curriculum. Results revealed that adolescents who participated in character strengths-based exercises experienced significantly increased life satisfaction compared to adolescents who did not participate in character strengths-based exercises. Overall, results provide encouraging preliminary support for the application of character strengths-based exercises in the school curriculum as a means of increasing life satisfaction and well-being among youths.