Character Size Research Articles

Study of Text Segmentation and Recognition Using Leap Motion Sensor

Recognition of 3-D texts drawn by fingers using Leap motion sensor can be challenging for existing text recognition frameworks. The texts sensed by Leap motion device are different from traditional offline and on-line writing systems. This is because of frequent jitters and non-uniform character sizes while writing using Leap motion interface. Moreover, because of air writing, characters, words, and lines are usually connected by continuous stroke that makes it difficult to recognize. In this paper, we present a study of segmentation and recognition of text recorded using Leap motion sensor. The segmentation task of continuous text into words is performed using a heuristic analysis of stroke length between two successive words. Next, the recognition of each segmented word is performed using sequential classifiers. In this paper, we have performed 3-D text recognition using hidden Markov model (HMM) and bidirectional long short-term memory neural networks (BLSTM-NNs). We have created a data set consisting of 560 Latin sentences drawn by ten participants using Leap motion sensor for experiments. An accuracy of 78.2% has been obtained in word segmentation, whereas 86.88% and 81.25% accuracies have been recorded in word recognition using BLSTM-NN and HMM classifiers, respectively.

Relationship Between Personality and Handwriting Using Eysenck Test

This study attempts to examine ways of writing (handwriting) include: pen pressure, the character size, the distance between the rows, words and letters, the base line, stand line, punctuation of punctual letters, with introvert and extrovert personality, emotional stability- instability (neuroticism) and psychotic features associated with them and study the relationship between these variables using the Eysenck personality questionnaire (adult). The sample used in this study consists of 68 people among the members of community (Miyaneh city in Iran, regardless of their job and position) randomly including 36 women and 32 men. In this study Eysenck Tests questionnaire is used in the form of 90 questions. Chi-squared test results show that there is a significant relation with 99% confidence level between all studied variables in handwriting and the kind of personality characteristics. According to the results, personality of people couldn’t be realized based on just one variable and different variables of personality must taking into account in the handwriting judge. In general, it may be judged that (a) In society, number of people with unstable extrovert personality is more; (b) the amount of instable people is more than stable and (c) the number of extroverts is more than introverts.

A universal fluorometric assay strategy for glycosidases based on functional carbon quantum dots: β-galactosidase activity detection in vitro and in living cells.

The development of highly sensitive assays for glycosidases is of critical significance to understand their functions, facilely detect associated diseases and screen potential new drugs. In this work, we develop a universal assay strategy for glycosidase enzymes and inhibitor screening based on functional carbon quantum dots through a combined host-guest recognition and specific static quenching-induced signal transduction mechanism. This detection strategy is established in terms of the following facts: (1) β-cyclodextrin as a perfect host can selectively associate with p-nitrophenol due to its hydrophobic character and right size match of the cavity, which renders specific binding between β-cyclodextrin and p-nitrophenol via a host-guest recognition. (2) The formation of an inclusion complex between β-cyclodextrin modified carbon quantum dots (β-CD-CQDs) and p-nitrophenol results in fluorescence quenching with a high quenching efficiency due to the static quenching mechanism. Glycoconjugates of p-nitrophenol as the substrates could be rapidly hydrolyzed to corresponding glycose and p-nitrophenol in the presence of specific glycosidase, and the resulting p-nitrophenol induces the following host-guest interaction and static quenching leading to a change in the fluorescence signal. The activity of different glycosidase enzymes could be evaluated in the same way as long as the glycosyl unit of glycosylated substrates was changed. Here we take β-galactosidase as an example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed detection strategy because it can act as a molecular target for primary ovarian cancers. A highly sensitive assay for β-galactosidase activity in terms of linear correlation of the fluorescence change with the β-galactosidase level was established with a low detection limit of 0.6 U L-1. Its function of inhibitor screening was also assessed by using d-galactal as the inhibitor for β-galactosidase, and the positive results indicated its feasibility to screen potential inhibitors. It is also illustrated that the nanoprobe possesses excellent biocompatibility, and can sensitively monitor the intracellular β-galactosidase level in ovarian cancer cells. This work provides a general detection method for glycosidase activity, demonstrates its applicability of monitoring the enzyme level in living cells, and broadens fluorogenic probes in fluorescence-guided diagnostics.

Asymptotic behavior of the incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid with degree of freedom in porous medium

The authors study the asymptotic behavior of the incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid with degree of freedom in the porous medium in ℝ n with n = 2 or 3. They derive the Darcy law as e, the character size of the hole, tends to zero. Moreover, the authors obtain the expression of the degree of freedom from the homogenized model.

STUDY PORE CHARACTERIZATION OF γ-ALUMINA – ACTIVATED CARBON COMPOSITE MADE OF CASSAVA PEELS (Manihot esculenta Cranz)

<p>A composite of γ-alumina and activated carbon made of cassava peels was studied in terms of its pore structures and its properties. The objective of this study was to determine the interaction and structure, as well as the character and pore size of γ-alumina – activated carbon composite.</p><p>Carbon made of cassava peels was activated by H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and its activities were tested according to the Indonesian Industrial Standards (SII). The addition of activated carbon into γ-alumina made in variations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % w/w, of the total weight of 10 grams. The composite of γ-alumina - activated carbon was characterized by FTIR, SAA (Surface Area Analyzer), XRD, and determination of Hysteresis Loop composites.</p>The greater addition of activated carbon to γ-alumina causes intermolecular interactions between –O-H groups form rehydrated hydrogen bonds in the composite is greater. The structure of γ-alumina in the composites remain intact although the percentage of activated carbon in composite is large. The total pore volume and surface area using the BET method of the composite decreases with increasing activated carbon percentage. The greater addition of activated carbon to γ-alumina causes size of mesoporous composites decreased with the characteristic of a composite formed is closer to the activated carbon.

Effects of Luminance Contrast and Character Size on Reading Function.

Effects of Luminance Contrast and Character Size on Reading Function.

An ITC Study on the Interaction Energy Between Galactomannan Biopolymers and Selected MO2 Nanoparticles in Hydrogels

AbstractThe interaction of guar gum, a galactomannan polysaccharide, and its derivative hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) with MO2 nanoparticles whereby M exhibits a decreasing metallic character (Ti → Sn → Si) and MO2 different sizes (6 – 15 nm) was studied by applying isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and rotational viscosimetry. It was found that the crosslinking ability of the oxide nanoparticles towards galactomannans is controlled by the electropositive character of M and the size of the nanoparticles which should be as small as possible (< 10 nm) to produce extremely viscous gels. The thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔS and ΔG for the association reaction obtained from ITC revealed that the interaction generally is entropy driven, slightly stronger for guar gum than for HPG and is decreasing from TiO2 to SnO2 to SiO2. The results explain the observations made in the viscosimetric measurements.

Effects of Word Width and Word Length on Optimal Character Size for Reading of Horizontally Scrolling Japanese Words.

The present study investigated, whether word width and length affect the optimal character size for reading of horizontally scrolling Japanese words, using reading speed as a measure. In Experiment 1, three Japanese words, each consisting of four Hiragana characters, sequentially scrolled on a display screen from right to left. Participants, all Japanese native speakers, were instructed to read the words aloud as accurately as possible, irrespective of their order within the sequence. To quantitatively measure their reading performance, we used rapid serial visual presentation paradigm, where the scrolling rate was increased until the participants began to make mistakes. Thus, the highest scrolling rate at which the participants’ performance exceeded 88.9% correct rate was calculated for each character size (0.3°, 0.6°, 1.0°, and 3.0°) and scroll window size (5 or 10 character spaces). Results showed that the reading performance was highest in the range of 0.6° to 1.0°, irrespective of the scroll window size. Experiment 2 investigated whether the optimal character size observed in Experiment 1 was applicable for any word width and word length (i.e., the number of characters in a word). Results showed that reading speeds were slower for longer than shorter words and the word width of 3.6° was optimal among the word lengths tested (three, four, and six character words). Considering that character size varied depending on word width and word length in the present study, this means that the optimal character size can be changed by word width and word length in scrolling Japanese words.

Evolution maps and applications

Common tasks in document analysis, such as binarization, line extraction etc., are still considered difficult for highly degraded text documents. Having reliable fundamental information regarding the characters of the document, such as the distribution of character dimensions and stroke width, can significantly improve the performance of these tasks. We introduce a novel perspective of the image data which maps the evolution of connected components along the change in gray scale threshold. The maps reveal significant information about the sets of elements in the document, such as characters, noise, stains, and words. The information is further employed to improve state of the art binarization algorithm, and achieve automatically character size estimation, line extraction, stroke width estimation, and feature distribution analysis, all of which are hard tasks for highly degraded documents.

2H3-4 書きやすい文字サイズに関する検討

2H3-4 書きやすい文字サイズに関する検討

글자 크기와 조도의 변화에 의한 가시거리 측정과 예상

가시거리는 볼 수 있는 거리로 정의되며, 이는 글자 크기, 조도 등에 따라 바뀐다. 글자 크기와 조도를 결정할 때 가시거리는 중요한 참고 자료가 될 수 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 가시거리 측정과 예상의 2가지 연구를 하였다. 3가지 글자 크기와 3가지 조도에 대해서 약 120명의 학생에 대해서 가시거리를 측정했다. ...

A Study on the Driver’s Preferences of Prividing Direction Information in Road Signs

Although traffic information has been actively analyzed using big data, it has not been used as much with the consideration of driver characteristics. Among the various types of information, road signs can directly affect the driver. Road signs must provide the optimal information that enables drivers to reach their destinations with ease as well as information suitable for navigation systems. However, present road sign rules provide standardized information, regardless of the road type or size. This study suggests a method for providing road information that will help drivers determine their behavior. First, the minimum character size that can be used on a road sign for each design speed was obtained with respect to the visibility and decipherability of a road sign. Instead of conventional diagram-based direction guidance, a scenario using split-based direction guidance was created. To verify the effectiveness of the provided information, a three-dimensional simulated road environment was constructed, and a driving simulator was used for the test. At a simple plane intersection, the driver was not greatly influenced by directional guidance, but at a complex, three-dimensional intersection, the driver preferred summary-based directional guidance, which is instinctive guidance, over diagram-based guidance. On the basis of the test results, a secondary verification test that applied split-based guidance at a three-dimensional intersection confirmed that the driver had no problems in making decisions.

STUDY PORE CHARACTERIZATION OF γ-ALUMINA – ACTIVATED CARBON COMPOSITE MADE OF CASSAVA PEELS (Manihot esculenta Cranz)

<p>A composite of γ-alumina and activated carbon made of cassava peels was studied in terms of its pore structures and its properties. The objective of this study was to determine the interaction and structure, as well as the character and pore size of γ-alumina – activated carbon composite.</p><p>Carbon made of cassava peels was activated by H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and its activities were tested according to the Indonesian Industrial Standards (SII). The addition of activated carbon into γ-alumina made in variations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % w/w, of the total weight of 10 grams. The composite of γ-alumina - activated carbon was characterized by FTIR, SAA (Surface Area Analyzer), XRD, and determination of Hysteresis Loop composites.</p>The greater addition of activated carbon to γ-alumina causes intermolecular interactions between –O-H groups form rehydrated hydrogen bonds in the composite is greater. The structure of γ-alumina in the composites remain intact although the percentage of activated carbon in composite is large. The total pore volume and surface area using the BET method of the composite decreases with increasing activated carbon percentage. The greater addition of activated carbon to γ-alumina causes size of mesoporous composites decreased with the characteristic of a composite formed is closer to the activated carbon.

Macronutrient balance mediates the growth of sexually selected weapons but not genitalia in male broad‐horned beetles

Summary Condition is defined as the pool of resources available to an individual that can be allocated to fitness‐enhancing traits. Consequently, condition could influence developmental trade‐offs if any occur. Although many studies have manipulated diet to demonstrate condition‐dependent trait expression, few studies have determined the contribution of specific nutrients to condition or trade‐offs. We used nutritional geometry to quantify the effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate content on larval performance and the development of adult morphology including body size as well as a primary and secondary sexually selected trait in male broad‐horned beetles, Gnatocerus cornutus. We found that offspring survival, development rate and morphological traits were highly affected by dietary carbohydrate content and to a lesser extent by protein content and that all traits were maximized at a protein‐to‐carbohydrate ratio around 1:2. The absolute size of a secondary sexual character, the mandibles, had a heightened response to the increased availability and ratio of both macronutrients. Male genitalia, in contrast, were relatively insensitive to the increased availability of macronutrients. Overall, while nutrition influenced trait expression, the nutritional requirements of development rate and morphological traits were largely the same and resource acquisition seems to implement only weak trade‐offs in this species. This finding contrasts with some resource constraint predictions, as beetles seem able to simultaneously meet the nutritional requirements of most traits.

Field observations of display placement requirements and character size for presbyopic and prepresbyopic computer users.

Computer users continue to report eye and upper body discomfort even as workstation flexibility has improved. Research shows a relationship between character size, viewing distance, and reading performance. Few reports exist regarding text height viewed under normal office work conditions and eye discomfort. This paper reports self-selected computer display placement, text characteristics, and subjective comfort for older and younger computer workers under real-world conditions. Computer workers were provided with monitors and adjustable display support(s). In Study 1, older workers wearing progressive-addition lenses (PALs) were observed. In study 2, older workers wearing multifocal lenses and younger workers were observed. Workers wearing PALs experienced less eye and body discomfort with adjustable displays, and less eye and neck discomfort for text visual angles near or greater than ergonomic recommendations. Older workers wearing multifocal correction positioned displays much lower than younger workers. In general, computer users did not adjust character size to ensure that fovial images of text fell within the recommended range. Ergonomic display placement recommendations should be different for computer users wearing multifocal correction for presbyopia. Ergonomic training should emphasize adjusting text size for user comfort.

Effect of Character Size on Reading Speed of Single Familiar Clauses

Effect of Character Size on Reading Speed of Single Familiar Clauses

New record of the genus Israelimeria Weiner & Kaprus’, 2005 (Collembola: Neanuridae: Pseudachorutinae) from Iran, with description of a new species

Israelimeria persica sp. nov. is described from Iran. The genus Israelimeria can be easily identified due to a reduction of the number of eyes and the complete absence of the postantennal organ and the furca. The new taxon, and also the second species of the genus, differs from I. poliakovae Weiner & Kaprus', 2005, known only from Judean Mts. in Israel, in size and shape of mandibles and many chaetotactic characters, especially number of setae in ocular area of the head, ventral tube, subcoxae "1" and microchaetae number in furcal area.

An intelligent character recognition method to filter spam images on cloud

Cloud storage has become an important way for data sharing in recent years. Data protection for data owner and harmful data filtering for data recipients are two non-negligible problems in cloud storage. Illegal or unsuitable messages on cloud have a negative impact on minors and they are easily converted into images to avoid text-based filtering. To detect the spam image with the embedded harmful messages on cloud, soft computing methods are required for intelligent character recognition. HOG, proposed by Dalal and Triggs, has been demonstrated so far to be one of the best features for intelligent character recognition. A pre-defined sliding window is always used for the generation of candidate character images when HOG is applied to recognize the whole word. However, due to the difference in character sizes, the pre-defined window cannot exactly match with each character. Variations on scale and translation usually occur in the character image to be recognized, which have a great influence on the performance of intelligent character recognition. Aiming to solve this problem, STRHOG, an extended version of HOG, is proposed in this paper. Experiments on two public datasets and one our dataset have shown encouraging results for our work. The improved intelligent character recognition is helpful for filtering spam images on cloud. To make a fair comparison with other methods, nearest neighbor classifier is used for the intelligent character recognition. It is expected that the performance should be further improved by using better classifiers such as fuzzy neural network.

Hill Climbing Approach for Text Binarization from Videos

Objectives: To develop presents an efficient algorithm for binarization of text from videos. However, it is a challenging and difficult task in image processing, due to their complicated background and non uniform character size. Method/Analysis: This study focuses a novel approach for binarization of text region from videos based on Hill climbing Algorithm. Symmetric filtering and graph cut algorithms are used to refine the obtained clusters. Finally, an optimal clustering selection algorithm is applied to obtain the text region. Findings: The experimental results show that the proposed text binarization technique is robust in text detection with various character size and complicated background. Data sets are taken from the You Tube Video Text (YVT) harvested from YouTube. Application: This proposed binarization technique is applicable to automated licence plate recognition system, especially to identify Indian vehicles licence plates.

Taxonomic status of the Columbia duskysnail (Truncatelloidea, Amnicolidae, Colligyrus).

Undescribed freshwater snails (Amnicolidae: Colligyrus) from the Mount Hood region (northwestern United States) identified as a new species (commonly known as the Columbia duskysnail) in grey literature have been provided federal protection under the “survey and manage” provisions of the Northwest Forest Plan and have been placed on conservation watch lists. However, there are no published studies of the identity of these snails aside from a molecular phylogenetic analysis which delineated a close relationship between the single sampled population and Colligyrus greggi, which is distributed more than 750 km to the east of the Mount Hood area. Here we examine the taxonomic status of the Columbia duskysnail based on additional molecular sampling of mitochondrial DNA sequences (COI) and morphological evidence. We found that the Columbia duskysnail is not a monophyletic group and forms a strongly supported clade with Colligyrus greggi. The COI divergence between these broadly disjunct groups (2.1%) was somewhat larger than that within Colligyrus greggi (1.0%) but considerably less than that among the three currently recognized species of Colligyrus (8.7–12.1%). Additionally we found that the Columbia duskysnail and Colligyrus greggi cannot be consistently differentiated by previously reported diagnostic characters (size and shape of shell spire, pigmentation of body and penis) and are closely similar in other aspects of morphology. Based on these results we conclude that the Columbia duskysnail is conspecific with Colligyrus greggi.