Char Yield Values Research Articles

Epoxy/phenolic nanocomposite based adhesives: Non-isothermal cure kinetic study

The curing behavior of an epoxy/phenolic-based system containing graphene oxide (GO), and rubber powder as a toughening agent has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under non-isothermal conditions at a temperature from 0 to 200 °C. So, to better dispersion of GO nanoplates in the resin media, the surface of the GOs was modified by 1,12-diaminododecane and subsequently aforementioned reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric techniques (TGA). DSC results show that rubber powders despite toughening properties prohibited resin-curing reactions. On the other hand, modified GO led to the promotion of curing reactions. The results of differential and integral isoconversional approaches indicated low activation energy for nanocomposite containing modified GO. Furthermore, thermal stability results reveal that the maximum decomposition temperature and char yield values of samples were increased gradually by the addition of GO and rubber powder to the system.

Impact of Different Substituents on Thermal Curing and Flame‐Retardant Behaviors of 2,2′‐Methylenebis(4‐nitrophenol)‐Based (Poly)benzoxazines

AbstractPolymerization of benzoxazine at low temperatures is important because the high‐temperature polymerization restricts its utilization in a wide range of applications, though the polybenzoxazines possess excellent properties. The effect of nitro functionality and various substituents on the thermal curing of benzoxazine and the flame‐retardant behavior are mainly focused in this study. In the present work, 2,2′‐methylenebis(4‐nitrophenol) (NBP) was synthesized from 4‐nitrophenol and is used for the synthesis of benzoxazine derivatives with five structurally different aromatic amines. As the synthesized benzoxazine contains nitro‐groups in the phenolic part and various substituted functional groups in different positions of the amine part, the curing temperatures significantly varied among each other. The effect of different substituents on the thermal ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of benzoxazine was studied with exotherms of the DSC thermogram. The 4‐fluoroaniline and 2‐aminobenzotrifluoride‐based benzoxazines show the highest and lowest curing temperatures of 272 and 189 °C, respectively, which is based on their substituents and their position that can act as an internal catalyst. The resulting polybenzoxazines possess higher char yield (49% ≤ 63%) and higher values of LOI (37 ≤ 43) including excellent flame retardant (UL94‐V0) behaviors suggesting that the polybenzoxazine can be used as coatings for high‐performance industrial applications.

Structure and Properties of Thermally Stabilized and Ecologically Friendly Organic Cotton Fibers as a New Activated Carbon Fiber Precursor

Organic cotton precursor yarn was impregnated in an aqueous solution consisting of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP), boric acid (BA), and urea (U) mixtures before the thermal stabilization stage and then subjected to heat treatments in an air environment at 245 °C. The effect of chemical pretreatment on organic cotton yarn was examined using methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis revealed a gradual decrease in the crystalline structure, attributed to the disruption of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. DSC and TGA measurements showed an improved thermal stability due to the formation of pre-graphitic structures with aromatic entities at higher temperatures. For samples chemically impregnated and then stabilized, the char yield values increased from 25% to 68% at 500 °C and 23% to 53% at 1000 °C. Analysis of IR spectra indicated a gradual reduction in both intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds associated with dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions. The IR spectra also confirmed a decrease in crystallinity with increasing oxidation time, which is consistent with the findings from X-ray diffraction. In addition, the IR spectra showed the presence of C = C bonds, indicating the formation of a crosslinked ladder-like structure. The results showed that DAP-BA-U integration increased the thermal stability of organic cotton fibers and the obtained samples were ready for the next stage, carbonization.Graphical

Producing ablative thermal protection systems by additive manufacturing

Aerospace vehicles that undergo atmospheric re-entry require thermal protection systems (TPS) to protect them from the extreme environment. Currently, TPS production relies on hand layup techniques which are time-, cost-, and energy-intensive. A method to produce composite TPS via additive manufacturing (AM) is demonstrated, which uses a custom-designed formulation. Thermal characterization of the composite system showed that char yield values were comparable to ablative systems presently used in TPS. Printability was demonstrated by in situ deposition onto a rotating/tilting aluminum substrate. A five-axis printer system was developed/adapted to accommodate the contours of TPS substrates and to enable the extrudate to completely cover leading edges of vehicle control surfaces.

Mechanical and thermal properties of fumed silica‐incorporated silane‐terminated urethane/epoxy‐interpenetrating polymer network nanocomposites

AbstractIn this study, it was aimed to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy materials based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A‐based. For this purpose, three different nanocomposite materials were prepared at various ratios including a fumed silica nanoparticle‐reinforced epoxy nanocomposite (FSN), an epoxy/silane‐terminated urethane (STU) hybrid interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) nanocomposite (SHIN), and a fumed silica‐reinforced epoxy/STU hybrid IPN nanocomposite (FSHIN). While synthesizing SHIN, 3‐isocyanato propyl trimethoxy silane (ICPTMS) and poly (hexamethylene carbonate) diol were used. The synthesized STU polymer chains were crosslinked by reacting them with TEOS via the sol–gel process. Therefore, hybrid networks were obtained. Moreover, fumed silica nanoparticles were incorporated into the hybrid networks via the sol–gel process for FSHINs. The three different nanocomposite materials exhibited much more improved properties than the neat epoxy. The most prominent nanocomposite was FSHIN. In comparison with the neat epoxy, Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and Izod impact resistance values increased at ratios of 53%, 50%, and 223%, respectively. Glass transition temperature values and char yield values increased substantially in all nanocomposites. However, thermal decomposition temperatures increased only for FSNs. Moreover, these values for FSHINs that were very close to those of the neat epoxy were considerably higher than those of SHINs.Highlights Fumed silica‐incorporated silane‐terminated urethane/epoxy IPN nanocomposites. Substantially improved mechanical properties and impact resistance. Improved thermal stability.

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene nanoplatelet nanocomposites: Elucidation of the nanofiller, dispersing agent, and interphase effects on thermomechanical properties

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) nanocomposite films were fabricated by a solution casting method. High loadings (30–40 wt.%) of two GnP grades, that is, xGnP C300 (low surface area/large size) and C750 (high surface area/small size), were utilized in combination with three commercial dispersing agents, that is, DISPERBYK‐161, DISPERBYK‐162 TF, and DISPERBYK‐2014, to yield films with desirable stiffness and energy dissipation characteristics (dynamic mechanical analysis, DMA), as well as thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis, TGA) for potential impact resistance applications. The addition of GnPs and dispersing agents to PVA leads to a maximum six‐fold increase in its Young's modulus for the PVA sample containing 40 wt.% C300 GnPs and DISPERBYK‐162 TF. However, the modulus of resilience drops dramatically for the same sample (about 18‐fold decrease), as expected. Also, C300 GnPs yield nanocomposites with higher Young's moduli that those obtained using C750 GnPs. The atomic force microscopy stiffness maps illustrate that C300 GnPs disperse better in the PVA matrix. Furthermore, the average interphase thickness in the PVA‐C300 nanocomposites (~300 nm) is almost double that of PVA‐C750 nanocomposites. Based on the TGA results, the addition of GnPs and dispersing agent to the PVA matrix leads to a moderate increase (an average of 3.5%) in the value of the neat PVA, while its char yield increases by an average 8.5‐fold. Specifically, the PVA/GnP nanocomposites containing DISPERBYK‐162 TF yield the largest and char yield values than the other systems. The insights gained in this work can guide the design of coatings for impact resistance applications.

Investigation of Multiple Shape Memory Behaviors, Thermal and Physical Properties of Benzoxazine Blended with Diamino Polysiloxane.

In this research, benzoxazine (BA-a) and diamino polysiloxane (PSX750) blends were prepared at 0-50 wt% of BA-a. The interactions between two polymeric components were investigated via a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR). The thermal properties of the blends were also determined with Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) and Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The mechanical properties and shape memory behaviors of the blends were also investigated. The FTIR spectra exhibited the shift of the peak from 1672 to the range of 1634-1637 cm-1, which could be identified as hydrogen bonds between two polymeric domains at the contents from 30 to 50 wt%. The DMA thermograms revealed two glass transition temperatures, which could indicate a partially miscible system. The char yield values were increased, while the decomposition temperatures were decreased with an increasing benzoxazine content. Interestingly, the blends at the contents of 10 and 20 wt% presented dual-shape memory behaviors, whereas triple- or multiple-shape memory behaviors were observed with benzoxazine contents of 30 to 50 wt%. For the high-temperature recovery state, a shape memory ratio of 97.5% with a recovery time of 65 s and a shape fixity ratio of 66.7% was recorded at the content of 50 wt%. For the low-temperature recovery state, a shape recovery ratio of 98.9% was observed at the same content. Moreover, the values of the recovery ratio for four shape-recovery cycles revealed multiple shape memory behaviors with high recovery ratios in the range of 95-98%.

Development of hybrid polybenzoxazine composites from sustainable bio-phenol for dielectric and superhydrophobic water repellent utilizations

This study focuses on the synthesis, thermal and dielectric properties of sustainable bio-phenol viz. thymol based polybenzoxazines for applications including low dielectric, high dielectric and water repellent coating applications. By following a simple one-pot method four unique set of thymol benzoxazines were synthesized using varied nature of amines such as laurylamine (l), stearylamine (s), aniline (a), fluoroaniline (f), trifluoromethylaniline (t), cyclohexylamine (c), allylamine (aa), furfurylamine (ff), Jeffmine D230 (j), isophoronediamine (i), methylenebis cyclohexylamine (m), diaminodiphenylmethane (dm), p-phenylenediamine (pp) and diaminodiphenylether (de). The synthesized four set of thymol benzoxazines have been studied for range of applications viz., water repellent coating on cotton fabrics (CFs), low and high k insulation applications. Char yield value of poly(T-de) has been noted as 40% which is greater than the rest of the other synthesized thymol based polybenzoxazines. Amidst the different benzoxazines, highest water contact value (146°) was noticed for poly(T-t). Poly(T-t) coated cotton fabric (CCF) exhibits the super-hydrophobic behavior, which shows the water repellent value of 163°. The 15 wt% of palm-flower silica (PFS) reinforced poly(T-ff) composites showed the lowest dielectric constant value of 2.01 with loss factor of 0.0024. Similarly, high k value of 7.80 with loss factor of 0.0021 achieved for 15 wt% of C-gn incorporated poly(T-de). The results from the different studies, the developed thymol polybenzoxazines and composites exhibited an excellent thermal and dielectric properties, making them suitable for sustainable, versatile coatings and microelectronics applications.

Reinforcement of Aminopropyl-Terminated Siloxane-Treated Carbon Nanotubes in Epoxy Thermosets: Mechanical and Thermal Properties.

The synthesis and characterization of aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane- treated carbon nanotube (AFCNT)-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites are reported in the current study. The amine functionalization of the CNTs was performed with a reaction to PDMS-NH2. The AFCNTs were homogeneously dispersed in epoxy resin by using an emulsifier and a three-roller mill. The AFCNTs were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The curing behavior of the epoxy/AFCNT was studied using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The tensile and impact strengths of the 2.0 wt.% AFCNT-reinforced epoxy nanocomposite were enhanced by 43.2% and 370%, respectively. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was also enhanced by 21 °C. Furthermore, significant enhancements were observed in the initial degradation and char yield values. SEM results confirmed that the AFCNTs were highly dispersed in the polymeric matrix.

Photocurable soybean oil based phosphorus containing coatings for cotton fabrics: The influence of reactive diluents

In this work, a novel photocurable soybean oil based phosphorus containing oligomer was synthesized with the ring opening reaction between the epoxidized soybean oil and a phosphorus containing reactive monomer (Sipomer PAM-200). Instead of conventional heat and solvent based textile coating techniques, photocuring, which is a time and energy saving and solventless/waterless, environmentally friendly technology, was proposed. The structural characterization of the synthesized oligomer (S-ESBO) was performed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopies. Then the coating formulations were prepared by using the S-ESBO oligomer and various reactive diluents; methyl acrylate (MA, monofunctional), hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA, bifunctional), and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP, aromatic functional). The effects of the reactive diluent type on the mechanical, thermal, and surface properties of the coated photocured cotton fabrics were all investigated. The overall results demonstrate that the presence of the phosphorus group in the formulation increased the char yield values above 600 °C by inhibiting the spread of heat and pyrolysis products through the fabric sample. The thermal transitions, cotton fabric drapeability, weight loss of the fabrics with abrasion, mechanical and wettability properties were all affected based on the properties (i.e. aromatic, aliphatic, flexible, rigid etc.) of the functional groups of reactive diluents.

Synthesis, Characterization and UV‐Crosslinking of Aromatic (Co)polycarbonates Bearing Pendant Azido Groups

AbstractA new series of (co)polycarbonates bearing pendent azido groups was synthesized by polycondensation of varying molar proportions of 4, 4’‐(5‐azidopentane‐2, 2‐diyl) diphenol and bisphenol‐A with triphosgene. The chemical structures, compositions and random nature of (co)polycarbonates were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Inherent viscosities and number‐average molecular weights of (co)polycarbonates were in the range 0.63–0.77 dL g−1 and 35,400–43,400 g mol−1, respectively indicating the formation of reasonably high molecular weight polymers. (Co)polycarbonates could be cast into tough, transparent and flexible films from chloroform solutions. (Co)polycarbonates were further characterized using IR spectroscopy, XRD, TGA and DSC. The thermal crosslinking of (co)polycarbonates bearing pendant azido groups was studied by DSC analysis. Independently, (co)polycarbonates bearing pendant azido groups were exposed to UV irradiation at wavelength of 254 nm and decomposition reaction of azido groups was monitored by FT‐IR spectroscopy. The complete decomposition of azido groups was observed with exposure time of 30 min. The formed cross‐linked (co)polycarbonates exhibited improved % char yield values compared to parent (co)polycarbonates. The measurement of mechanical properties of representative crosslinked (co)polycarbonates indicated increase in tensile strength and Young's modulus and decrease in % elongation compared to corresponding parent linear (co)polycarbonates.

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Biomass: Multi-Optimisation of Solid Char Yield and Its Calorific Value Using Response Surface Methodology

Recovery of oil palm resources is essential towards conserving environment. This study investigated the behaviour of oil palm kernel shells (PKS), palm mesocarp fibre (PMF) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) through microwave assisted pyrolysis. Power level (300–1,000 W), exposure time (10–30 min) and mass loading (20–50 g) were varied to determine its influence on char yield and calorific value at one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) analysis. Model equations obtained from Box-Behnken design was used for Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in determining the optimum operating condition. It was found that the power level has least important influence on the solid char yield of EFB and PMF. No significant impact on the solid char yield of PMF beyond 10 min of exposure. Maximum mass inside the pyrolyser for EFB, PMF, and PKS are 40, 50, and 25 g, respectively. Calorific values of solid char produced were comparable to a low rank coal (>22 MJ/kg). From the RSM analysis, the optimum conditions for obtaining high char yield and calorific values have been determined with power level of 300 W, exposure time in the range of 16.7–32 min, and biomass mass in the range of 20–40.4 g. The outcome from this analysis is vital as it provides an alternative solution to utilise oil palm industrial wastes to be converted to solid fuel as source of renewable fuel and reduce its pollution to the environment.

Study on epoxy resin modified by hyperbranched polysiloxane containing active amino group and its properties

A novel phosphorous/silicon hybrid containing active amino was synthesized by bisphenol F epoxy resin modified by 0-(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)−10-hydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (ODOPB) and hyperbranched polysiloxane (APTMS-HPSi). At first, APTMS-HPSi was synthesized by a simple reaction among aminoethylamino propyltrimethoxy silane (APTMS) and tripropylene glycol (TPG). ODOPB was used to modify bisphenol F epoxy resin. Then add different content of APTMS-HPSi to the phosphorus-containing modified epoxy resin (P-EP). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy was used to characterized the chemical structure of APTMS-HPSi. The effects of APTMS-HPSi content on key properties was systemically investigated. Results showed that the addition of APTMS-HPSi and ODOPB effectively improve the toughness and liquid oxygen compatibility. With the increase content of APTMS-HPSi, char yield and limited oxygen index (LOI) value of the cured resin increased, and the liquid oxygen sensitivity coefficient (IRS) decreased. The elongation at break was increased 45.32% by only 6wt% loading with APTMS-HPSi in epoxy resin, and at the same time the IRS of the modified resin was reduced from 7% to 0%. When the addition amount was 6wt%, the fracture elongation, impact strength and fracture toughness KIC were increased by 52.1%, 81.8% and 54.3% respectively. Therefore, adding phosphorus and hyperbranched polysiloxane to the resin can improve the liquid oxygen compatibility and toughness of the epoxy resin at the same time.

Admicellar Polymerization of Tris(2-acryloyloxyethyl)phosphate on Cotton Fabric for Flame Retardant Finishing

To improve the flame retardant property, the admicellar polymerization process was applied to polymerize and coat the tris(2-acryl-oyloxyethyl)phosphate (PTAP) monomer on cotton fabric (CF). The polymerization was completed with the support of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and an initiator 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and limiting oxygen index test (LOI) were performed to find out the effects on degradation and flammability of modified cotton fabric. One of the modified cotton fabric samples (CF-PTAP) show the decrease in onset temperature caused by acid catalyzed dehydration released from PTAP polymer placed on cotton fabric substrate. The increase in char yield (20.9%) and LOI value (25.0% demonstrated a condensed phase flame retardant action) owing to the presence of PTAP polymer on substrate.

Synthesis, spectral, and thermal studies on eugenol based hydrophobic polybenzoxazines

ABSTRACT A new class of the thermally stable, hydrophobic, sustainable, and renewable eugenol (E)-based benzoxazines is synthesized using 4-aminobenzonitrile (abn) isophoronediamine (ipda) separately. Polybenzoxazines were formed by thermal ring-opening polymerization of respective monomers and confirmed by spectral analyses. TGA results indicated that the residual char yield value obtained at 850°C for poly(abn) and poly(ipda) are 36% and 32%, respectively. Poly(E-abn) showed better thermal stability than poly(E-ipda) due to the presence triazine cross-linkages in the matrix system. The water contact angle studies showed that poly(E-ipda) possesses better hydrophobic character than poly(E-abn) due to the presence of isophorone (alicyclic) group and allyl substitutions.

Generation of Sustainable Energy from Agro‐Residues through Thermal Pretreatment for Developing Nations: A Review

Biomass is among the common resources in developing countries that could alleviate fuel, energy, and environmental problems. This is due to the abundance of biomass as feedstock for energy production in this region. Though, there are some challenges and limitations to their practical use. This includes low energy densities, high volatile content, low calorific value, etc. Herein, some research works on generation of sustainable energy from agro‐residues through thermal pretreatment (TP) for developing nations are reviewed. The review is carried out using articles available on the ScienceDirect database. TP is normally carried out between the temperature range of 200 and 1300 °C – torrefaction (200–300 °C), carbonization (450–550 °C), pyrolysis (350–700 °C), and gasification (800–1300 °C). The heating rate significantly influences the TP output. The Char yield and calorific value increase with torrefaction temperature (TT), whereas the volatile yield decreases. TT does not have a significant effect on char composition. The effect of temperature on char production is more significant compared with residence time (RT). Some developmental possibilities exist in biomass utilization, especially for developing countries via TP: generation of employment, provision of a cleaner environment, economic diversification, and reduction of the poverty level, among other potential opportunities.

Kinetics of thermal degradation of intumescent flame-retardant spirophosphates

The thermal degradation behaviour of various spirophosphates synthesized using SDP (phenol), SDOC (o-cresol), SDMC (m-cresol), SDPC (p-cresol), SDDMP (2,4-dimethylphenol) and SDTMP (2,4,6-trimethylphenol) with 3,9-dichloro-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-[5,5]-undecane-3,9-dioxide (SDCDP) are investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer. The spirophosphates show multistage degradations in the temperature range 180–550°C. The second stage of degradation is more prominent and the substituent effect is clearly reflected at this stage of degradation. The compound SDP showed superior performance since it has the greatest char yield value (44%) and LOI value (27%). The model free kinetic methods of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Vyazovkin methods are used to calculate the apparent energy of activation for the thermal degradation (Ea-D) of these spirophosphates. The material SDTMP showed the highest Ea-D values.

Synthesis ofortho-methyltetrahydrophthalimide functional benzoxazine containing phthalonitrile group: Thermally activated polymerization behaviors and properties of its polymer

Two novel benzoxazine monomers, oHMTI-a and oHMTI-pn, have been obtained via the modified Mannich condensation from ortho-4-methyltetrahydrophalimide functional phenol, paraformaldehyde, and aniline/4-aminophthalonitrile, respectively. The chemical structures of both benzoxazine monomers have been studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Their polymerization processes are investigated using in-situ FT-IR and different scanning calorimetry (DSC). Specifically, the phthalonitrile group in oHMTI-pn can react at a relatively lower temperature without adding any catalysts, which suggests the presence of the thermal synergistic polymerization effect in this benzoxazine monomer. In addition, the thermal and fire related properties of the resulting polybenzoxazines are evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC). The polybenzoxazine derived from oHMTI-pn shows both high thermal stability and outstanding flame retardancy, with a Tgof 350°C, a Td10value of 417°C, a high char yield value of 65%, and a very low heat release capacity value of 35.2 J/(g·K).

Development of high-performance hybrid sustainable bio-composites from biobased carbon reinforcement and cardanol-benzoxazine matrix

Biobased benzoxazine composites were designed and prepared using renewable bio-phenol (cardanol), newly synthesized 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO)-urea diamine and eco-friendly borassus aethiopum flower carbon (ABAFC) reinforcement through appropriate experimental conditions. The molecular structure of the DOPO-urea diamine and DOPO-urea diamine-based cardanol-benzoxazine monomers was confirmed using spectral analysis. The biobased benzoxazine matrix and varying weight percentages (1, 3 and 5wt.%) of the bio-carbon-reinforced composites were characterized by different analytical techniques. Result obtained from different studies showed that the glass transition temperature, percentage char yield and contact angle values were increased with the increase in weight percentage of bio-carbon reinforcement. Further, it was also ascertained that the results obtained from corrosion studies using hybrid bio-carbon-reinforced cardanol-benzoxazine composites as the coating materials for steel specimen act as efficient protecting materials. Thus, the overall results suggested that the DOPO urea diamine-based cardanol-benzoxazine composites reinforced with bio-carbon can be used for high-performance corrosion-resistant coating applications.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of wood using a modified multistage shrinking-core model

Wood liquefaction in hot compressed water is modeled using the hydrolysis of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin. These three components are reacted under catalyst-free subcritical conditions in a temperature range from 553 K to 640 K, and the heating rate ranges from 2 K/min to 6 K/min. Using a simplified reaction scheme, water-soluble products11WSP: - Water soluble products (WSP), Biocrude, char, and gas are generated through intermediates with each wood component. A modified multistage shrinking core model is employed to simulate biomass particle degradation. The reaction and kinetic regime of the hydrothermal liquefaction22HTL: -Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) process are treated separately for each wood component. Although the lack of initial fast reaction kinetic data limits the development of more accurate models, computed results displayed a generous fit to data from the literature. At 593 K for a 2 K/min heating rate and particle size of 0.08 mm, biocrude shows the maximum yield of 26.87% for wood liquefaction. Although lower heating rates show fast initial lignin hydrolysis, for longer residence times, and close to the critical point, yield outputs show similar yields. Meanwhile, char and gas yields of cellulose model show maximums of 55 wt% and 25 wt% respectively at 640 K with a 2 K/min heating rate. Nevertheless, char yield values become very similar at 640 K for different heating rates for the cellulose hydrolysis model. Both cellulose and lignin hydrolysis models show better hydrolysis with smaller particle sizes. Besides, lignin decomposition shows more dependence on the particle size, where it decomposes much faster with 0.08 mm particle and slower than Cellulose with the 1 mm particle.