Chaotic Fashion Research Articles

Morphological differences across the Shumagin-Semidi fault segments control slip behaviors and tsunami genesis in the Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone

Rupture behaviors of a subduction megathrust define the slip type, the extent and the associated tsunami hazard. They are, however, difficult to be defined precisely due to limited fault-zone observations. Here, we integrate GNSS, tsunami-waveforms, seismic-profiles, and earthquake-cycle modeling to delineate the slip-extent of the 2020 Mw 7.8 Simeonof and the 2021 Mw 8.2 Chignik earthquakes in the Semidi segment; and to understand the possible structural and mechanical control on the distinct rupture behaviors of this segment and its neighboring Shumagin segment at the Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone. We show that both the Simeonof and Chignik earthquakes slipped a compact area at depth between ∼20 and 40 km that is well constrained by the combination of GNSS and tsunami-waveform data. We explain the distinct slip behaviors associated with the Semidi and Shumagin segments by highlighting the morphological changes in the fault along the strike direction. Beneath the Shumagin Island, we identify a structural-mechanical boundary that separates the megathrust into Semidi (east) and Shumagin (west) two segments. Semidi is gentle and curved; while Shumagin is steep and planar. The Semidi segment produces spatially-heterogenous stress field, and generates partial, full, complex ruptures as indicated in modeled cycles and in historical seismic observations. Meanwhile the Shumagin segment, coincides with the ocean-continent transition boundary – the Beringian margin, tend to generate slow-slip-events, tremors, otherwise, generates small or moderate seismicity as indicated in the modeled cycles and in seismic records since 1750. Our findings indicate that Semidi is likely to rupture in a chaotic fashion with major or large earthquakes, resulting a greater tsunami hazard like the 1938 Mw 8.2 event. The tsunami potential in the Unimak segment may also remain high.

Creating Atomic Ordering in Electrocatalysis

AbstractCatalysis always proceeds in a chaotic fashion. Therefore, identifying the working principles of heterogeneous catalysts is a challenging task. Creating atomic order in heterogeneous catalysts simplifies this task and also offers new opportunities for rationally designing active sites to manipulate catalytic performance. The recent rapid advances in heterogeneous electrocatalysis have led to exciting progress in the construction of atomically ordered materials. Here, the latest progress in electrocatalysts with the periodic atomic arrangement, including intermetallic compounds with long‐range order and metal atom‐array catalysts with short‐range order is summarized. The synthesis principles and the intriguing physical and chemical properties of these electrocatalysts are discussed. Furthermore, the compelling prospects of atomically ordered catalysts in the frontier of catalyst research are outlined.

Dimension reduction for slow-fast, piecewise-linear ODEs and obstacles to a general theory

This paper concerns systems of ODEs that are continuous, piecewise-linear (with two pieces) and slow-fast. The limiting slow dynamics occurs on a piecewise-linear critical manifold that corresponds to equilibria of the fast dynamics (layer equations). When the critical manifold is attracting for each piece of the layer equations, one would like to know when the full dynamics of the system near this manifold is a regular perturbation of the limiting slow dynamics (reduced system). We identify three phenomena unique to the piecewise-linear setting that obstruct such an extension of Fenichel theory: at the boundary (switching manifold) the equilibrium of the layer equations can be unstable, coincide with another attractor, or attract orbits in a chaotic fashion. The first two phenomena (at least) can inhibit a regular perturbation and lead to the creation of canards. If a regular perturbation does occur for the piecewise-linear approximation to a boundary equilibrium bifurcation, dimension reduction can be achieved and we illustrate this with a three-dimensional model of ocean circulation. We also introduce a slow-fast version of the observer canonical form for piecewise-linear ODEs that simplifies the analysis.

고려 인종 원년(1123) 설행 대송 외교의례의 구성과 특징

Examined in this article are the “Sujo” and “Yeon-rye” chapters inside Goryeodogyeong, with the intention to reconstruct individual steps as well as the general structure of diplomatic rituals that were observed for the Song Envoy, which visited Goryeo in King Injong’s first year on the throne. Their characteristics are also explored here.<BR> The aforementioned chapters of Goryeodogyeong, “Sujo” and “Yeon-rye,” display contents in a considerably chaotic fashion, as they are positioned quite arbitrarily by compiler Seo Geung, the Song envoy. Yet careful examination of the dates, places and nature of individual events reveal that the diplomatic protocols prepared for the visiting Song envoy in 1123 was comprised of two distinct phases: Sujo(受詔) ritual, and Baepyo(拜表) ritual.<BR> The Sujo ritual observed at this time was composed of two subsets, the Yeongjo-rye and Yeon-rye steps, while the Baepyo ritual was composed of three: Baepyo-rye, Baepyo-yeon and Munjeon. Yet both rituals shared basically the same procedure, from the envoy members’ leaving their quarters, to their entrance into the predesignated venue for ritual, then to the main official event and a private ceremony, and their eventual exiting from the scene.<BR> What should be noted is that the place and position of the Goryeo king in these Sujo and Baepyo rituals do not correspond with the usual practices that had been observed in East Asia and reflected traditional perception of rituals. It is indeed difficult to ascertain what was the general stance of the Goryeo king, and what he chose to prioritize. Yet it seems obvious that the Goryeo king intentionally shifted his own positions and appearances, by sitting in different places and performing different acts, according to the nature and venue of rituals he was attending (whether it was either official functions such as Yeongjo-rye or Baepyo-rye, or more private occasions as the Yeon-rye, Baepyoyeon and Munjeon, which involved banquets), in order to feature himself as both a vassal of the Song Emperor and a Goryeo king as he saw fit and necessary.

일제하 기업의 항만 개발과 ‘번영’의 동상이몽 - 일본질소의 지역진출과 함흥의 항만 건설을 중심으로 -

In Korea, modern infrastructure establishment began in many areas during the Japanese Colonial period. Especially the ports and harbors along the Eastern coastline were built by the Japanese imperial government, army and companies, so that troops could be transported to China and trade goods be exchanged with Japan. Examination of how they were developed would help us realize the so-called ‘colonized modernity’ embedded in the harbors’ and ports’ construction process, and figure out what kind of legacies from that period was left behind while others are still with us.<BR> Hamheung city is a unique case amongst all the harbors established on the Eastern coastline of the Korean peninsula in this time period, as the port in this city was not only constructed for the purpose of transportation (of products to support Japanese war efforts) but also designed to serve as a base port for a Japanese major corporation named Nitchitsu(Japanese Nitrogen Fertilizers). Such important nature of the Hamheung port was rather neglected in previous studies, as they (studies of East Coast harbors) concentrated upon the so-called ‘Northern line route’ in the 1930s.<BR> Examined in this article are all the parties involved in the decision-making process concerning the Hamheung harbor development: the Joseon Governor General Office, the aforementioned Nitchitsu, which was the main investor in facility production, and Local elites who controlled the press and utilized community gatherings to shape the local opinion. These three elements seemed to have sometimes combined forces and sometimes did not, yet they ultimately worked together in shaping the details of the Hamheung harbor. Meanwhile, contrary to the initial prospect that harbor development would bring only prosperity to the area in general, different interest groups aspiring for their own profits and merits ended up colliding with each other in a chaotic fashion. In the end, the Hamheung harbor project, which was driven by the local community’s thirst for development, resulted in creating a harbor that exclusively benefitted a private sector corporation.<BR> After the liberation, the Hamheung harbor entered a stage of decline, due to the state policy of reinforcing trades between North Korea, China and Russia. For a harbor which was built not upon local needs above all else but to fulfill needs of the Japanese imperial government and its corporations, its deterioration may have been an inevitable outcome. The history of the Hamheung harbor in the last century, which was nothing but a poster product of the so-called ‘colonized modernization,’ leads us to think that in a globalized world of logistics, the ‘continuation of life’ rather than ‘circulation of goods’ should be the new focus in our pursuit of prosperity in the future.

Sustainability and Chaos in the Abiotic Polymerization of 3′,5′ Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate: The Role of Aggregation

AbstractPolymerization of 3′,5′ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (3′,5′ cGMP) was previously reported to afford short RNA sequences from a plausible mildly activated prebiotic precursor in a non‐enzymatic and template‐free manner. In the current paper we analyze the reaction with PAGE as well as by infrared micro‐ and nanospectroscopy on time scales not considered before. We provide evidence that a preliminary oligomerization step in dry state allows for a continued synthesis of RNA oligomers even in the presence of subsequently added water. On a longer time scale, the oligomerization yield oscillates in an apparently chaotic fashion hinting at the importance of some non‐reversible phase‐separation processes on the experimentally observed outcome of the polymerization/degradation chemistries. The long‐lasting (hundreds of hours) intrinsic sustainability and resilience of the process gives a robust prebiotic potential to this unique oligomerization reaction, which could lead to the very first oligonucleotide sequences on the primordial Earth.

Vortices evolution in the solar atmosphere

Aims. We study vortex dynamics in the solar atmosphere by employing and deriving the analytical evolution equations of two vortex identification criteria. Methods. The two criteria used are vorticity and the swirling strength. Vorticity can be biased in the presence of shear flows, but its dynamical equation is well known; the swirling strength is a more precise criterion for the identification of vortical flows, but its evolution equation is not known yet. Therefore, we explore the possibility of deriving a dynamical equation for the swirling strength. We then apply the two equations to analyze radiative magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of the solar atmosphere produced with the CO5BOLD code. Results. We present a detailed review of the swirling strength criterion and the mathematical derivation of its evolution equation. This equation did not exist in the literature before and it constitutes a novel tool that is suitable for the analysis of a wide range of problems in (magneto-)hydrodynamics. By applying this equation to numerical models, we find that hydrodynamical and magnetic baroclinicities are the driving physical processes responsible for vortex generation in the convection zone and the photosphere. Higher up in the chromosphere, the magnetic terms alone dominate. Moreover, we find that the swirling strength is produced at small scales in a chaotic fashion, especially inside magnetic flux concentrations. Conclusions. The swirling strength represents an appropriate criterion for the identification of vortices in turbulent flows, such as those in the solar atmosphere. Moreover, its evolution equation, which is derived in this paper, is pivotal for obtaining precise information about the dynamics of these vortices and the physical mechanisms responsible for their production and evolution. Since this equation is available, the swirling strength is now the ideal quantity to study the dynamics of vortices in (magneto-)hydrodynamics.

Optimised Big Data analytics for health and safety hazards prediction in power infrastructure operations

Forecasting imminent accidents in power infrastructure projects require a robust and accurate prediction model to trigger a proactive strategy for risk mitigation. Unfortunately, getting ready-made machine learning algorithms to eliminate redundant features optimally is challenging, especially if the parameters of these algorithms are not tuned. In this study, a particle swarm optimization is proposed both for feature selection and parameters tuning of the gradient boosting machine technique on 1,349,239 data points of an incident dataset. The predictive ability of the proposed method compared to conventional tree-based methods revealed near-perfect predictions of the proposed model on test data (classification accuracy − 0.878 and coefficient of determination − 0.93) for the two outcome variables ACCIDENT and INJURYFREQ. The high predictive power obtained reveals that injuries do not occur in a chaotic fashion, but that underlying patterns and trends exist that can be uncovered and captured via machine learning when applied to sufficiently large datasets. Also, key relationships identified will assist safety managers to understand possible risk combinations that cause accidents; helping to trigger proactive risk mitigation plans.

Phase Noise Resistant and PAPR Suppressing Secure Chaotic OFDM System via Carrier Interferometry Spreading

In this paper, we present a carrier interferometry-aided chaotic orthogonal frequency division multiplex system for secure information transmissions over wireless channels, with an aim to address the performance degradation issues induced by the imperfect operating conditions of oscillators and amplifies. Therein the data are encoded by chaotic chips, then are spread by the carrier interferometry (CI) codes over multiple sub-carriers. Thus, the signals to be transmitted via multiple sub-carriers can behave in a chaotic fashion to achieve secure transmissions over broadcasting wireless channels, whereas the spreading in the frequency domain achieved by CI codes is exploited to reject the phase noise and suppresses the peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Furthermore, we derive the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio expressions for bit error rate (BER) analysis. Simulations are performed over additive white Gaussian channel and Rayleigh fading channels. The results verify the effectiveness of theoretical analysis and demonstrate that our presented system can achieve better PAPR and BER performances than those of the benchmark schemes.

Toward a Stochastic Relaxation for the Quasi‐Equilibrium Theory of Cumulus Parameterization: Multicloud Instability, Multiple Equilibria, and Chaotic Dynamics

AbstractThe representation of clouds and organized tropical convection remains one of the biggest sources of uncertainties in climate and long‐term weather prediction models. Some of the most common cumulus parameterization schemes, namely, mass‐flux schemes, rely on the quasi‐equilibrium (QE) closure, which assumes that convection consumes the large‐scale instability and restores large‐scale equilibrium instantaneously. However, the QE hypothesis has been challenged both conceptually and in practice. Subsequently, the QE assumption was relaxed, and instead, prognostic equations for the cloud work function (CWF) and the cumulus kinetic energy (CKE) were derived and used. It was shown that even if the CWF kernel serves to damp the CWF, the prognostic system exhibits damped oscillations on a timescale of a few hours, giving parameterized‐cumulus‐clouds enough memory to interact with each other, with the environment, and with stratiform anvils in particular. Herein, we show that when cloud‐cloud interactions are reintroduced into the CWF‐CKE equations, the coupled system becomes unstable. Moreover, we couple the CWF‐CKE prognostic equations to dynamical equations for the cloud area fractions, based on the mean field limit of a stochastic multicloud model. Qualitative analysis and numerical simulations show that the CKE‐CWF‐cloud area fraction equations exhibit interesting dynamics including multiple equilibria, limit cycles, and chaotic behavior both when the large‐scale forcing is held fixed and when it oscillates with various frequencies. This is representative of cumulus convection variability, and its capability to transition between various regimes of organization at multiple scales and regimes of scattered convection, in an intermittent and chaotic fashion.

Flaws in the use of spectral ripples in cochlear implants

Spectral ripple discrimination is a popular measure of spectral resolution that has been shown to correlate with speech recognition scores in cochlear implant (CI) listeners. In the test, listeners distinguish sounds with varying density of spectral peaks, with some spectral modulation depth. We argue that there are numerous significant flaws with the application of the test specifically in CI listeners. To start, the spectrum is aliased by the CI processor in a way that is similar to frequency aliasing for under-sampled time series. Beyond a critical spectral density, the spectral envelope changes in a chaotic fashion and is no longer under experimenter control. This critical density is exceeded in numerous published studies. Furthermore, the densities linked with “good” performance are not only outliers, but are entirely unrelated to the spectral densities of real speech sounds, and likely exhibit undue leverage over correlation values. Additionally, there are reports of experience and learning effects, inconsistent with the often-stated goals of the test to avoid such factors. We show how artefactual nonlinearities at high spectral densities may unintentionally match the spectral envelope characteristics of speech sounds—an unfortunate result that likely has given spurious results that sustain the use of this test.

Phase separation can be stronger than chaos

We investigate several dynamical regimes characterizing a bosonic binary mixture loaded in a ring trimer, with particular reference to the persistence of demixing. The degree of phase separation is evaluated by means of the ‘entropy of mixing’, an indicator borrowed from statistical thermodynamics. Three classes of demixed stationary configurations are identified and their energetic and linear stability carefully analyzed. An extended set of trajectories originating in the vicinity of fixed points are explicitly simulated and chaos is shown to arise according to three different mechanisms. In many dynamical regimes, we show that chaos is not able to disrupt the order imposed by phase separation, i.e. boson populations, despite evolving in a chaotic fashion, do not mix. This circumstance can be explained either with energetic considerations or in terms of dynamical restrictions.

Hydrogen and deuterium isotope effects beyond the electromagnetic force

A mechanism is presented concerning electrolysis of deuteriated water with a palladium cathode that is infused with deuterium (palladium deuteride) resulting in the formation of small amounts of radioactive tritium, excess energy (more than allowed by EMF chemistry alone) and the concomitant liberation of 4He. These net electron catalyzed nuclear chemical reactions (2H + 2H + e− → 4He + e− + heat) and (2H + 1H + e− → 3H + e−) appear to be a result of respectively four and three isotope effects acting in combination with each other in a non-linear (chaotic) fashion to produce a metastable nuclear isomer of hydrogen-4 or hydrogen-3. The four isotope effects begin with the influx of electrons into the –PdDPdD Bravais lattice conduction band and consequent preferred rupture of individual weak Pd-D bonds (over those of PdH) in the cathode liberating D2. This is followed by the newly freed deuterium capturing an electron yielding a di-neutron (onon). The onon then reacts with a deuterium or hydrogen (from protic impurity in the lattice) via phonon enforced quantum tunneling resulting in 4mH or 3H respectively. The 4mH quickly undergoes nuclear internal conversion to form 4He. These reactions involve the weak force (Feynman Diagrams are shown), but they take place in simple electrochemical systems that are normally thought of in terms of the electromagnetic forces only. The combined influence of the four isotope effects explains thousands of, what were considered, anomalous observations by top electrochemical researchers. The newly described mechanistic effects involve a very important and almost forgotten intermediate (the di-neutron) and may even involve unique safety concerns.

Deconvoluting complex structural histories archived in brittle fault zones.

Brittle deformation can saturate the Earth's crust with faults and fractures in an apparently chaotic fashion. The details of brittle deformational histories and implications on, for example, seismotectonics and landscape, can thus be difficult to untangle. Fortunately, brittle faults archive subtle details of the stress and physical/chemical conditions at the time of initial strain localization and eventual subsequent slip(s). Hence, reading those archives offers the possibility to deconvolute protracted brittle deformation. Here we report K-Ar isotopic dating of synkinematic/authigenic illite coupled with structural analysis to illustrate an innovative approach to the high-resolution deconvolution of brittle faulting and fluid-driven alteration of a reactivated fault in western Norway. Permian extension preceded coaxial reactivation in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous fluid-related alteration with pervasive clay authigenesis. This approach represents important progress towards time-constrained structural models, where illite characterization and K-Ar analysis are a fundamental tool to date faulting and alteration in crystalline rocks.

Multifield dynamics in Higgs-otic inflation

In Higgs-otic inflation a complex neutral scalar combination of the $h^0$ and $H^0$ MSSM Higgs fields plays the role of inflaton in a chaotic fashion. The potential is protected from large trans-Planckian corrections at large inflaton if the system is embedded in string theory so that the Higgs fields parametrize a D-brane position. The inflaton potential is then given by a DBI+CS D-brane action yielding an approximate linear behaviour at large field. The inflaton scalar potential is a 2-field model with specific non-canonical kinetic terms. Previous computations of the cosmological parameters (i.e. scalar and tensor perturbations) did not take into account the full 2-field character of the model, ignoring in particular the presence of isocurvature perturbations and their coupling to the adiabatic modes. It is well known that for generic 2-field potentials such effects may significantly alter the observational signatures of a given model. We perform a full analysis of adiabatic and isocurvature perturbations in the Higgs-otic 2-field model. We show that the predictivity of the model is increased compared to the adiabatic approximation. Isocurvature perturbations moderately feed back into adiabatic fluctuations. However, the isocurvature component is exponentially damped by the end of inflation. The tensor to scalar ratio varies in a region $r=0.08-0.12$, consistent with combined Planck/BICEP results.

Whipping of electrified liquid jets.

We apply an electric field to a moderately conducting liquid surrounded by another coflowing liquid, all inside a glass-based microfluidic device, to study nonaxisymmetric instabilities. We find that the bending of the electrified jet results in a steady-state, helicoidal structure with a constant opening angle. Remarkably, the characteristic phase speed of the helicoidal wave only depends on the charge carried by the jet in the helicoidal region and its stability critically depends on the properties of the coflowing liquid. In fact, the steady-state helical structure becomes chaotic when the longest characteristic time is that of the inner liquid rather than that of the outer coflowing liquid. We also perform a numerical analysis to show that the natural preference of the jet is to adopt the conical helix structure observed experimentally.

The Wall-stress Footprint of Blood Cells Flowing in Microvessels

It is well known that mechanotransduction of hemodynamic forces mediates cellular processes, particularly those that lead to vascular development and maintenance. Both the strength and space-time character of these forces have been shown to affect remodeling and morphogenesis. However, the role of blood cells in the process remains unclear. We investigate the possibility that in the smallest vessels blood’s cellular character of itself will lead to forces fundamentally different than the time-averaged forces usually considered, with fluctuations that may significantly exceed their mean values. This is quantitated through the use of a detailed simulation model of microvessel flow in two principal configurations: a diameter D=6.5μm tube—a model for small capillaries through which red blood cells flow in single-file—and a D=12μm tube—a model for a nascent vein or artery through which the cells flow in a confined yet chaotic fashion. Results in both cases show strong sensitivity to the mean flow speed U. Peak stresses exceed their means by greater than a factor of 10 when U/D≲10 s−1, which corresponds to the inverse relaxation time of a healthy red blood cell. This effect is more significant for smaller D cases. At faster flow rates, including those more commonly observed under normal, nominally static physiological conditions, the peak fluctuations are more comparable with the mean shear stress. Implications for mechanotransduction of hemodynamic forces are discussed.

Towards the definition of AMS facies in the deposits of pyroclastic density currents

Abstract Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) provides a statistically robust technique to characterize the fabrics of deposits of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). AMS fabrics in two types of pyroclastic deposits (small-volume phreatomagmatic currents in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Arizona, USA, and large-volume caldera-forming currents, Caviahue Caldera, Neuquén, Argentina) show similar patterns. Near the vent and in areas of high topographical roughness, AMS depositional fabrics are poorly grouped, with weak lineations and foliations. In a densely welded proximal ignimbrite, this fabric is overprinted by a foliation formed as the rock compacted and deformed. Medial deposits have moderate–strong AMS lineations and foliations. The most distal deposits have strong foliations but weak lineations. Based on these facies and existing models for pyroclastic density currents, deposition in the medial areas occurs from the strongly sheared, high-particle-concentration base of a density-stratified current. In proximal areas and where topography mixes this denser base upwards into the current, deposition occurs rapidly from a current with little uniformity to the shear, in which particles fall and collide in a chaotic fashion. Distal deposits are emplaced by a slowing or stalled current so that the dominant particle motion is vertical, leading to weak lineation and strong foliation.

Phase-Amplitude Descriptions of Neural Oscillator Models

Phase oscillators are a common starting point for the reduced description of many single neuron models that exhibit a strongly attracting limit cycle. The framework for analysing such models in response to weak perturbations is now particularly well advanced, and has allowed for the development of a theory of weakly connected neural networks. However, the strong-attraction assumption may well not be the natural one for many neural oscillator models. For example, the popular conductance based Morris–Lecar model is known to respond to periodic pulsatile stimulation in a chaotic fashion that cannot be adequately described with a phase reduction. In this paper, we generalise the phase description that allows one to track the evolution of distance from the cycle as well as phase on cycle. We use a classical technique from the theory of ordinary differential equations that makes use of a moving coordinate system to analyse periodic orbits. The subsequent phase-amplitude description is shown to be very well suited to understanding the response of the oscillator to external stimuli (which are not necessarily weak). We consider a number of examples of neural oscillator models, ranging from planar through to high dimensional models, to illustrate the effectiveness of this approach in providing an improvement over the standard phase-reduction technique. As an explicit application of this phase-amplitude framework, we consider in some detail the response of a generic planar model where the strong-attraction assumption does not hold, and examine the response of the system to periodic pulsatile forcing. In addition, we explore how the presence of dynamical shear can lead to a chaotic response.

The Coming Paradigm Shift: Synthesis and Future Directions for Virtual HRD

Virtual human resource development (VHRD) is beginning to be viewed in other fields as the next generation of knowledge management. This article synthesizes the discussions of the contributing authors for this issue of Advances, describes future trends, and serves as a call to the field of HRD to develop and study VHRD. VHRD symbolizes a paradigm shift that will grow in a chaotic fashion at first as it integrates with present practices and systems, but it will become increasingly central to organizational life because of its ability to foster creativity and maximize knowledge flow. This article presents a heuristic for transferring learning that occurs in virtual environments outside organizational boundaries to professional work and organizational processes. Future directions for research and practice in VHRD include new roles for HRD professionals, particularly that of architects of virtual learning environments, the need to build theory for VHRD and to study the impact of new technologies.