Chaos-based Encryption Algorithm Research Articles

Temporal action segmentation for video encryption

Videos contain temporal information, enabling them to capture the dynamic changes of actions and provide richer visual effects. Traditional video encryption methods involve decomposing videos into frames and encrypting them frame by frame, which results in significant resource consumption. This paper proposes a video encryption method based on temporal action segmentation. This methodology involves the identification and extraction of pivotal frames from a video dataset, followed by the encryption of these significant key frames. This approach serves to enhance the efficacy of the video encryption algorithm. The method consists of three modules. The first module uses temporal action segmentation to classify video frames and extract important frames for the second module’s input. The second module encrypts the extracted key frames using a chaos-based encryption algorithm, thereby reducing the time cost of video encryption. The third module outputs the encrypted video. During the encryption process, a large amount of key stream is required. To address this, the paper introduces a new pseudo-random sequence generation method called two-dimensional Gramacy&Lee map (2D-GLM). Comprehensive comparative analysis clearly demonstrates that compared to other systems, 2D-GLM exhibits superior performance and can generate a large number of high-performance pseudo-random sequences. The proposed algorithm is tested on GTEA, and the simulation results demonstrate that it can accomplish video encryption tasks with high security.

Comparison of two new chaos-based pseudorandom number generators implemented in microcontroller

Chaos-based encryption algorithms uses a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) to generate chaotic dynamics to carry out the processes to encrypt different types of information. One of the main problems is that some chaotic systems do not present high randomness and uniformity in time series affecting directly the security of the chaos-based cryptosystem. In this work, we proposed two new 2D hyperchaotic maps designed from 1D chaotic maps to use in the design of two new PRNGs for cryptographic applications. The proposed PRNGs were implemented in Renesas RA4M1 32-bit microcontroller for first time in the literature. The chaotic sequences with double-precision floating-point format are also validated with different randomness and security analyses such as the Lyapunov exponent, key space, histograms, autocorrelation, information entropy and the NIST SP800-22 test. In addition, a comparison of the results with similar schemes in the literature about design, security and performance is made. The results achieved in this work can help scholars and designers to improve the effectiveness in randomness of new chaos-based PRNGs for cryptographic applications.

Efficient and secure image encryption using key substitution process with discrete wavelet transform

Over the past few years, there has been a rise in the utilization of chaotic encryption algorithms for securing images. The majority of chaos-based encryption algorithms adhere to the conventional model of confusion and diffusion, which typically involves either implementing multiple encryption rounds or employing a single round of intricate encryption to guarantee robust security. However, such kind of approaches reduces the computational efficiency of the encryption process but compromises security. There is a trade-off between security and computational efficiency. Prioritizing security may require high computational processes. To overcome this issue, a key substitution encryption process with discrete wavelet transform (KSP-DWT) is developed in the proposed image encryption technique (IET). Based on KSP-DWT and IET, the abbreviation of the proposed work is used in this paper as KSP-DWT-IET. The proposed KSP-DWT algorithm employs a key scheming technique to update the initial keys and uses a novel substitution method to encrypt digital images of different sizes. Additionally, the integration of DWT can result in the compression of frequency sub-bands of the source image, leading to lower computational overheads without compromising the security of the encryption. The KSP-DWT-IET performs a single encryption round and is highly secure and efficient. The simulation results and security analysis conducted on KSP-DWT-IET confirm its effectiveness in ensuring high-security image encryption while minimizing computational overhead. The proposed encryption technique undergoes various security analyses, including entropy, contrast, correlation, energy, NPCR (Number of Pixel Changes Rate), UACI (Unified Average Change Intensity) and computational complexity. The statistical values obtained for such parameters are 7.9991, 10.9889, 0.0001, 0.0152, 33.6767, and 33.6899, respectively, which indicate that the encryption technique performs very well in terms of security and computational efficiency. The proposed encryption scheme is also analyzed for its computational time in addition to its security. The analysis shows that the scheme can efficiently encrypt images of varying sizes with a high level of security in a short amount of time (i.e., 2 ms). Therefore, it is feasible to use this encryption scheme in real-time applications without causing any significant delays. Moreover, the key space of the proposed encryption scheme is large enough (i.e. Keyspace >2100) to resist the brute force attack.

A Study of Encryption for Multimedia Digital Audio Security

Driven by the development of multimedia, the encryption of multimedia digital audio has received more attention; however, cryptography-based encryption methods have many shortcomings in encryption of multimedia information, and new encryption methods are urgently needed. This paper briefly introduced cryptography and chaos theory, designed a chaos-based encryption algorithm that combined Logistic mapping and Sine mapping for confusion and used a Hopfield chaos neural network for diffusion, explained the encryption and decryption process of the algorithm, and tested the algorithm. It was found that the keys obtained by the proposed algorithm passed the SP800-22 test, and the correlation between the three encrypted audio and the original audio was 0.0261, -0.0536, and 0.0237, respectively, all of which were small, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values were -0.348 dB, -7.645 dB, and -3.636 dB, respectively, which were significantly different from the original audio. The NSCR and UACI were also closer to the original values. The results prove that the proposed algorithm has good security and can encrypt the actual multimedia digital audio.

A new hardware architecture of lightweight and efficient real-time video chaos-based encryption algorithm

A new hardware architecture of lightweight and efficient real-time video chaos-based encryption algorithm

CoFA for QoS based secure communication using adaptive chaos dynamical system in fog-integrated cloud

Fog computing addresses the issues experienced in Cloud computing such as latency, delay, and bandwidth while provisioning the resources such as computation, storage, and network for IoT applications. Fog resources and their integration with Cloud poses other significant problems such as data security, overhead in data acquisition, data tampering, data privacy, data breach, etc. Designing a secure, resilient, and scalable infrastructure for IoT network is challenging because of resource heterogeneity, resource-constrained devices, and unreliable network connectivity. The researchers have developed many chaos-based encryption algorithms to enhance the security level and make it difficult for intruders to access the data. However, such traditional algorithms increase the communication overhead and computational cost. This necessitates the design of new secure communication protocols that comply with various security requirements of Class of Fog Applications (CoFA). This work proposes an efficient and intelligent method that classifies the applications arriving at the system into CoFA and maps them to five levels of chaos-based security protocols for secure communication. An adaptive sliding mode security schemes are developed using Genesio-Tesi, Modified-Jerk, Chua's chaotic, and Financial systems in CoFA framework for secure communication. A comparison-based performance study, with state-of-art, reveals the efficacy of the proposed method, which performs better for security optimization and synchronization with the least error.

A Novel Chaos-Based Image Encryption Using Magic Square Scrambling and Octree Diffusing

Digital chaotic maps have been widely used in the fields of cryptography owing to their dynamic characteristics, however, some unfavorable security properties arise when they operate on devices with limited precision. Thus, enhancing the properties of chaotic maps are beneficial to the improvement of chaos-based encryption algorithms. In this paper, a scheme to integrate a one-dimensional Logistic map by perturbation parameters with a delayed coupling method and feedback control is proposed and further deepens the randomness by selectively shifting the position of the chaotic sequence. Then, through a number of simulation experiments, the results demonstrate that the two-dimensional chaotic map treated by this mode exhibits better chaotic characteristics, including a larger chaos range and higher complexity. In addition, a new image encryption algorithm is designed based on these modified chaotic sequences, in which magic square theorem is incorporated to exchange pixel positions, and the octree principle is invoked to achieve pixel bit shifting. Several simulation experiments present findings that the image encryption algorithm contains a high level of security, and can compete with other encryption algorithms.

A Novel Security Methodology for Smart Grids: A Case Study of Microcomputer-Based Encryption for PMU Devices

Coordination of a power system with the phasor measurement devices (PMUs) in real time on the load and generation sides is carried out within the context of smart grid studies. Power systems equipped with information systems in a smart grid pace with external security threats. Developing a smart grid which can resist against cyber threats is considered indispensable for the uninterrupted operation. In this study, a two-way secure communication methodology underpinned by a chaos-based encryption algorithm for PMU devices is proposed. The proposed system uses the IEEE-14 busbar system on which the optimum PMU placement has been installed. The proposed hyperchaotic system-based encryption method is applied as a new security methodology among PMU devices. The success of results is evaluated by the completeness of data exchange, durations, the complexity of encryption-decryption processes, and strength of cryptography using a microcomputer-based implementation. The results show that the proposed microcomputer-based encryption algorithms can be directly embedded as encryption hardware units into PMU and PDC devices which have very fast signal processing capabilities taking into considerations the acceptable delay time for power system protection and measuring applications and quality metering applications which is 2 ms and 10 ms, respectively. While proposed algorithms can be used in TCP or UDP over IP-based IEEE C37.118, IEC 61850, and IEC 61850-90-5 communication frameworks, they can also be embedded into electronic cards, smartcards, or smart tokens which are utilized for authentication among smart grid components.

Colour Image Encryption using Expand-Shrink Operation in Chaos Encryption Algorithm

In recent decades, chaos based encryption algorithm is widely used in image encryption. Most of the chaos based encryption algorithm operate at bit level, which is ineffective in high resolution digital images. In this research paper, a new colour image encryption algorithm is proposed by using expand-shrink operation for confusion and diffusion operation in chaos algorithm. The proposed algorithm consists of confusion-diffusion strategy operated at pixel level. Original colour image is expanded based on intrinsic features of bit planes. Expanded image undergo confusion diffusion operation using Hilbert scan method. In addition, for diffusion operation uses circle map that generates random image. In the experimental section, the proposed algorithm achieved better performance in image encryption on various digital images.

A New Image Encryption Scheme Based on Hybrid Chaotic Maps

Chaos-based encryption algorithms offer many advantages over conventional cryptographic algorithms, such as speed, high security, affordable overheads for computation, and procedure power. In this paper, we propose a novel perturbation algorithm for data encryption based on double chaotic systems. A new image encryption algorithm based on the proposed chaotic maps is introduced. The proposed chaotification method is a hybrid technique that parallels and combines the chaotic maps. It is based on combination between Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to decompose the original image into sub-bands and both permutation and diffusion properties are attained using the chaotic states and parameters of the proposed maps, which are then concerned in shuffling of pixel and operations of substitution, respectively. Security, statistical test analyses, and comparison with other techniques indicate that the proposed algorithm has promising effect and it can resist several common attacks. Namely, the average values for UACI and NPCR metrics were 33.6248% and 99.6472%, respectively. Additionally, unscrambling quality can fulfill security and execution prerequisites as evidenced by PSNR (9.005955) and entropy (7.999275) values. In sum, the proposed method has enough ability to achieve low residual intelligibility with high quality recovered data, high sensitivity, and high security performance compared to some other recent literature approaches.

A publicly verifiable watermarking scheme based on quantum chaos and DWT–DCT

One of the problems faced by the internet consumer in today’s data age is protection of digital rights or ownership of intellectual property (IP) due to multi-fold sharing of data without consent. As a result, anti-piracy, a domain of robust IP protection has become a cardinal subject of research in system design. In this regards, watermarking has emerged as one of the best protection of authorship since it provides protection against tampering without any perceivable change in the multimedia content. This research paper focuses on developing a robust watermarking scheme. The proposed approach employs quantum chaos based encryption algorithm having low time complexity and optimized entropy values thereby reducing the chances of statistical attacks. In addition, SHA-3 is used for creating the digest as it affords easier hardware implementation and high security. DCT–DWT hybrid model is used for embedding watermark to further enhance robustness and RC4 with quantum chaos coupled with neighbouring coupled map lattice sequence as key for allocating random position to watermark pixels. The scheme provides improved results against existing noise based geometric attacks, universal image quality index and visual assessments in comparison to other mechanism in literature.

Dynamic Analysis of Modified Duffing System via Intermittent External Force and Its Application

Over the past century, a tremendous amount of work on the Duffing system has been done with continuous external force, including analytical and numerical solution methods, and the dynamic behavior of physical systems. However, hows does the Duffing oscillator behave if the external force is intermittent? This paper investigates the Duffing oscillator with intermittent external force, and a modified Duffing chaotic system is proposed. Different from the continuous-control method, an intermittent external force of cosine function was designed to control the Duffing oscillator, such that the modified Duffing (MD) system could behave chaotically. The dynamic characteristics of MD system, such as the strange attractors, Lyapunov exponent spectra, and bifurcation diagram spectra were outlined with numerical simulations. Numerical results showed that there existed a positive Lyapunov exponent in some parameter intervals. Furthermore, by combining it with chaos scrambling and chaos XOR encryption, a chaos-based encryption algorithm was designed via the pseudorandom sequence generated from the MD. Finally, feasibility and validity were verified by simulation experiments of image encryption.

Image Compression and Encryption Using DCT and Gaussian Map

The use of the image in daily life keeps increasing as information technology is constantly developing. Consequently, the demand for a form of security in sending images through the internet is unavoidable. The encryption algorithm is one of the solutions. Encryption will make any image become only readable by those authorized to access. A chaos-based encryption algorithm is the most commonly used image encryption method because of its sensitivity to the parameter value. In addition to security, image transmission speed is also on demand. Images with bigger size than texts require longer transmission time. For this issue, image compression is the answer. There are many kinds of algorithm that can be used for image size compression. One of which is DCT. DCT algorithm is known to transform spatial domain to frequency. Image encryption and compression are two different processes. Nevertheless, this study combined both processes into one scheme so that they become inseparable. This study has two findings. First, in the area of compression, the scheme produced cipher image with considerable compression ratio. Second, in the area of encryption, the produced cipher image’s histogram became completely different from the original histogram, indicating that the encryption algorithm used was immune to histogram analysis.

Video Watermarking and Encryption Scheme for Online Multimedia Copyright Protection to Using Chaotic Maps Cryptography

Nowadays, there is an explosive growth in the digital multimedia creation, capturing, processing and distribution. Protecting the multimedia contents from copyright in fingerprint has become a major concern. Encryption and watermarking are two complementary techniques that are used for protecting the multimedia data. In this paper, a proposed hybrid encryption-watermarking algorithm for copyright protection is proposed. The watermarking phase of this proposed algorithm is based on, the discrete cosine transform (DCT), while the encryption phase is based on using four chaotic maps with different dimensions. The proposed watermarking scheme uses a new PN-codes embedding strategy of the watermark into the cover image. This strategy allows decreasing the embedding strength factor of the scheme to a value that maximizes imperceptibility performance while maintaining acceptable robustness of the watermarking scheme. On the other hand, the proposed chaos-based encryption algorithm used four chaotic maps of different dimensions and it has two diffusion stages rather than one to improve the algorithm efficiency. The proposed encryption algorithm is tested using different experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed encryption algorithm shows advantages of large key space, high resistance against differential attacks and high security analysis such as statistical analysis, and sensitivity analysis.

Further analytical bifurcation analysis and applications of coupled logistic maps

In this work, we extend further the analytical study of complex dynamics exist in two coupled logistic maps. New results about the occurrence of various types of bifurcation in the system, including flip bifurcation, pitchfork bifurcation and Neimark–Sacker bifurcation are presented. To the best of authors’ knowledge, the presence of chaotic dynamics in system’s behavior has been investigated and proved analytically via Marotto’s approach for first time. Numerical simulations are carried out in order to verify theoretical results. Furthermore, chaos based encryption algorithm for images is presented as an application for the coupled logistic maps. Different scenarios of attacks are considered to demonstrate its immunity and effectiveness against the possible attacks. Finally, a circuit realization for the coupled logistic maps is proposed and utilized in a suggested real time text encryption system.

A new chaotic system with hidden attractor and its engineering applications: analog circuit realization and image encryption

In this article a simple chaotic flow with hidden attractor is proposed. Various dynamics of this new system such as periodic and chaotic oscillations can be achieved by setting bifurcation parameters in a proper value. Nowadays chaos based engineering applications like encryption and hiding data face some significant problems. Chaotic systems with hidden attractors, which our system belongs to them, may unfold some primary steps to solve these problems. As the first step, chaotic behavior of our proposed system has been realised in physical existence by using the Orcard-PSpise software. We have found a proper qualitative likeness between experimental and simulation result. Then, chaos-based random number generator design is carried out using the proposed chaotic system. The numbers obtained from the random number generator are applied to the NIST 800-22 tests, and all of the random numbers are passed through the all tests. A chaos-based encryption algorithm with a random number generator is developed and image encryption application is implemented. Encryption results are compared with the AES algorithm, and performance and security evaluation of the developed encryption algorithm is performed.

Multi-layer security of medical data through watermarking and chaotic encryption for tele-health applications

In this paper, we present a robust and secure watermarking approach using transform domain techniques for tele-health applications. The patient report/identity is embedding into the host medical image for the purpose of authentication, annotation and identification. For better confidentiality, we apply the chaos based encryption algorithm on watermarked image in a less complex manner. Experimental results clearly indicated that the proposed technique is highly robust and sufficient secure for various forms of attacks without any significant distortions between watermarked and cover image. Further, the performance evaluation of our method is found better to existing state-of-the-art watermarking techniques under consideration. Furthermore, quality analysis of the watermarked image is estimated by subjective measure which is beneficial in quality driven healthcare industry.

Implementation of digital image encryption algorithm using logistic function and DNA encoding

Cryptography is a method to secure information that might be in form of digital image. Based on past research, in order to increase security level of chaos based encryption algorithm and DNA based encryption algorithm, encryption algorithm using logistic function and DNA encoding was proposed. Digital image encryption algorithm using logistic function and DNA encoding use DNA encoding to scramble the pixel values into DNA base and scramble it in DNA addition, DNA complement, and XOR operation. The logistic function in this algorithm used as random number generator needed in DNA complement and XOR operation. The result of the test show that the PSNR values of cipher images are 7.98-7.99 bits, the entropy values are close to 8, the histogram of cipher images are uniformly distributed and the correlation coefficient of cipher images are near 0. Thus, the cipher image can be decrypted perfectly and the encryption algorithm has good resistance to entropy attack and statistical attack.

Real-time and encryption efficiency improvements of simultaneous fusion, compression and encryption method based on chaotic generators

In this paper, enhancement of an existing optical simultaneous fusion, compression and encryption (SFCE) scheme in terms of real-time requirements, bandwidth occupation and encryption robustness is proposed. We have used and approximate form of the DCT to decrease the computational resources. Then, a novel chaos-based encryption algorithm is introduced in order to achieve the confusion and diffusion effects. In the confusion phase, Henon map is used for row and column permutations, where the initial condition is related to the original image. Furthermore, the Skew Tent map is employed to generate another random matrix in order to carry out pixel scrambling. Finally, an adaptation of a classical diffusion process scheme is employed to strengthen security of the cryptosystem against statistical, differential, and chosen plaintext attacks. Analyses of key space, histogram, adjacent pixel correlation, sensitivity, and encryption speed of the encryption scheme are provided, and favorably compared to those of the existing crypto-compression system. The proposed method has been found to be digital/optical implementation-friendly which facilitates the integration of the crypto-compression system on a very broad range of scenarios.

FEC merged with double security approach based on encrypted image steganography for different purpose in the presence of noise and different attacks

In this research paper, robust and reliable encrypted steganography technique with the error control schemes is presented. It also, investigates the performance of this technique with existing different noises and attacks. The paper presents a powerful security algorithm through merging between the data hiding and encryption techniques. This security merging technique aims to improve and strengthen the image security through its transmission over a wireless channel. Error performance of the presented security algorithm is considered also, and the different error control schemes are utilized to encode the transmitted packets. The steganography conceals the data existence within a cover medium, while the encryption hides the data meaning by using specific algorithms. The chaos based encryption algorithms are considered efficient and secured image encryption algorithms. In this research work a confidential image is embedded into a cover image using the data hiding Least Significant Bit (LSB) Steganography technique and then the stego image is encrypted using two dimensional chaotic map encryption tool. The Logistic map and Chaotic Baker map encryption techniques are utilized for this purpose to produce a multi-level high secure algorithm for sensitive secret image transmission. The computer simulation experiments reveal that the chaotic Baker scenario resist the noise and attacks more than another scenario. The Median filter is utilized to enhance the extracted message quality in existence the Pepper-Salt noise. The encrypted stego signal performance is evaluated over the AWGN channel and different attacks. To improve the extraction of Logistic steganography, the FEC is employed for this purpose and to decrease the required SNR which permits the successfully embedded image extraction. These different error control techniques are utilized to improve the presented algorithm reliability over the wireless channels. There are several metrics are used to measure the extracted images quality such as the correlation coefficient, mean square error, and peak signal to noise ratio. Also, the number of lost packet is used as data loss attack and to evaluate the wireless link efficiency. Different image analyses and comparisons are verified to examine the suitability of proposed algorithms for securing a high sensitive image data through its transmission over wireless channel at different noise levels.