Types Of Channels Research Articles

Comparative analysis of multi-directional long-distance pollution transport effects on heavily polluted weather in the Liaoning region

In recent years, although the air quality in the Liaoning region has improved, heavy pollution weather is still caused by external pollution transportation. In order to study the influence of multi-directional long-distance pollution on the heavily polluted weather in Liaoning, this paper analyzes three types of transport channel (northerly, northwesterly, and southwesterly transport corridors) by combining ground observations, airborne observations, AQI and the concentration data of atmospheric pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10 and so on. The results show that both northerly and southwesterly winds caused widespread fog and haze in the Liaoning region. The PM2.5 concentration reached the second-highest value on record (1479 μg/m3) during the pollution period caused by northwesterly wind transport. Wind and sand transported from the northwest mainly caused dusty weather in Liaoning, with PM10 concentration reaching up to 1200 μg/m3 during the pollution period. Northeasterly and northwesterly wind transport mainly led to the accumulation of pollutants in high places to high pollution values. Convergence of winds due to southwesterly wind transport led to prolonged accumulation of pollutants in the Liaoning region, resulting in severe pollution. Long-distance pollution transport is now one of the main sources of heavy pollution in the Liaoning region.

Ethnic politics via digital means: Introducing the Ethnic Organizations Online dataset

With the increasing relevance of ethnic groups as political actors, the literature has attempted to identify and study the ethnic organizations representing these groups. How do these organizations use digital communication channels to reach their domestic and international audiences? To enable research on these questions, this article introduces the Ethnic Organizations Online dataset, a new data collection focusing on the online channels that ethnic organizations use. The dataset includes four types of channels: Twitter (since July 2023, rebranded by Elon Musk as X); Facebook; Instagram; and regular websites. It relies on the Ethnic Power Relations – Organizations database, and is therefore compatible with an entire family of datasets on ethnic politics. Featuring more than 2000 online channels used by 265 groups, it allows researchers to study a wide variety of questions related to digital ethnic mobilization. The article presents three examples of how the dataset can be used. We study: (a) how a group’s political goals influence social media adoption; (b) how elections impact the organizations’ communication frequency and how this differs between democracies and autocracies; and (c) how the power status of a group affects the content of their communication. We provide replication codes facilitating the use of the dataset in applied research.

Comparison of the Performance of the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) Subscription Channels.

The Fast Health Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard was proposed and released to solve the interoperability problems of the electronic health records. The FHIR Subscription resources are used to establish real-time event notifications from the FHIR server to another system. There are several communication channels such as rest-hook and websocket. The objective of our work is to compare the performance of the FHIR subscription using the rest-hook and websocket channels. HAPI FHIR server, python websocket clients and HTTP endpoints were used to measure the processor and memory usage of the two subscription channels. Tests were performed with 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 clients. The performance was logged using windows performance monitor. The rest-hook subscription showed near six-fold increase in resource utilization when increasing the clients from 5 to 80. On the contrary, the websocket subscription channel did not reach a two-fold increase. The type of the subscription channel should be carefully selected and load distribution should be considered when the number of clients grows.

Channels of Evolution: Unveiling Evolutionary Patterns in Diatom Ca2+ Signalling.

Diatoms are important primary producers in marine and freshwater environments, but little is known about the signalling mechanisms they use to detect changes in their environment. All eukaryotic organisms use Ca2+ signalling to perceive and respond to environmental stimuli, employing a range of Ca2+-permeable ion channels to facilitate the movement of Ca2+ across cellular membranes. We investigated the distribution of different families of Ca2+ channels in diatom genomes, with comparison to other members of the stramenopile lineage. The four-domain voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Cav) are present in some centric diatoms but almost completely absent in pennate diatoms, whereas single-domain voltage-gated EukCatA channels were found in all diatoms. Glutamate receptors (GLRs) and pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) also appear to have been lost in several pennate species. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are present in all diatoms, but have not undergone the significant expansion seen in brown algae. All diatom species analysed lacked the mitochondrial uniporter (MCU), a highly conserved channel type found in many eukaryotes, including several stramenopile lineages. These results highlight the unique Ca2+-signalling toolkit of diatoms and indicate that evolutionary gains or losses of different Ca2+ channels may contribute to differences in cellular-signalling mechanisms between species.

A CFD Study of Particulate Deposition on Dimple-Type Flue Walls of Coal-Fired Power Plants

The study of particle deposition in bends is always a continuous challenge in various engineering and industrial applications. New types of channels with special microstructures on the surfaces can be effective in modifying the flow field structure as well as particle deposition in channels. In this study, a 90° circular bend with a convex dimple structure was used, and the flow field and the deposition of particles in the channel were analyzed; the Stokes numbers (St) used were 0.016, 0.355 and 1.397. The reliability of the model was ensured by mesh-independence validation as well as speed validation. In a 90° bend channel with convex dimples, the temperature distribution, particle deposition distribution, flow structure and secondary flow were examined. The effects of the number of convex dimples and St in the bend on the flow field structure and particle deposition characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the main factors affecting the deposition characteristics of particles in bends are St, gravitational deposition, thermophoretic force, turbulent vortex clusters and secondary flow distribution. The effect of St is more pronounced, with the deposition rate increasing as the St increases, and the deposition location of the particles is mainly clustered on the outside of the bend structure of the elbow.

Comparative Study on the Challenges of Distribution of Finished Goods to Customers in Different Types of Retail Stores

The study was undertaken as qualitative research. The purpose of this study is to compare the channels chosen by retailers to distribute goods to the final consumer. For the purpose of the study 3 different kinds of retails stores were chosen to understand their distribution of goods to the final customer. The retail stores chosen were Malls, Kirana stores and a cloth shop. The method of research was by interview method. The variables chosen for the study were types of channels, channel management, hybrid channels which were independent variables, and the dependent variable was creation of value. Five major questions were asked based on the value creation challenges retailers face in distribution management. From the study it was understood that retailers choose hybrid channels for distribution of goods to the final consumer to enhance the value.

Variation in Practice Surrounding Antegrade Colonic Enema Channel Placement

PurposeAntegrade colonic enemas (ACE) can be an effective management option for defecation disorders and improve quality of life. Best practice regarding channel placement is unclear and variation may exist around preferred initial type of channel, age at placement, and underlying diagnoses. We aimed to describe practice patterns and patient characteristics around ACE channel placement. MethodsWe conducted a multicenter retrospective study of children with an ACE channel cared for at sites participating in the Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium (PCPLC) from 2017 to 2022. Kruskal–Wallis test was utilized to test the age at surgery by site with significance level of 0.05. Results500 patients with ACE channel were included. 293 (58.6%) patients had their ACE procedure at a PCPLC center. The median age at surgery was 7.6 [IQR 5.3–11.0] years for the overall cohort and 8.1 [IQR 5.3–11.5] years for placement at PCPLC centers. For PCPLC centers, median age at placement varied significantly across centers (p = 0.009). 371 (74.2%) patients received Malone appendicostomy, 116 (23.2%) received cecostomy, and 13 (2.6%) received Neo-Malone appendicostomy. Median age of patients by channel type was 7.7 [IQR 5.3–11.0], 7.5 [IQR 5.7–11.0], and 9.8 [IQR 4.2–11.6] years, respectively. The most common indication for cecostomy was idiopathic/refractory constipation (52.6%), whereas anorectal malformation was the most common indication for Malone (47.2%) and Neo-Malone (61.5%). Among ACE channels placed at PCPLC centers, there was variation across institutions in preferred initial channel type. The 4 highest volume centers favored Malone appendicostomy over cecostomy. ConclusionThere is variation in practice of ACE channel placement. At specialty pediatric colorectal centers, age at time of placement and type of channel placed varied across institutions. Further work is needed to better characterize diagnosis- and age-focused patient centered outcomes to clarify recommendations for our patients who benefit from these procedures. Type of StudyRetrospective comparative study. Level of EvidenceLevel III.

Dual Engine Boosts Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor for Enhanced Modulation and Bioanalysis.

Organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) has shown substantial potential in the development of next-generation bioanalysis yet is limited by the either-or situation between the photoelectrode types and the channel types. Inspired by the dual-photoelectrode systems, we propose a new architecture of dual-engine OPECT for enhanced signal modulation and its biosensing application. Exemplified by incorporating the CdS/Bi2S3 photoanode and Cu2O photocathode within the gate-source circuit of Ag/AgCl-gated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) channel, the device shows enhanced modulation capability and larger transconductance (gm) against the single-photoelectrode ones. Moreover, the light irritation upon the device effectively shifts the peak value of gm to zero gate voltage without degradation and generates larger current steps that are advantageous for the sensitive bioanalysis. Based on the as-developed dual-photoelectrode OPECT, target-mediated recycling and etching reactions are designed upon the CdS/Bi2S3, which could result in dual signal amplification and realize the sensitive microRNA-155 biodetection with a linear range from 1 fM to 100 pM and a lower detection limit of 0.12 fM.

Calcium-sensing receptor regulates Kv7 channels via Gi/o protein signalling and modulates excitability of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived nociceptive-like neurons.

Neuropathic pain, a debilitating condition with unmet medical needs, can be characterised as hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurons caused by dysfunction of ion channels. Voltage-gated potassium channels type 7 (Kv7), responsible for maintaining neuronal resting membrane potential and thus excitability, reside under tight control of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a GPCR that regulates the activity of numerous ion channels, but whether CaSR can control Kv7 channel function has been unexplored until now. Experiments were conducted in recombinant cell models, mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived nociceptive-like neurons using patch-clamp electrophysiology and molecular biology techniques. Our results demonstrate that CaSR is expressed in recombinant cell models, hiPSC-derived nociceptive-like neurons and mouse DRG neurons, and its activation induced depolarisation via Kv7.2/7.3 channel inhibition. The CaSR-Kv7.2/7.3 channel crosslink was mediated via the Gi/o protein-adenylate cyclase-cyclicAMP-protein kinase A signalling cascade. Suppression of CaSR function demonstrated a potential to rescue hiPSC-derived nociceptive-like neurons from algogenic cocktail-induced hyperexcitability. This study demonstrates that the CaSR-Kv7.2/7.3 channel crosslink, via a Gi/o protein signalling pathway, effectively regulates neuronal excitability, providing a feasible pharmacological target for neuronal hyperexcitability management in neuropathic pain.

Performance of Relaying System with NOMA over Symmetric a-Stable Noise Channels

Objectives: This paper investigates the performance of a candidate 5G transmission system technique that is Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) over α-stable channels. This type of channel gets more attention in the research community because of its ability to model new IoT scenarios. However, there is a research gap in applying this type of channel to different wireless communications scenarios. In this work, we envision a scenario where users employ NOMA communications in the presence of an obstacle. As our mathematical analysis and simulation results show, there is a significant difference in performance when considering α-stable channels. Methods: To characterize the performance of the proposed noise channel, performance metrics such as outage probability and achievable rate are discussed. More particularly, we derive expressions for both outage probability and achievable rate for three NOMA users, considering the near user as a relay. In this paper, we consider additive symmetric α-stable noise channels with alpha α ∈ (1, 2). We present expressions for achievable rate and outage probability for each user (near, middle, and far) and investigate its behavior for different values of alpha (α). Findings: Based on the simulation results, it is shown that the high achievable rate observed for low alpha values while reduced as alpha is increased. Also, due to the influence of alpha, the outage probability is highly affected by α for small rate thresholds (Ro). In an envisioned scenario of three users with only one user forwarding the transmission to the other two, our results show that the near and middle users’ outage probability decreases as alpha α increases. Novelty: Despite this extensive study of the NOMA on individual channels, transmission under α-stable channel is not considered to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Keywords: NOMA, relaying, Cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access, Symmetric α-Stable Noise Channels, Achievable rate

BOOK TRADE IN BURYATIA: DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

The situation on the book market of the Republic is considered, infor-mation about the types of bookselling enterprises and other channels of book distribution, their assortment, types of work, and problems of the activity is presented. Some processes in the field of book distribution in the Republic are highlighted in the context of all-Russian trends in the industry development. The attention is drawn to the online promotion of books, local history litera-ture, and information about interesting local publications is provided.

Investigating the Influence of River Geomorphology on Human Presence Using Night Light Data: A Case Study in the Indus Basin

Human settlements have historically thrived near rivers due to enhanced navigation and trade, and the availability of water supply and resources. The use of night light data, representing economic activities, provides a novel approach to studying the interactions between human activity and rivers over time. Here, we use the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) stable night light data from 2000 to 2013 as a proxy for human presence and activities to quantify the statistical relationships between night light presence and intensity in the Indus Basin, Asia. We test how these data are affected by proximity to trunk channels and by channel type (single/multi-thread) in the study area. We find that night light presence is enhanced by 26% within a 0 to 5 km proximity range of the Indus River and its tributaries, relative to the basin as a whole. We interpret this to represent increased human presence and activity within this zone. However, the mean intensity is lower near the river and higher away from the river, signifying denser settlements, such as towns and cities, which are preferentially located away from the Indus and its tributaries. Moreover, the enhancement of lit pixels signifying human presence and activities is increased by 18% near single-thread sections of the Indus River, compared to segments of the Indus displaying multi-thread morphologies. We suggest that this is due to the enhanced stability of single-threaded channels, relative to mobile multi-threaded channel reaches. This study demonstrates how night lights are an important tool in studying the relationship between human presence and river dynamics in large catchments such as the Indus, and we suggest that these data will have an important role in assessing differential flood spatial and social vulnerability at a regional scale.

Characterizing sub-glacial hydrology using radar simulations

Abstract. The structure and distribution of sub-glacial water directly influences Antarctic ice mass loss by reducing or enhancing basal shear stress and accelerating grounding line retreat. A common technique for detecting sub-glacial water involves analyzing the spatial variation in reflectivity from an airborne radar echo sounding (RES) survey. Basic RES analysis exploits the high dielectric contrast between water and most other substrate materials, where a reflectivity increase ≥ 15 dB is frequently correlated with the presence of sub-glacial water. There are surprisingly few additional tools to further characterize the size, shape, or extent of hydrological systems beneath large ice masses. We adapted an existing radar backscattering simulator to model RES reflections from sub-glacial water structures using the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (UTIG) Multifrequency Airborne Radar Sounder with Full-phase Assessment (MARFA) instrument. Our series of hypothetical simulation cases modeled water structures from 5 to 50 m wide, surrounded by bed materials of varying roughness. We compared the relative reflectivity from rounded Röthlisberger channels and specular flat canals, showing both types of channels exhibit a positive correlation between size and reflectivity. Large (> 20 m), flat canals can increase reflectivity by more than 20 dB, while equivalent Röthlisberger channels show only modest reflectivity gains of 8–13 dB. Changes in substrate roughness may also alter observed reflectivity by 3–6 dB. All of these results indicate that a sophisticated approach to RES interpretation can be useful in constraining the size and shape of sub-glacial water features. However, a highly nuanced treatment of the geometric context is necessary. Finally, we compared simulated outputs to actual reflectivity from a single RES flight line collected over Thwaites Glacier in 2022. The flight line crosses a previously proposed Röthlisberger channel route, with an obvious bright bed reflection in the radargram. Through multiple simulations comparing various water system geometries, such as canals and sub-glacial lakes, we demonstrated the important role that topography and water geometry can play in observed RES reflectivity. From the scenarios that we tested, we concluded the bright reflector from our RES flight line cannot be a Röthlisberger channel but could be consistent with a series of flat canals or a sub-glacial lake. However, we note our simulations were not exhaustive of all possible sub-glacial water configurations. The approach outlined here has broad applicability for studying the basal environment of large glaciers. We expect to apply this technique when constraining the geometry and extent of many sub-glacial hydrologic structures in the future. Further research may also include comprehensive investigations of the impact of sub-glacial roughness, substrate heterogeneity, and computational efficiencies enabling more complex and complete simulations.

DLLBVS: Design of a High-Efficiency Deep Learning based Low-BER Video Streaming Model for High-Noise Wireless Networks

Design of video streaming models for high-noise networks is a multimodal process that requires efficient channel modelling, noise analysis, error-specific stream control, intelligent data augmentation, etc. This article proposes design of a high-efficiency deep learning based low-BER (Bit Error Rate) Video streaming model for high-noise wireless networks. The proposed model initially uses a Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) block for estimation of frame level features, and then uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based modulation platform for transmission and reception of processed video frames. The OFDMA model is cascaded with a chaotic communication module, which assists in improving data fidelity under different noise conditions. The chaotic communication module is optimized using Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), which assists in setting up its hyperparameters for better efficiency under real-time communication scenarios. Video frames were pre-processed using Dual Neural Networks that assisted in estimation of differential frame information sets. Due to estimation of this differential frame information, streaming speed is improved, which assists in increasing number of frames transmitted per second, thereby improving streaming performance for different video types. This frame information is further processed by an iterative Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) based VARMAx Model, which assists in predicting frame removal instances, thus assisting in faster & low error communications. The GRU VARMAx Model optimizes data flow, thus reducing congestion and improving throughput. The model was tested under AWGN (Additive While Gaussian Noise), Rayleigh, & Rician channel types, and its efficiency was compared with standard streaming techniques in terms of communication delay, Bit Error Rate, Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), throughput, communication jitter and computational complexity levels. Based on this comparison it was observed that the proposed model showcased 3.5% lower communication delay, 8.3% lower BER, 5.9% lower PAPR, 10.5% higher throughput, 3.9% lower jitter and 6.4% lower computational complexity, which makes it highly useful for a wide variety of real-time streaming scenarios.

Measuring food insecurity: Food Affordability Index as a measure of territorial inequalities

The devastating economic and social impact of COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine has exacerbated poverty and food insecurity, making it harder for people to access food. Based on a multidimensional understanding of food insecurity, this study focuses on one of the most challenging dimensions for affluent societies, namely, the economic access to food. Therefore, the research aims to develop an innovative Food Affordability Index (FIA) that captures the inter-territorial inequalities and critical problems created by the economic disruptions in the local food system that prevent people from eating healthy. The index is based on a survey of the prices of products suitable for healthy eating in thirty shops in Rome, Italy. A distinction was made both by the type of distribution channel (e.g. discount and supermarket) and by the area in which the survey was conducted, i.e., the 15 municipalities of Rome. This study sheds light on the problem of food insecurity and highlights areas where households are far from an ideal healthy diet. Understanding the spatial distribution of economic inequalities in access to healthy food seems crucial for the implementation of targeted policies and programmes to address this problem, which is increasingly structural in affluent societies.

Optimal flow channel structure selection for hybrid locomotive battery pack liquid cooling system

Simulation studies were performed on the power battery pack to determine the most suitable flow channel configuration for the liquid cooling system. The study involved conducting thermal simulation analysis on four different channel types with varying structures under specific conditions, including an ambient temperature of 25°C, coolant inlet speed of 2L/min, and inlet temperature of 25°C. Based on a comparative analysis, it can be inferred that an increase in the number of parallel flow channels leads to a degradation in the temperature performance of the battery pack while concurrently enhancing the pressure performance of the coolant. After considering all evaluation factors, the liquid cooling channel structure design for the battery pack was determined to consist of two parallel channels.

How to Choose Suitable Physics‐Based Models Without Tuning and System Identification for Model‐Predictive Control of Open Water Channels?

AbstractModel predictive control (MPC) is used to manage water systems, and its performance depends on the (internal or control‐oriented) model it is based on. Several models for the hydraulics of open water systems are presented in literature and used in applications, but their performance has not yet been investigated systematically, and no guideline exists on which model to select for a certain channel. The aim of this research is to present a guideline for model choice based on the geometry of the channel and the flow conditions. The guideline is developed by first categorizing the channels into four types, followed by performing time‐domain, frequency domain, and closed‐loop tests for all models and channel types. The evaluation of the tests shows that for short and wave‐dominated channels, the Muskingum, Integrator Delay, and Integrator Delay Zero models perform the best, while for longer channels the linear inertial model is the most suitable. Finally, a decision‐tree is presented how to choose the model. Lastly, a decision‐tree is introduced to aid in the selection of the most appropriate model.

IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMPANIES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF SERBIA

This paper explores the impact of digital marketing on the business operations of companies in the agricultural sector of Serbia. Accordingly, the research objective is to determine critical success factors of digital marketing channels in companies within this sector. Given the stated research objective, the following general hypothesis has been formulated: digital marketing channels such as effective presence on social media, website quality, online sales and search engine optimization have a significant positive impact on the business performance of companies in the agricultural sector in Serbia. Successful implementation of these types of digital marketing channels by companies is expected to lead to increased visibility, engagement of the target audience, and improved sales. Consequently, the results of empirical research provide more insightful perspectives on the state of this field, identifying specific aspects of digital marketing that significantly contribute to the business performance of companies in the agricultural sector of Serbia.

Piezo1 channel exaggerates ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by mediating mechanical stress-induced iron influx

To date, several molecules have been found to facilitate iron influx, while the types of iron influx channels remain to be elucidated. Here, Piezo1 channel was identified as a key iron transporter in response to mechanical stress. Piezo1-mediated iron overload disturbed iron metabolism and exaggerated ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Importantly, Piezo1-induced iron influx was independent of the transferrin receptor (TFRC), a well-recognized iron gatekeeper. Furthermore, pharmacological inactivation of Piezo1 profoundly reduced iron accumulation, alleviated mitochondrial ROS, and suppressed ferroptotic alterations in stimulation of mechanical stress. Moreover, conditional knockout of Piezo1 (Col2a1-CreERT Piezo1flox/flox) attenuated the mechanical injury-induced intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Notably, the protective effect of Piezo1 deficiency in IVDD was dampened in Piezo1/Gpx4 conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice (Col2a1-CreERT Piezo1flox/flox/Gpx4flox/flox). These findings suggest that Piezo1 is a potential determinant of iron influx, indicating that the Piezo1-iron-ferroptosis axis might shed light on the treatment of mechanical stress-induced diseases.

Bedrock rivers are steep but not narrow: Hydrological and lithological controls on river geometry across the USA

Bedrock rivers are commonly expected to have steeper and narrower channels than alluvial rivers. However, understanding of bedrock river characteristics has largely been based on small samples of sites in specific climates and upland locations. We provide the first systematic assessment of bedrock and alluvial river channel characteristics for 1274 sites across a broad climatic gradient. We assess whether the width, width-to-depth ratio, and slope of bedrock channels differ from those of alluvial channels and the extent to which these differences are correlated with drainage area, mean annual flow (QMAF), grain size, and lithology. We find that bedrock channels occur at all drainage areas. For the same drainage area, bedrock channels are wider and steeper than alluvial channels. They also have a higher mean annual precipitation and hence QMAF, which likely causes the increased width. After accounting for differences in QMAF, both bedrock and alluvial channels have similar hydraulic scaling. Lithology affects both types of channels in a similar way, with channels on sedimentary lithologies being wider and less steep compared to those on igneous-metamorphic lithologies. Overall, our findings raise new questions about the evolution of bedrock river channels and pave the way for more accurate landscape evolution modeling.