Channel Routing Research Articles

A modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool Plus (M-SWAT+) model for sediment yield estimation

ABSTRACT The Soil and Water Assessment Tool Plus (SWAT+) model depends on the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE), which in turn depends on the peak runoff rate for the estimation of soil loss from a catchment. The SWAT+ model generates a random number for each day in the process of peak runoff rate estimation from the catchment. On the other hand, the model provides calibration parameters like the peak rate adjustment factor for sediment routing in the tributary channels and main channels. There is uncertainty that how likely the SWAT+ model estimates the actual peak runoff rates. An improved MUSLE does not depend on the peak runoff rate, and, therefore, it minimizes uncertainty related to the peak runoff rate when estimating soil loss from the catchment in the SWAT+ environment. On the other hand, the effect of the topographic factor of the MUSLE or improved MUSLE on soil erosion and sediment transport is not explicitly explained. Therefore, we modify the source code of the SWAT+ model for sediment yield estimation by replacing the improved MUSLE and the best-fitted equations of the topographic factor in the source code. The modified SWAT+ model showed better performance than the original SWAT+ model.

Time Evolution of Orbital Angular Momentum Modes for Deep-Routing Multiplexing Channels

Optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode multiplexing has emerged as a promising technique for boosting communication capacity. However, most existing studies have concentrated on channel (de)multiplexing, overlooking the critical aspect of channel routing. This challenge involves the reallocation of multiplexed OAM modes across both spatial and temporal domains—a vital step for developing versatile communication networks. To address this gap, we introduce a novel approach based on the time evolution of OAM modes, utilizing the orthogonal conversion and diffractive modulation capabilities of unitary transformations. This approach facilitates high-dimensional orthogonal transformations of OAM mode vectors, altering both the propagation direction and the spatial location. Using Fresnel diffraction matrices as unitary operators, it manipulates the spatial locations of light beams during transmission, breaking the propagation invariance and enabling temporal evolution. As a demonstration, we have experimentally implemented the deep routing of four OAM modes within two distinct time sequences. Achieving an average diffraction efficiency above 78.31%, we have successfully deep-routed 4.69 Tbit·s−1 quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals carried by four multiplexed OAM channels, with a bit error rate below 10–6. These results underscore the efficacy of our routing strategy and its promising prospects for practical applications.

Spin Photonics‐Based on a Twinning Hyperbolic Metamaterial

AbstractRouting and multiplexing of the optical surface waves are critical for the ultra‐compact nano‐photonic systems. Given this background, traditional metal‐based systems, despite of the ability of supporting the surface plasmon polariton propagation, are constrained on manipulations due to the optical isotropy, and artificially designed structures are always required at the input or output to help attain the additional selectivity. Here, a spin‐dependent multi‐channel scheme is proposed based on the modulation ability of the hyperbolic metamaterial's anisotropy on Dyakonov Surface Waves. The input coupling, propagation direction, as well as the output coupling of the optical single are well determined by the certain spin feature carried by the light and the orientation of the interface's anisotropy because of the spin‐momentum locking. Specially, by constructing a twinning hyperbolic metamaterial, which contains the structural symmetry and materials symmetry, a photonic chip with 4 routing channels are demonstrated experimentally, where the spin of an incident beam can be maintained during the propagation on‐chip and then delivered back into the free space, offering a new planar scheme for metamaterial‐based spin‐controlled nano‐photonic applications.

Potential contribution of land cover change on flood events in the Senegal River basin

The increase in flood events observed in West African countries, and often in specific river basins, can be influenced by several factors, including anthropogenic land use and land-cover changes. However, the potential contribution of land cover changes to flood events still needs to be explored, especially in West Africa. Here, the fully coupled atmosphere-hydrology WRF-Hydro system, which comprises an atmospheric model and additionally incorporates the surface, subsurface, overland flow, and channel routing, is used to investigate the potential impact of a land cover change scenario on flood events in the Senegal River basin. The simulation was performed from 2010 to 2020, with a calibration period spanning from 2011 to 2012 and a validation period from 2013 to 2020. Several skill scores, including Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), BIAS, and Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE), were utilized to assess the calibration and validation performances. Additionally, two planetary boundary layer schemes (PBL5 and PBL7) were used to determine their associated uncertainty. Our results show that the best calibration results (NSE = 0.70; KGE = 0.83; PBIAS = −7% and BE = 0.67) in the Senegal River basin are obtained with PBL5 when the calibration is performed with a SLOPE parameter 0.03. A similar good performance was also obtained for the validation with NSE = 0.74, KGE = 0.84, and PBIAS = −8%. Likewise, our findings indicate that converting savanna to woody savannas can elevate water resources, with a 2% rise in precipitation and a 4% increase in runoff. This transition also correlates with an increase in moderate flood events (3500–4000 m3/s), a decrease in severe floods (4000–5000 m3/s), and their associated occurrence of extreme floods (>5000 m3/s) in the Senegal River basin.

Experimental Demonstration of Channel Routing of Microwave Signals Sharing an Optical Link by Using a Tunable Optical Band-Pass Filter

Experimental Demonstration of Channel Routing of Microwave Signals Sharing an Optical Link by Using a Tunable Optical Band-Pass Filter

Mode Multiplication of Cylindrical Vector Beam Using Raytracing Control

Abstract Cylindrical vector beams (CVBs) hold significant promise in mode division multiplexing communication owing to their inherent vector mode orthogonality. However, existing studies for facilitating CVB channel processing are confined to mode shift conversions due to their reliance on spin-dependent helical modulations, overlooking the pursuit of mode multiplication conversion. This challenge lies in the multiplicative operation upon inhomogeneous vector mode manipulation, which is expected to advance versatile CVB channel switching and routing. In this study, we tackle this gap by introducing a raytracing control strategy that conformally maps the light rays of CVB from the whole annulus distribution to an annular sector counterpart. Incorporated with the multifold conformal annulus-sector mappings and polarization-insensitive phase modulations, this approach facilitates the parallel transformation of input CVB into multiple complementary components, enabling the mode multiplication conversion with protected vector structure. Serving as a demonstration, we experimentally implemented the multiplicative operation of four CVB modes with the multiplier factors of N = +2 and N = −3, achieving the converted mode purities over 94.24% and 88.37%. Subsequently, 200 Gbit/s quadrature phase shift keying signals were successfully transmitted upon multiplicative switching of four CVB channels, with the bit-error-rate approaching 1×10-6. These results underscore our strategy’s efficacy in CVB mode multiplication, which may open promising prospects for its advanced applications.

Mechanisms and Morphological Time Scales of Avulsed Channel Process on the Modern Yellow River Delta

AbstractThe modern Yellow River Delta (YRD) has witnessed frequent channel avulsions followed by the morphological processes of “wandering‐ short‐lived braiding ‐merging” in history. However, process‐based investigation and relevant physics behind these processes remain poorly constrained. The present study complements the understanding for this evolution through numerical experiments. This is achieved by applying a two‐dimensional (2‐D) depth‐averaged fully coupled morphodynamic model that considers the feedbacks of sediment‐laden flow and bed deformation to a schematized fan‐shaped YRD. Under an uneven bed of uniform sediment, the avulsed processes of “wandering‐ short‐lived braiding ‐merging” during new channel routing on the YRD are satisfactorily reproduced by the present modelling in terms of the time evolution of planar channel pattern and channel length. Moreover, the mechanisms of the avulsed evolution have been elucidated through factor analysis on delta slope, incoming flow‐sediment conditions and artificial trenching, etc. It is suggested that morphological stability could be reached when a single meandering channel is finally sustained, of which the time scale is 4–8 years echoing the documented data of abandoned channels on the YRD. In addition, quantitative criteria have been advocated to help distinguishing the sub‐stages of the avulsed evolution together with the characteristic pattern judgement. Based on the above, implications for the YRD management are discussed.

Air cargo transportation, loading, and phase-based maintenance service scheduling in demand channel routes

The article proposes an approach for modeling and solving the air cargo transportation, loading, and phase-based maintenance scheduling problems within demand channels. Demand channel transportation presents unique challenges to meeting the earliest pickup and delivery requirements during emergencies. The complexities in transportation involve issues with airport-aircraft compatibility, fleet selection, task assignments, route construction, and effective loading–unloading procedures. The challenges include coping with flight connections due to airport-aircraft compatibility, dealing with limited refueling and maintenance facilities, and swiftly adapting to unforeseen maintenance events by identifying and utilizing available fleets. In this context, the article delineates a demand channel route planning strategy that considers airport-aircraft compatibility, task integrity, priority, partial refueling strategy, and maintenance schedules spanning short to long-haul phases. Formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem, the solution employs a novel acyclic route construction procedure within a fuel-conscious network. We propose an insertion heuristic with multi-faceted algorithmic interconnections for producing a near-optimal solution suitable for real-world applications. Our insertion procedure has been shown to have very high computational performance, with an average 1.32 percent optimality gap. It can be scaled up to the most critical cargo mission, with up to 190 ports, 95 aircraft, and 380 tasks.

Development of a Distributed Physics‐Informed Deep Learning Hydrological Model for Data‐Scarce Regions

AbstractClimate change has exacerbated water stress and water‐related disasters, necessitating more precise streamflow simulations. However, in the majority of global regions, a deficiency of streamflow data constitutes a significant constraint on modeling endeavors. Traditional distributed hydrological models and regionalization approaches have shown suboptimal performance. While current deep learning (DL)‐related models trained on large data sets excel in spatial generalization, the direct applicability of these models in certain regions with unique hydrological processes can be challenging due to the limited representativeness within the training data set. Furthermore, transfer learning DL models pre‐trained on large data sets still necessitate local data for retraining, thereby constraining their applicability. To address these challenges, we present a physics‐informed DL model based on a distributed framework. It involves spatial discretization and the establishment of differentiable hydrological models for discrete sub‐basins, coupled with a differentiable Muskingum method for channel routing. By introducing upstream‐downstream relationships, model errors in sub‐basins propagate through the river network to the watershed outlet, enabling the optimization using limited downstream streamflow data, thereby achieving spatial simulation of ungauged internal sub‐basins. The model, when trained solely on the downstream‐most station, outperforms the distributed hydrological model in streamflow simulation at both the training station and upstream held‐out stations. Additionally, in comparison to transfer learning models, our model requires fewer gauge stations for training, but achieves higher precision in simulating streamflow on spatially held‐out stations, indicating better spatial generalization ability. Consequently, this model offers a novel approach to hydrological simulation in data‐scarce regions, especially those with poor hydrological representativeness.

Explicit Scheme for a Hydrological Channel Routing: Mathematical Model and Practical Application

The computation of hydrographs in large watersheds necessitates utilizing channel routing, which calculates the movement of hydrographs along channel branches. Routing methods rely on an implicit scheme to facilitate numerical resolution, which requires more computational time than the explicit scheme. This study presents an explicit scheme channel routing model that offers a versatile approach to open channel flow analysis. The model is based on mass conservation principles and Manning equations, and it can accommodate varying bed slopes, making it highly adaptable to diverse hydraulic scenarios. In addition, the proposed model considers backwater effects, which enhances its applicability in practical scenarios. The model was tested in a practical application on a rectangular channel with a width of 7 m, and the results showed that it can accurately predict outflow hydrographs and handle different flow conditions. Comparative analyses with existing models revealed that the proposed model’s performance in generating water flow oscillations was competitive. Moreover, sensitivity analyses were performed, which showed that the model is highly responsive to parameter variations, such as Manning’s coefficient, bed slope, and channel width. The comparison of peak flows and peak times between the proposed model and existing methods further emphasized the model’s reliability and efficiency in simulating channel routing processes. This research introduces a valuable addition to the field of hydrology by proposing a practical and effective channel routing model that integrates essential hydraulic principles and parameters. The results of the proposed model (lumped routing) are comparable with the solution provided by the Muskingum–Cunge method (distributed routing). It is of utmost importance to note that the proposed model applies to channel branches with bed slopes below 6°.

Quality of Life and Bladder Symptoms in Adolescents and Young Adults With Spina Bifida Who Catheterize via Urethra vs Catheterizable Channel.

We sought to assess associations between health-related quality of life (QOL), bladder-related QOL, bladder symptoms, and bladder catheterization route among adolescents and young adults with spina bifida. Clinical questionnaires administered to individuals ≥ 12 years old requiring catheterization between June 2019 to March 2020 in a spina bifida center were retrospectively analyzed. Questionnaires were completed in English or Spanish independently or with caregiver assistance. Medical records were reviewed for demographic and clinical characteristics. Primary exposure was catheterization route (urethra or channel). Primary outcome was health-related QOL, measured by Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pediatric Global Health 7 (PGH-7). Secondary outcomes were bladder-related QOL and bladder symptoms, measured by Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score (NBSS). Nested, multivariable linear regression models assessed associations between catheterization route and questionnaire scores. Of 162 patients requiring catheterization, 146 completed both the PGH-7 and NBSS and were included. Seventy-three percent were catheterized via urethra and 27% via channel. Median age was 17.5 years (range 12-31), 58% of patients were female, and 80% had myelomeningocele. Urinary incontinence was more common among those who catheterized via urethra (60%) compared to channel (33%). On adjusted analyses, catheterization route was not significantly associated with PGH-7 or NBSS bladder-related QOL scores. More bladder symptoms were associated with worse bladder-related QOL. Patients who catheterized via channel had fewer bladder symptoms than those who catheterized via urethra. Catheterization route was not significantly associated with QOL. Though catheterization via channel was associated with fewer bladder symptoms, only degree of current bladder symptoms was significantly associated with bladder-related QOL.

Characterizing sub-glacial hydrology using radar simulations

Abstract. The structure and distribution of sub-glacial water directly influences Antarctic ice mass loss by reducing or enhancing basal shear stress and accelerating grounding line retreat. A common technique for detecting sub-glacial water involves analyzing the spatial variation in reflectivity from an airborne radar echo sounding (RES) survey. Basic RES analysis exploits the high dielectric contrast between water and most other substrate materials, where a reflectivity increase ≥ 15 dB is frequently correlated with the presence of sub-glacial water. There are surprisingly few additional tools to further characterize the size, shape, or extent of hydrological systems beneath large ice masses. We adapted an existing radar backscattering simulator to model RES reflections from sub-glacial water structures using the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (UTIG) Multifrequency Airborne Radar Sounder with Full-phase Assessment (MARFA) instrument. Our series of hypothetical simulation cases modeled water structures from 5 to 50 m wide, surrounded by bed materials of varying roughness. We compared the relative reflectivity from rounded Röthlisberger channels and specular flat canals, showing both types of channels exhibit a positive correlation between size and reflectivity. Large (> 20 m), flat canals can increase reflectivity by more than 20 dB, while equivalent Röthlisberger channels show only modest reflectivity gains of 8–13 dB. Changes in substrate roughness may also alter observed reflectivity by 3–6 dB. All of these results indicate that a sophisticated approach to RES interpretation can be useful in constraining the size and shape of sub-glacial water features. However, a highly nuanced treatment of the geometric context is necessary. Finally, we compared simulated outputs to actual reflectivity from a single RES flight line collected over Thwaites Glacier in 2022. The flight line crosses a previously proposed Röthlisberger channel route, with an obvious bright bed reflection in the radargram. Through multiple simulations comparing various water system geometries, such as canals and sub-glacial lakes, we demonstrated the important role that topography and water geometry can play in observed RES reflectivity. From the scenarios that we tested, we concluded the bright reflector from our RES flight line cannot be a Röthlisberger channel but could be consistent with a series of flat canals or a sub-glacial lake. However, we note our simulations were not exhaustive of all possible sub-glacial water configurations. The approach outlined here has broad applicability for studying the basal environment of large glaciers. We expect to apply this technique when constraining the geometry and extent of many sub-glacial hydrologic structures in the future. Further research may also include comprehensive investigations of the impact of sub-glacial roughness, substrate heterogeneity, and computational efficiencies enabling more complex and complete simulations.

JCARP: Joint Channel Assignment and Routing Protocol for cognitive-radio-based internet of things (CRIoT)

ABSTRACT To deal efficiently with the spectrum sharing between cognitive radio users, we propose an innovative routing protocol involving not only a joint and fully distributed spectrum management, but also a hybridization mechanism, titled as Joint Channel Assignment and Routing Protocol (JCARP). Interestingly, it does not require a central control entity and does not use a common control channel to handle the network's spectrum distribution information. Additionally, in the route discovery phase of the hybrid routing protocol, there are two phases: reactive channel selection and proactive channel selection. Moreover, Secondary Users (SUs) have the option of switching from the reactive to the proactive phase of channel selection by utilizing historical usage information related to their list of available channels that has been stored in their database tables. In particular, carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance transmission effects (pass or collision) are studied to identify channel availability and utilization, which are then fed into a database table pertaining to each SU. The JCARP protocol's performance is assessed through a Java–based simulator, utilizing throughput as the evaluation metric. The simulation results indicate that the JCARP protocol markedly reduces collisions among SUs during spectrum access opportunities in the transmission process, achieving higher throughput compared to its counterparts' protocols.

Tunable double notch filter on a thin-film lithium niobate platform.

Tunable optical filters at the chip scale play a crucial role in fulfilling the need for reconfigurability in channel routing, optical switching, and wavelength division multiplexing systems. In this Letter, we propose a tunable double notch filter on thin-film lithium niobate using dual microring architecture. This unique integrated filter is essential for complex photonic integrated circuits, along with multiple channels and various frequency spacing. With only one loaded voltage, the device demonstrates a wide frequency spacing tunability from 16.1 to 89.9 GHz by reversely tuning the resonances of the two microrings while the center wavelength between the two resonances remains unaltered. Moreover, by utilizing the pronounced electro-optic properties of lithium niobate associated with the tight light confined nanophotonic waveguides, the device demonstrates a spacing tunability of 0.82 GHz/V and a contrast of 10-16 dB. In addition, the device has an ultracompact footprint of 0.0248 mm2.

Software-architectural configuration of the multifunctional audio digital signal processor module for signal mediatesting of audio devices

Objectives. The aim of this study is to develop and analyze parameters for a multifunctional audio module based on the ADAU1701 audio digital signal processor in the SigmaStudio environment. This will be used for testing audio devices in the following modes: routing of balanced and unbalanced audio channels according to the differential scheme Di-Box/R Di-Box; spatiotemporal and dynamic audio processing; three-band monochannel cross-separation with independent equalization; and correction of the frequency response of the audio channel with tracking notch auto-suppression of electro-acoustic positive feedback in a given spectral band.Methods. Visual-graphical architectural programming of audio modules in the SigmaStudio and Flowstone, as well as algorithms for real-time signal audio measurements and analysis of experimental data in the REW and Soundcard Oscilloscope are used.Results. The characteristics of the Di-Box/R Di-Box circuit were studied, in order to estimate the effect of differential signal conversion on the signal-to-noise ratio in the audio signal path. The characteristics of the reverberation and saturation submodules were established. Furthermore, the effect of equalization modes on the frequency response correction of a studio audio monitor was determined. The paper also studied the effect of an audio compressor on the dynamic range and the level of the output signal. The experimental results of the submodule for compensating the frequency response of an audio monitor using matched filtering were established, and the spectral characteristics of the submodule for automatic suppression of electro-acoustic positive feedback were obtained.Conclusions. The software architecture of a multifunctional audio module based on the ADAU1701 audio digital signal processor for testing and debugging media devices in a given spectral-dynamic and spectral-temporal ranges was designed. Balanced routing allows the effect of noise induced into the audio channel to be reduced 20-fold, thus enabling calibration of pickup audio devices. The audio signal processing submodule provides: compression response in the dynamic range from −27 to 18.6 dB with the possibility of equalization parameterization in the range of 0.04–18 kHz; reverberation response in the range from 0.5–3000 ms; audio-channel cross-division into 3 with the ability to adjust the amplitude-frequency response in the dynamic range from −30 to 30 dB. The auto-correction submodule of the amplitude-frequency response allows the dynamic nonuniformity of the amplitude-frequency response to be reduced by 40 dB. The auto-suppression submodule of electro-acoustic positive feedback provides notch formant suppression up to −100 dB with an input dynamic range from −50 to 80 dB.

Routing of Kv7.1 to endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane junctions.

The voltage-gated Kv7.1 channel, in association with the regulatory subunit KCNE1, contributes to the IKs current in the heart. However, both proteins travel to the plasma membrane using different routes. While KCNE1 follows a classical Golgi-mediated anterograde pathway, Kv7.1 is located in endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions (ER-PMjs), where it associates with KCNE1 before being delivered to the plasma membrane. To characterize the channel routing to these spots we used a wide repertoire of methodologies, such as protein expression analysis (i.e. protein association and biotin labeling), confocal (i.e. immunocytochemistry, FRET, and FRAP), and dSTORM microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, proteomics, and electrophysiology. We demonstrated that Kv7.1 targeted ER-PMjs regardless of the origin or architecture of these structures. Kv2.1, a neuronal channel that also contributes to a cardiac action potential, and JPHs, involved in cardiac dyads, increased the number of ER-PMjs in nonexcitable cells, driving and increasing the level of Kv7.1 at the cell surface. Both ER-PMj inducers influenced channel function and dynamics, suggesting that different protein structures are formed. Although exhibiting no physical interaction, Kv7.1 resided in more condensed clusters (ring-shaped) with Kv2.1 than with JPH4. Moreover, we found that VAMPs and AMIGO, which are Kv2.1 ancillary proteins also associated with Kv7.1. Specially, VAP B, showed higher interaction with the channel when ER-PMjs were stimulated by Kv2.1. Our results indicated that Kv7.1 may bind to different structures of ER-PMjs that are induced by different mechanisms. This variable architecture can differentially affect the fate of cardiac Kv7.1 channels.

Coastal Compound Flood Simulation through Coupled Multidimensional Modeling Framework

Coastal watersheds are prone to compound flooding caused by heavy rainfall, storm surge, and high tide. Accurate prediction and modeling of coastal compound floods (CCF) require precise physical representation in numerical models with appropriate numerical approximation associated with multi-driver physical processes for simulating the flood dynamics. To address this, an integrated and tightly coupled modeling approach is implemented to capture the nonlinear and complex processes involved in CCF and interconnectivity among Multidimensional Hydraulics (pipe and channel), Hydrodynamics (2D overland flow), and distributed Hydrologic (MH3) models are developed. The coupled modeling framework focuses on the development of interconnected meshes of the node-link-basin using the Interconnected Channel and Pond Routing (ICPR) model. This framework effectively incorporates the complex drainage network system of tidal creeks, tidal channels, underground sewer networks, and detention ponds of the Charleston Peninsula of South Carolina (SC). The dynamics of the urbanized floodplain in the peninsula are represented using high-resolution LiDAR-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Surface Model (DSM). The overland flow is simulated using energy balance, momentum balance, and diffusive wave methods. The performance of the CCF model is tested for the 2015 SC historical flood and a high tide flood event. The momentum balance-based CCF model shows 98.35% accuracy in identifying street-level flooding locations. Furthermore, the model shows that incorporating DSM processing in the current study improves the accuracy of urban flood simulation by approximately 15% to 33% compared to LiDAR DEM. It is revealed that the momentum balance method outperforms to simulate the flood dynamics. Consequently, this study contributes to the modeling of CCF by developing an integrated MH3 system that enhances the physical representation of coastal hydrology at a fine scale.

Preissmann Four-Point Methods for Solution of Simplified Saint-Venant Equations Applied to Flood Routing in Prismatic Open Channels

This research goal to compare the flow properties in the rectangular and trapezoidal open channels by examining the influence of the channel side slope is depicted by simplified Saint Venant Equations. The solution of these equations has been completed numerically by using Preissmann four-point scheme. The model is simulated using the Matlab application to point out the flow properties. The proposed model is validated by the model without simplification which was selected from the literature. The validation outcomes indicate that in common, the simulation outcomes of the two models have a good agreement. The simulation results show that the greater the slope of the channel side, the greater the peak discharge and the greater the time shift. The analysis emphasizes how channel geometry influences flow behavior, indicating that trapezoidal channels, with inclined side slopes z, yield slightly higher peak discharges compared to rectangular ones. For z = 0, discharge of peak Q = 7.38 m3/s and t = 18 s. For z = 2, discharge of peak Q = 7.39 m3/s and t = 21 s. For z = 4, discharge of peak Q = 7.45 m3/s and t = 23 s. For z = 6, discharge of peak Q = 7.51 m3/s and t = 24 s.

Bottleneck Crosstalk Minimization in Two- and Three-Layer Manhattan Channel Routing

Bottleneck Crosstalk Minimization in Two- and Three-Layer Manhattan Channel Routing

A Fast Three-layer One-side Bottleneck Channel Routing with Layout Constraints using ILP

A Fast Three-layer One-side Bottleneck Channel Routing with Layout Constraints using ILP