Channel Angle Research Articles

Numerical investigation of the parameters that may seriously impact the ship control lability in restricted bending channels

Inland waterway transport is now playing a significant role thanks to its various advantages over the other transportation modes, for example, low cost, low environmental pollution, and large capacity, etc. However, inland waterways are not only naturally curved but also narrow and shallow, which causes complex flow environments and navigational conditions. Inland ships are consequently susceptible to accidents in restricted curved waterways. Especially during these years, this mode of transport has seen significant progress by the arrival of the new generation of ships (larger size and more powerful), and this makes ships' maneuverability in such sensitive waters severer. The aim of the present work is firstly to well understand the flow behaviors around a ship in bending zones, and secondly to study the variation of hydrodynamic forces (bank cushion and suction phenomena) in these zones. To conduct this investigation, the CFD model based on an unsteady Navier-Stokes solver in STARCCM+ is used. The verification and validation of this model are realized by respecting the ITTC recommendations. The latter is then used to perform a series of simulations by testing the following parameters: channel angle, water depth to draft ratio, ship speed, channel bottom width and drift angle on ship hydrodynamics in restricted curved fairways. The obtained results of this work provide an interesting idea about the ship's hydrodynamics variation and characterize the parameters that seriously impact the ship controllability in restricted bending channels.

Eş Kanallı Açısal Presleme (EKAP) ile Deforme Edilen ETP Bakırın Mikroyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Severe plastic deformation (SPD), the plastic deformation of materials under high pressure, is used to improve the mechanical and structural properties of materials. Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is one of these methods used to produce materials microstructure with submicron or nano-sized grains by applying high pressure to the sample passing through two angular intersecting channels with the same diameters. In recent years, studies on the production of nano-grained metallic materials have increased. The aim of this study is to examine the gradual change of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the material under high pressure and to determine the effect of ECAP on the improvement of these properties. This process is directly related to the internal structure and texture of the material. With the applied method, it is aimed to obtain a more durable material structure. Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) copper material, which is one of the copper types commonly used in electrical applications, was chosen in the study. 12 mm diameter and 35 mm long ETP copper samples, which were not subjected to any heat treatment, processed on 2 mm/s pressing speed, 200°C mold temperature and Bc ECAP route using a 120 ton capacity hydraulic press, a precision machined mold which has 120° (Φ=120°, ψ=20°) channel angle. The changes in the crystal structure, microstructure and mechanical properties of the ECAP applied samples were investigated. According to the data obtained, it was observed that the 4 passes of ECAP application resulted in having finer grains in microstructure and improvement in mechanical properties.

Influence of inclination angle, shape and size of the flow channels on the AlSi10Mg complex products fabricated by selective laser melting

The design and manufacture of complex products with flow channels produced by the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) have attracted much attention due to its influence on the practicability of products. In this research, the inclination angle, shape and size of channel were compared on the complex products produced by SLM. Besides, the surface quality and forming difficulty of AlSi10Mg were investigated. As shown by the results, the overhang length played a key role in collapse, which was determined by inclination angle. In addition, the limited inclination angle was attributed to the position relationship between the inclination plane and the moving direction of the scraper. Meanwhile, the ridge-shaped flow channels had an advantage on surface quality and dimensional accuracy over the circular channel. No matter whether the section of the flow channels is circular or ridge-shaped, the size of the flow channels should be designed equal or >2 mm. The complex product with flow channels had been successfully produced by SLM without remaining powder or defects, which could withstand 2 MPa for 5 min. Furthermore, the CT test is suitable to investigate the forming quality of the flow channels, especially whether there is remaining powder inside the flow channels. Especially for the complex product with flow channels, it provides an integrated detection method based on X ray test and CT test for remaining powder, internal surface quality or internal defects. In addition, the design idea and criteria of three-dimensional flow channels based on the SLM technology provide a basis for the design of other products with flow channels.

Research on wear characteristics induced by flowing microparticles in rotor cup

Wear at the inner surface of the rotor cup by granular impurities could adversely affect the slip of fibers and increase yarns’ hairiness. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of wear formation due to the moving granular impurities and the wear characteristics at the inner surface of the rotor cup is of great significance for the improvement of yarn quality. This paper numerically explores the mapping relationship between the motion characteristics of particles (i.e. spherical impurities) and the wear characteristics of the rotor cup via the combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the discrete element method (DEM). The simulation results are first validated against the experimentally obtained microscopic view of the surface of the discarded rotor cup. After that, the wear characteristics of the rotor cup under different rotating speeds and angles of the transfer channel are analyzed. The results show that the most serious cutting and impact wear is found at the rotor groove, followed by the first collision position of the slip surface. The cutting and impact wear in the rotor groove are positively correlated with the rotating speed, while are not affected by the angle of the transfer channel. The cutting and impact wear at the first collision position of the slip surface are negatively correlated with the rotating speed and the angle of the transfer channel. However, the impact and cutting wear at the first collision position is no longer affected significantly by the rotating speed when it is above 90000 rpm. Increasing the rotating speed and the angle of the transfer channel is found to reduce the second wear area on the slip surface of the rotor cup.

Effect of ECAP Route Type on the Microstructural Evolution, Crystallographic Texture, Electrochemical Behavior and Mechanical Properties of ZK30 Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy.

In this study, billets of the ZK30 (Mg-3Zn-0.6 Zr-0.4 Mn, wt%) alloy were Equal Channel Angle Pressing (ECAP) processed for up to four passes of routes Bc (with rotating the sample 90° in the same direction between the subsequent passes), A (without sample rotation), and C (with sample rotating 180°) after each pass at a temperature of 250 °C and a ram speed of 10 mm/min using a die with an internal channel angle of 90°. The microstructural evolution and the crystallographic texture were investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with the Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) technique. Corrosion measurements were conducted in ringer lactate which is a simulated body fluid. The Vickers microhardness test and tensile tests were conducted for the alloy before and after processing. The as-annealed billets exhibited a bimodal structure as fine grains (more than 3.39 µm) coexisted with almost-equiaxed coarse grains (less than 76.73 µm); the average grain size was 26.69 µm. Further processing until four passes resulted in enhanced grain refinement and full Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX). ECAP processing through 4-Bc, 4-A, and 4-C exhibited significant reductions in grain size until they reached 1.94 µm, 2.89 µm, and 2.25 µm, respectively. Four-pass processing also resulted in the transformation of low-angle grain boundaries into high-angle grain boundaries. The previous conclusion was drawn from observing the simultaneous decrease in the fraction of low-angle grain boundaries and an increase in the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries. The pole figures revealed that 4-Bc, 4-A, and 4-C reduced the maximum texture intensity of the as-annealed billets. The potentiodynamic polarization findings revealed that route Bc is the most effective route in improving the corrosion rate, whereas the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that routes A and Bc improved the corrosion resistance with nearly identical values. Finally, 4-Bc resulted in the highest increase in Vickers hardness, yield stress, and ultimate tensile strength with values of 80.8%, 19.3%, and 44.5%, alongside a 31% improvement in ductility, all compared to the AA condition.

The Effect of ECAP Processing Conditions on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Pure Magnesium-Experimental, Mathematical Empirical and Response Surface Approach.

In this study, a quantitative evaluation approach was used to investigate how certain ECAP processing parameters affect the microstructural evolution, Vicker’s microhardness values and tensile properties of pure Mg. The ECAP processing parameters were number of passes, ECAP die channel angle and processing route type. The response surface methodology (RSM) technique was used to design 16 runs of the experiment using Stat-Ease design expert software. Billets of pure Mg were processed up to four passes of routes Bc, A and C at 225 °C. Two ECAP dies were used with internal channel angles of 90° and 120°. Experimental findings were used to establish empirical models to assess the influence of the ECAP processing parameters on grain size and mechanical properties of ECAPed billets. The established relationships were examined and validated for their adequacy and significance using ANOVA as well as several statistical criteria. Response surface plots and contour graphs were established to offer better understanding of the intended relationships. In addition, the optimum processing parameters for grain size, hardness values and tensile properties were defined. Both experimental results and the theoretical model revealed that route Bc is the most effective route in grain refining. The experimental findings showed that four passes of route Bc through the die channel angle 90° revealed a significant reduction in the grain size by 86% compared to the as-annealed counterparts. Similar to the grain size refining, four-passes processing through the ECAP die with an internal channel angle of 90° leads to improved Vicker’s microhardness values. Additionally, four passes of route Bc using the 90° die angle recorded a significant HV increase at the edge and central areas by 112% and 78%, respectively, compared to the as-annealed counterpart. On the other hand, according to the optimization findings, two passes of route Bc using a die angle of 120° resulted in the best ultimate tensile strength for pure Mg, whereas four passes of route Bc revealed the optimum ductility at fracture.

3D FEM analysis of induced current in the shield of the buried cable by non-vertical channel

The induced current in the buried cable shield is evaluated by solving the full-wave Maxwell equations with the Finite Element Method (FEM). Three different cases are considered for the lightning channel, including the “straight inclined” channel, “bent channel”, and “Tortuous channel”. Straight inclined lightning is one part channel that could have different angles with Z-axis at XZ and YZ plane. The bent lightning is included the upper part and lower part that are joined to each other at the “bent” point at height Ha. Different sizes are considered for the Ha, and angle of each part. The tortuous channel is a linear piecewise approximation of realistic lightning. The impact of the channel shape, channel angle, bent height, and lightning current waveform on the induced current in the buried cable shield is investigated. The results reveal that waveforms and peak value of the induced current are significantly affected by channel shape. Comparing the results of different lightning shapes reveals that the induced current peak and waveforms highly depends on the lightning channel shape between ground to 250 m height from the ground. Comparing the tortuous channel results with inclined and bent lightning reveals that bent lightning is a better approximation than inclined lightning. Statistical analysis of the results shows the effect of the channel shape for the case that lightning current waveform have faster rising time is more significant.

Parametric study and optimization of microchannel heat sinks with various shapes

In this study, laminar single-phase fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer for three different shapes of microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) were numerically investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and optimized with Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to reveal geometric design variables for optimum solutions. A clear comparison of different shapes of MCHS under the same design constraints is necessary to establish an understanding of efficient MCHS designs. The hydraulic diameters of rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal microchannels were kept constant at 150 μ m for a fair comparison. Minimization of power consumption and enhancing heat transfer were determined as objective functions of the optimization represented by pumping power and averaged Nusselt number (Nu). The objective functions were expressed in terms of the design variables consisting of Reynolds number (Re), aspect ratio of rectangular channel, apex angle of triangular channel and junction angle of trapezoidal channel. For each configuration, parametric CFD analyzes were performed to establish correlations between design variables and objective functions to be used in the optimization process. For the rectangular MCHS configuration, low aspect ratio was shown to increase heat transfer with a power consumption penalty. For triangular and trapezoidal microchannels, 50° of apex angle and 60° of junction angle were suggested as optimum geometric parameters, respectively. Pareto frontal comparison of the three configurations revealed that rectangular microchannel was the most effective configuration in terms of thermal and hydrodynamic performance. For the same amount of heat transfer, the rectangular microchannel configuration required 17% and 40% less pumping power than the trapezoidal and triangular microchannels, respectively. • Conjugate heat transfer is numerically investigated for MCHS. • Parametric analyzes are performed for three different MCHS configurations. • Nusselt number and pumping power are the objective functions. • Hydrodynamic and thermal performance are compared for various channel shapes. • Optimization is integrated to the solutions to better understand the problem.

Experimental and numerical investigation on the heat transfer enhancement for Mini-channel heat sinks with tessellated fins

Thermal management continues to be a constructive procedure applied to extend the life span in electronic equipment. In this paper, a novel mini-channel heat sink with tessellated fins is proposed with different arrangements of oblique channels width and slant angle of secondary channels and the heat cooling capacity of the mini-channel heat sink is investigated numerically and experimentally at the Reynolds number (Re) in the range of 573 to 2295. The results indicated that the new mini-channel heat sink with tessellated fins is more conductive to strengthen the heat transfer effect. The simulation results show that with the increase of volume flow rate, the temperature difference and pressure drop of the model bottom plate with tessellated fins decrease obviously. When the oblique channel slant angle is 70°and the inclined flow channel width is 1.8 mm, the heat transfer effect of better quality can be achieved basically. By processing the single-objective and multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization, optimal designs is predicted and analyzed based on the two variables associated to the geometry of the channels. It is found that the optimized model promotes better thermal performance and uniform substrate temperature, i.e., the pressure drop can be reduced by up to 73%, the average Nusselt number can be raised by up to 17%, and the minimal temperature difference of 17 K at Qv = 30 ml/s. To the end, the error calculation proves that the multi-objective optimization results are in good agreement with the simulation results.

Synergistic effect of swirl flow and prechamber jet on the combustion of a natural gas-diesel dual-fuel marine engine

The increasing demands on decarbonization and emission reduction for marine engines are urgently driving the development of efficient and clean combustion technologies for low-carbon fuels. In this work, the combustion of a natural gas (NG)-diesel dual-fuel marine engine was numerically investigated, with particular interest on the synergistic effect of swirl flow and prechamber jet on the mixture formation and flame propagation. Results show that the scavenging port angle governs in-cylinder NG stratification. Specifically, at a small scavenging port angle, NG mainly distributes on the piston top and exhibits a “top lean, bottom rich” stratification pattern; at a large scavenging port angle, NG mainly distributes on the lateral of the cylinder and forms a “inner lean, outer rich” stratification pattern, which is preferred since prechamber ignition favors rich mixture, provided that the swirl ratio is not excessively large to yield reduced scavenging efficiency. Moreover, the prechamber layout significantly affects the swirl motion and the high-speed jet flame propagation. Utilizing multiple prechambers shortens the flame propagation distance and suppresses the sensitivity of ignition on the non-uniform mixture distribution. With the increase of the prechamber channel angle, flame propagation is speeded up due to enhanced swirl flow, while the wall heat loss is also increased, yielding a maximum combustion rate at an intermediate prechamber channel angle of approximately 20°. By synergistically coordinating the scavenging swirl and the prechamber ignition jet, the indicated specific gas consumption was optimized within the Tier III NOx emission limit. The present results are helpful for the development of the combustion system for dual-fuel marine engines.

Microstructures and Corrosion Behavior of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy Prepared by Extrusion–Shear with Different Die Channel Angles

Microstructures and Corrosion Behavior of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy Prepared by Extrusion–Shear with Different Die Channel Angles

Effect of Hypervapotron Fin Angle on Subcooled Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Performance Under One-Side High-Heat Load Condition

The effect of the hypervapotron (HV) fin angle on heat transfer was analyzed through visualization experiments and subcooled flow boiling experiments. An HV channel with a fin angle of 45 deg had a higher onset-of-nucleate-boiling heat flux than the typical HV channel. Additionally, as the heat flux increased, the bubble-sliding effect caused by the tilted fin was visualized, and it was observed that the vapor inside the fin was agglomerated by the sliding flow and driven into the side slot. When the fin angle of the typical HV channel was set as 0 deg, as the tilted angle of the fin increased, the heat transfer and critical heat flux (CHF) were improved owing to the secondary flow generated by the sliding effect. When the fin angle reached 45 deg, the CHF value was improved by 81% compared with the typical HV channel, which was the highest enhancement rate among the evaluated HV channels. However, when the fin angle exceeded 45 deg, the vapors aggregated more rapidly as the sliding velocity induced inside the fin increased. Furthermore, the two-phase pressure drop was analyzed through differential pressure measurements. The 45-deg tilted HV channel had a higher onset-of-significant-void heat flux value than all the other channels (HV, swirl, smooth, flat channels).

Numerical investigation on buoyancy-driven flow over a circular cylinder in a channel with nonparallel walls

The flow over a stationary cylinder is destabilized mainly in the separated shear layer (SSL) and wake regions and transverse shedding forms downstream of the cylinder. It has been revealed that aiding/opposing buoyancy or diverging/converging channel could stabilize/destabilize the separated and wake flows, while their joint effect has not been investigated. In this numerical investigation, the low-Re buoyancy-driven flow over a circular cylinder placed in a channel consists of diverging or converging walls is studied. We aim to reveal the effects of two parameters, i.e. Richardson number Ri representing buoyancy and channel angle α, on the flow dynamics and heat transfer. The cases of aiding (Ri > 0) and opposing (Ri < 0) buoyancy, and diverging (α > 0) and converging (α < 0) channels are considered in this work. The effects of Ri and α are presented in terms of the instantaneous flow field, global characteristic quantities, heat transfer between the fluid and cylinder surface, separation and shearing of wake flow, and temperature variations of the channel walls. We found that the flow transits to steady subjected to aiding buoyancy at a lower value of Ri where the fluctuations of force and heat transfer rate reduces to zero; however, the mean drag and Nusselt number do not exhibit monotonic variations with Ri. The convection heat transfer is prone to be notably affected by Ri rather than α on the leeward side of the cylinder, and its fluctuation is significant in the separation zone downstream of the separation point. Depending on the value of Ri, the steady and unsteady wake flow present different velocity profile as well as the shearing; the deficit wake flow recovers more rapidly for the steady flow cases.

The Effect of River Channel Characteristics on Landslide-Generated Waves and the Dynamic Water Pressure of the Dam Surface

In a reservoir area, impulsive landslide surges induced by slope failure may pose huge damage to the dam and the lives in the shoreline areas, which are greatly affected by river channel characteristics. In this study, water depth, the width of the water surface, and the bending angle of river channel were chosen as the main influencing factors. The numerical method was used to investigate the influence of river channel characteristics on wave propagation and the distribution of dynamic water pressure on the dam surface. The effect mechanism was analyzed, and a prediction model considering river channel characteristics for the propagation wave height was established. Results show that water depth and the bending angle of the river channel play a positive role in the attenuation of the energy carried by landslide surges. The width of the water level mainly influences the propagation of impulse waves in the far-field area. The river channel characteristics affect the value of the dynamic pressure on the dam surface but have a minor effect on dynamic pressure distribution. The distribution of dynamic pressure on the dam is greatly influenced by the distance between the dam site and the place where the landslide occurs.

Numerical simulation for heat and mass transport of non-Newtonian Carreau rheological nanofluids through convergent/divergent channels

Recent studies on fluid flows have shown that the non-Newtonian fluid flows through convergent/divergent channels with heat and mass transport analysis of nanofluids has triggered many researchers because of their occurrence in biomedicine, cavity flow model, flow through canals, and cold drawing operations. Moreover, heat enhancement during fluid flow plays an important role in different engineering applications, which can be achieved by improving fluid thermal physical properties. Therefore, the present study aims at providing a novel mathematical model for non-Newtonian Carreau rheological fluid flow through convergent/divergent channels by employing Buongiorno’s nanofluids model. The governing system of partial differential equations for Carreau fluid flow is formulated via basic conservation laws, for the first time in literature. The dimensionless variables are introduced to get the non-dimensional forms of the governing equations. The resultant system of ordinary differential equtions (ODEs) is numerical integrated using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method with shooting technique, which is an efficient numerical technique to determine the numerical solutions of ODEs. The varying patterns of non-dimensional velocities, temperature, and concentration fields along with skin-friction, Nesselt and Sherwood numbers are simulated for various eminent physical parameters with converging and diverging walls. The underlying flow physics and thermal behavior are explored in terms of pertinent parameters, for instance, Reynolds number, channel angle, Prandtl number, Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter. From the present numerical simulations, we have concluded that the Reynolds number has an opposite effect on dimensionless velocity for convergent and divergent channels. It is recognized that the fluid velocity increases with higher values of Weissenberg number for convergent channel. Moreover, the temperature distributions enhance for larger Brownian motion parameter.

Effect of anode channel shape and wettability on CO2 bubble evolution in direct methanol fuel cells

Active direct-methanol fuel cells operate on a liquid supply of reactants to the anode flow channels. Gaseous carbon dioxide is produced during operation forming large bubbles on the top side of diffusion layer, limiting the transport of reactants to the functional layer. This causes a significant drop in the rate of reaction and therefore limits the maximum current density. To collect CO2 bubbles away from the diffusion layer, a new design is proposed. It includes a degassing channel placed at the top of the main trapezoidal anode channel. The wettability of the degassing channel and the dihedral angle of the anode channel are investigated. To assess the effect of these parameters, a three-dimensional, two-phase flow model is developed and numerically simulated. Results show that adding the degassing channel is advantageous in terms of bubble collection. A trapezoidal main channel achieves a significantly higher rate of bubble actuation compared to a rectangular channel. In addition, using a dihedral angle of 20° causes a decrease in the pumping pressure, which reduces pumping losses. Moreover, a contact angle of 100° for the degassing channel provides the best compromise in terms of actuation rate, extraction rate out of the channel, and pressure drop along the channel. However, degassing channels can yield up to three times longer bubbles, which are around 75% slower. These findings create the opportunity to improve the performance of direct-methanol fuel cells by enhancing/optimizing the mass transport of reactants on the anode side.

Examination of Channel Angles Influence on the Cooling Performance of Air-cooled Thermal Management System of Li-Ion Battery

Air-cooled battery thermal management is the most frequent alternative for keeping the battery pack in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles at the proper temperature. In the present study, the flow and thermal distribution in regular Z and U-type flow Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) were optimized by modifying their inlet and outlet channel angles. The cooling performance of the systems was determined based on their flow and thermal fields using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. The results show that the conventional Z-type flow cooling performance is improved by changing the input channel angle to 150° and the exit channel angle to 120°. The maximum temperature is reduced by 1.6 °C, and the maximum temperature difference is reduced by 3.7 °C, while the power usage is cut by 29%. By keeping the inlet channel angle perpendicular and changing the outlet channel angle to 135°, the cooling effectiveness of the conventional U-type flow BTMS is also increased. The maximum temperature drops by 0.4 °C, the maximum cell temperature difference drops by 1 °C, and its power consumption drops by 11%. The overall results suggest that inlet and outlet channel angles play a significant role in optimization and depend strongly on the flow type of BTMS.

Variations in Pancreatic Duct Course, Configuration and Pancreaticobiliary Junction on MRCP in 3-T MRI: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: Anomalies and anatomic variations of the pancreatic duct must be identified because they can predispose to conditions like pancreatitis, choledochal cysts, and cholangiocarcinoma, as well as increase surgical complications. In this study, we describe the course and configuration of pancreatic ducts and pancreaticobiliary confluence in cholangiopancreaticography on 3-Tesla magnetic resonance (3-T MR) scanner. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was done after obtaining ethical clearance, and included 128 magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). The MRCP image records from December 2015 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed for pancreatic duct course, configuration, angle of pancreaticobiliary confluence and common channel. Obtained data was entered in previously prepared proforma. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v 16. Results: There were 56 (43.8%) males and 72 (56.2 %) females with mean age 48.72±18.05 years, ranging from 3 - 84 years. The most common pancreatic duct course was descending in 45 (36.3%) followed by sigmoid in 42 (33.9%) and vertical in remaining 37 (29.8%) patients. The most common ductal configuration was rudimentary non- dominant duct of Santorini in 88 (71%) patients followed by bifid configuration with dominant duct of Wirsung in 27 patients (21.8%). Pancreatico-biliary junction was more often acute angled than right or obtuse. The common indications for undergoing MRCP were pain abdomen (102, 82.8%), vomiting (53, 43%) and jaundice (36, 28.9%). Conclusion: In symptomatic patients undergoing MRCP, the common anomalies of the pancreatic duct observed were descending course, rudimentary non-dominant duct of Santorini configuration and acute pancreatico-biliary angle.

Optimization of processing conditions in equal channel angular pressing for superior structure and properties

In the past 25 years, much interest has been paid to the production of ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials due to their superior structure and properties. Equal channel angular extrusion or pressing (ECAE or ECAP) is one of the severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique used to produce UFG materials. Compared to other SPD process, higher strain per pass and higher total productive strain after ‘n’ number of passes is possible in this technique. ECAP process is affected by various processing conditions or parameters. These processing conditions mainly affects the structure and properties produced through this technique. In this article, an effort has been made to provide the effect of each processing parameter on the structure and properties developed through this technique. Various processing conditions like- processing route, channel angle, outer arc of curvature, pressing speed, load and friction, processing temperature and application of back-pressure are critically discussed and effect of these parameters are summarized.

A Review on Effect of Stress and Strain Distribution on the AA5083 With Respect to Different Channel Angle of ECAP

The focus of this study was on the effect of channel angle on stress distribution in the material aluminum alloy 5083. The mechanical properties of a mate- rial are related to the grain size. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a method for deforming materials in such a way that a strong mechanical prop- erties material is formed while the dimensions of the work piece stay fixed in order to make ultra-fine-grained materials. One of the parameters of ECAP is the channel angle. It’s crucial to understand the impact of a die channel angle on material stress distribution before designing one. When the work piece passes through the channel angle, the die channel angle is built differently to see the effect of stress distribution. At the place where the die’s channels angle intersected, the grain structure was evaluated. The result of the influence of die channel angle on stress distribution is shown in this study’s analysis. It is well established that the channel angle has an impact on mechanical behaviour. The inhomogeneity index (Ci)and standard deviation (S.D.) are two approaches for assessing strain homogeneity. Ciis demonstrated to be an ineffective tool for analysing strain distribution homogeneity. Furthermore, it is advised that constructing Equal Channel Angular Pressing die geometry to obtain the best strain circulation homogeneity rather also the best efficient strain consequence is preferable.