Micropeltes Research Articles

Antihypertensive Activity of Peptides Derived from Toman Fish Albumin (Channa micropeltes): In-silico Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Study.

The peptides from protein hydrolysis can be as bioactive peptides. Currently, the process of protein hydrolysis can be done in-silico technique, an alternative to bioactive peptide identification more effectively and efficiently. This study aims to predict bioactive peptides in-silico technique of albumin hydrolysis from Toman Fish (Channa micropeltes), which had the potential as an antihypertensive drug. Toman fish albumin sequence (A0A191TFW5) was obtained from the UniProt database. The identification of bioactive peptides was performed by simulating enzymatic hydrolysis with three human digestive enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin. The hydrolysis simulation of albumin was conducted using the ExPASy PeptideCutter program. The generated peptides’ potential activities, solubility, and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties were predicted using various online prediction tools. Molecular docking was performed on the bioactive peptides to determine the Gibbs free energy (∆G) and to illustrate the interaction between the bioactive peptides and the active site of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) as a comparison was used captopril which was a commercial ACE inhibitor. The results showed that bioactive peptide candidates were AI, VL and LVP. These peptides were potentially a candidate for alternative antihypertensive drugs.

Effects of Synthetic Hormones on Fertilization, Fecundity, Hatching and Gonado-Somatic Index of Giant Snakehead (Channa Marulius) in Captivity

The effects of a crude protein (40% CP) diet on the spawning performance of giant Snakehead (Channa marulius) broodstock were assessed in this study through a three-week feeding trial. Mature C. marulius brood stock (N = 36) was taken from the brooders pond and stocked into nine small experimental breeding ponds, each measuring 4mx2mx1.5m (LxWxD). Following acclimatization, all male and female C. marulius broodstock with an average weight of 1.5–2.5 kg BW and a length of 70 cm were removed from the small breeding ponds. The current study's objective was to induce breeding in C. marulius by injecting synthetic hormones intramuscularly and monitoring fertilization, fecundity, hatching, and gonado-somatic index. Using a completely randomized design (CRD), nine fishponds were split into three treatments (T1, T2, and T3) during the study period, each with three replicates. In addition to evaluating the effects of artificially applied hormones, Conceptal® (T1), Suprefact® (T2), and Ovaprim® (T3), this study aimed to comprehend the reproductive biology of C. marulius. The hormones were injected into the test fish at the following proportion (0.3ml, 0.4ml and 0.5ml to male and 0.8ml, 0.9ml and 1.0ml to female’s ml/kg body weight) and then released into the earthen ponds for large scale production of seed. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The results showed no successful spawning on Conceptal®. The gonado-somatic index (GSI) estimates for the study period showed that Suprefact had the highest average GSI values for both males and females (3.32±1.62% and 1.67±0.18%, respectively), followed by Ovaprim (1.13±0.56 and 1.22±0.68, respectively). Absolute fecundity was also estimated. The result showed that fish stimulated with suprefact (T2) obtained the highest average fecundity (3079.3±100.7%), fertilization rate (96.33±1.20%), hatching rate (94.67±2.40%), and survival rate (95.75±1.51%), then in ovaprim fecundity rate (1669.3±836.5%), fertilization rate (58.00±29.02), hatching rate (61.27±30.65), survival rate (64.67±32.34%), respectively. In conclusion, the use of Suprefact® and Ovaprim® can optimise the results of C. marulius breeding induction in small experimental breeding ponds, ensuring higher-quality eggs and a greater number of normal larvae.

Assessment of the nutritional profiles and potentially toxic elements of wild and farmed freshwater fish in Cambodia

Climate change and pollution are threatening inland freshwater ecosystems which contribute to human well-being by providing food and incomes. To address this issue, aquaculture is expanding sometimes in intensive settings. We aimed to assess the nutritional and contaminant profiles of three fish species (Channa micropeltes, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Clarias microcephalus) from the wild ecosystem and caged culture in the Tonle Sap Lake. The mineral profile was assessed by ICP-MS and the overall nutritional quality was characterized by SAIN-LIM scores. Using data on fish consumption by pregnant women, we estimated the daily intakes of several potentially toxic elements. Overall, fish species had similar nutritional profiles, regardless of production method. Only lipid content was higher in caged systems. The production method had no influence on mineral profile and potentially toxic element contents except for mercury higher among wild Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (2.1 µg/100 g). With a consumption of 108 g of fish per day per woman, the median estimated daily intakes of potentially toxic elements were below the tolerable daily limits. However, three women who ate large quantities of fish had mercury intakes (30–32 µg/day) that exceeded the tolerable daily intake. When the rice consumption was taken into account, a high number of women had inorganic arsenic intakes (20–80 µg/day) exceeding the tolerable daily limits. This work is a contribution to the assessment of the risks of arsenic and mercury exposure for pregnant women in Cambodia integrating real food consumption data.

Antibiotic resistance profiles of sentinel bacteria isolated from aquaculture in Cambodia

ABSTRACT The misuse of antibiotics and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a concern in the aquaculture industry because it contributes to global health risks and impacts the environment. This study analyzed the AMR of sentinel bacteria associated with striped catfish (Pangasisanodon hypophthalmus) and giant snakehead (Channa micropeltes), the two main fish species reared in the pond culture in Cambodia. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the recovered isolates from fish, water, and sediment samples revealed the presence of bacteria, such as 22 species belonging to families Aeromonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae. Among 48 isolates, Aeromonas caviae (n = 2), Aeromonas hydrophila (n = 2), Aeromonas ichthiosmia (n = 1), Aeromonas salmonicida (n = 4) were detected. A. salmonicida and A. hydrophilla are known as fish pathogens that occur worldwide in both fresh and marine water aquaculture. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed antibiotic resistance patterns of 24 (50 %) isolates among 48 isolates with higher multiple antibiotic resistance index (> 0.2). All the isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is a frontline antibiotic that is not recommended to use in aquaculture. Therefore, its use has to be strictly controlled. This study expands our knowledge of the AMR status in aquaculture farms which is very limited in Cambodia.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Channa micropeltes Extract through NF-κB and TNF-α in Diabetic Rat

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemic condition is associated with inflammation process leading to complications. Food supplements play an important role in controlling protein metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties such as Channa micropeltes (CM). This study aimed to analyze the effect of CM extract on the levels of molecular markers Nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-α) in normal and diabetic rats. The experimental design of this investigation was a post-test-only control group design and the samples were the diabetic model group given CM extract at 16 mL/kgBB dose, and negative control group for 14 days, respectively. Serum concentrations of NF-κB and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. DM-CM group showed decreasing levels of NF-κB. TNF- α was detected with the lowest level in the N-CM group. The levels of TNF- α declined close to normal levels in the DM-CM group. Hence, the conclusion was the CM at a dose of 16 mL/kg BW for 14 days in Wistar rats can reduce Nf-κB and TNF-α in groups of normal and diabetic rats.

The effect of L-Arginine from Giant Snake Head fish (Channa micropeltes) on neuroinflammation and neuron damage in traumatic brain injury in rats

Backgrounds: Traumatic brain injury has high mortality and morbidity. The involvement of neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal damage in traumatic brain injury is the basis for the development of renewable neuroprotective agents, one of which is the amino acid L-Arginine. The amino acid L-Arginine which can be found in Giant Snake Head fish (Channa micropeltes) is thought to inhibit anti-inflammatory effects through the Arg-1 signaling pathway. Aims: To prove and analyze the effect of giving L-Arginine Giant Snake Head fish on neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) study used a posttest-only control group design. Thirty-five male rats (Rattus norvegicus) with the Wistar strain were randomly divided into five treatment groups, namely the normal control group (N), negative control (KN), and 3 treatment groups (A-C). The KN and A-C groups were modeled after traumatic brain injury and given L-Arginine at a dose of 0.5; 1.5; and 3 g/kgBW/day for 7 days specifically A-C. Brain tissue samples were used for the examination of TLR4, TNF-α, GSDMD, Caspase-3, and histopathological features. All data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test, except for GSDMD expression with a significance <0.05. Results: The mean TLR4 expression in A (15.7 ± 5.35), B (12.9 ± 5.67), and C (11.4 ± 6.27) were lower and significant compared to KN, but higher and significant compared to N. The same pattern appears in the decrease in TNF-α expression, Caspase-3 expression, and histopathology of brain tissue damage. The mean relative expression of GSDMD to N in A (1.3 ± 0.53), B (1.2 ± 0.52), and C (1.2 ± 0.60) was higher than in KN, but not significant. Relative expression of GSDMD to Beta Actin, A and B have the same higher expression than C, KN, and N. Conclusion: Expression of TLR-4, TNF-α, Caspase-3 and histopathology of brain tissue damage in traumatic brain injury model rats given Giant Snake Head fish L-Arginine were lower than without L-Arginine. Meanwhile, the expression of GSDMD in traumatic brain injury model rats when given Giant Snake Head fish L-Arginine was slightly higher than without L-Arginine.

Pemanfaatan Ikan Gabus Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Stunting

The snakehead fish population (family Channidae) is widespread in the fresh waters of Indonesia. Snakehead fish is a native fish in Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan but is an introduced fish in Sulawesi and Papua. Channa striata, or snakehead fish, is a freshwater fish that has many health benefits, especially its albumin content for wound healing. Other types of freshwater fish that are suspected of having potential for albumin, besides snakehead fish, are toman fish (Channa micropeltes) and betutu fish (Oxyeotris marmorata). Snakehead fish are also very suitable for treating stunting that occurs in children. Stunting is a developmental disorder experienced by children due to malnutrition, repeated infections, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Several factors cause stunting, namely the practice of giving colostrum and exclusive breastfeeding, children's consumption patterns, and infectious diseases. Stunting is a disease that currently exists in Paregan village; for this reason, Paregan village residents must pay attention to their children's diet. Parengan village is one of the villages in the Maduran sub-district, Lamongan district, which is close to the Bengawan Solo bank. The distance between Bengawan Solo and the village is approximately 60 m, limited by 2 blocks. Parengan village has 16 RTs and 04 RWs. Parengan village is a village with a narrow land area of around 62 ha, so the majority are woven craftsmen, and only ± 20 people make a living as farmers.

Farmed Fish Market in Svay Rieng Town, Svay Rieng Province

The fisheries sector in Cambodia plays an important role in the economic, security, food, and nutrition sectors, including freshwater, seawater, and aquaculture. This study aims to 1) understand the type and size of farmed fish in Svay Rieng town, 2) understand the farmed fish market chain in Svay Rieng town, and 3) analyze the economic efficiency of selling farmed fish in Svay Rieng town. As a method, a survey was conducted by selecting 40 samples (fish vendors) from Veal Yun Market and Rong Bonler Market in Svay Rieng town by face-to-face interviewing. The results found that the activities of selling and consumption of farmed fish in the market are very active. Fish vendors sold many types of farmed fish. The fish types that the vendors sell the most are channa striata, clarias macrocephalus, channa micropeltes, red tilapia, pantius gorionothus, puntioplites, and other types. The fish market chain in Svay Rieng town is traded and trafficked from brokers to traders and fish vendors in the market and resold to wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. For the economic efficiency analysis of farmed fish sales in Svay Rieng town, there is a majority of vendors who are prosperous. To encourage local fish farming, the government should step up its efforts to support farmers who raise fish as a family and those who depend on fishing for their livelihood by educating and training them to cut back on imports.

Качество рыбных котлет «пемпек» из змееголова красного (Channa micropeltes) с тыквенным пюре

Pempek is an authentic traditional dish of Indonesian cuisine. As a popular food, it needs to be both tasty and nutritious. Mashed pumpkin can add some health-beneficial properties to the traditional pempek and reduce its carbohydrate content. This research featured pempek made of farmed toman fish (Channa micropeltes), which is an affordable raw material. The research objective was to evaluate the consumer acceptance of the experimental pempek based on its sensory assessment and a folding test. This research also revealed the proximate composition, β-carotene, and amino acids in the pempek samples. 
 The research procedure included the following stages: making pumpkin puree; making pempek by substituting tapioca flour with pumpkin puree (control: 0%, Formulation 1: 10%, Formulation 2: 20%); sensory assessment and folding test; proximate analysis; β-carotene analysis; and amino acid analysis. 
 A greater proportion of pumpkin puree improved the appearance, color, aroma, flavor, and texture values of the experimental sample. Based on the folding test, the elasticity of pempek decreased as the pumpkin share increased. Pumpkin puree improved the quality of pempek in terms of its protein, moisture, ash, carbohydrate, β-carotene, and amino acid composition. Formulation 2 with 20% of tapioca flour substituted with pumpkin puree showed the best results for protein (7.91%) and amino acids (10.27%), as well as the lowest carbohydrate content (26.76%). 
 Mashed pumpkin proved to be an excellent substitute of tapioca flour in the traditional Indonesian pempek fishcake as it improved both its sensory profile and nutritional value.

TOXICITY TEST OF CHANNA MICROPELTES EXTRACT BETWEEN NORMAL WISTAR RATS AND DIABETES MODEL BASED ON CARDIAC HISTOPATHOLOGY

Background: DM is metabolic disease can prolong wound healing phase and cause oxidative stress that can affect cardiac damage such as degeneration, hypertrophy, and necrosis. They can be inhibited by the effect of 16 ml/kg BW CM containing palmitic acid (18.30%), albumin (3.6147g/dl), and amino acids are leucine (1.58%) and valine (0.97%). It's proven to accelerate wound healing in normal Wistar rats and DM. However, CM extract on the cardiac is unknown, so an acute toxicity test was carried out for 14 days. Purpose: To analyze the effect of oral administration of CM extract at an effective dose of 16 ml/kg BW on the histopathological exam of degeneration, hypertrophy, and cardiac necrosis of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models. Method: This study is true experimental study with a post-test only control group design which is divided into 4 groups are 2 groups of Wistar rats normal and diabetic models who were given CM extract at an effective dose of 16 ml/kg BW, 2 groups consisted of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models which were only given BR2 feed. Results: T-Independent test and the Mann-Whitney test showed that there was a significant difference between degeneration and hypertrophy (p<0.05) and necrosis. There was no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The effective dose of CM extract 16 ml/kg BW had an effect on the cardiac of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models in the form of a decrease in the level of damage to degeneration, hypertrophy, and cardiac necrosis. Keywords: Cardiac, Channa micropeltes, Degeneration, Hypertrophy, Necrosis.Background: DM is metabolic disease can prolong wound healing phase and cause oxidative stress that can affect cardiac damage such as degeneration, hypertrophy, and necrosis. They can be inhibited by the effect of 16 ml/kg BW CM containing palmitic acid (18.30%), albumin (3.6147g/dl), and amino acids are leucine (1.58%) and valine (0.97%). It's proven to accelerate wound healing in normal Wistar rats and DM. However, CM extract on the cardiac is unknown, so an acute toxicity test was carried out for 14 days. Purpose: To analyze the effect of oral administration of CM extract at an effective dose of 16 ml/kg BW on the histopathological exam of degeneration, hypertrophy, and cardiac necrosis of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models. Method: This study is true experimental study with a post-test only control group design which is divided into 4 groups are 2 groups of Wistar rats normal and diabetic models who were given CM extract at an effective dose of 16 ml/kg BW, 2 groups consisted of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models which were only given BR2 feed. Results: T-Independent test and the Mann-Whitney test showed that there was a significant difference between degeneration and hypertrophy (p<0.05) and necrosis. There was no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The effective dose of CM extract 16 ml/kg BW had an effect on the cardiac of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models in the form of a decrease in the level of damage to degeneration, hypertrophy, and cardiac necrosis. Keywords: Cardiac, Channa micropeltes, Degeneration, Hypertrophy, Necrosis.

Chemical, Physical, and Hedonic Quality Characteristics of Fish Cereal from Toman Fish Albumin Extract (Channa micropeltes) as Functional Food

<p><em>The nutritional value of fish cereal was determined by adding toman fish extract. Fish cereal is expected to be a useful food source rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals but rich in protein and albumin. Toman fish cereal is expected to be popular with people of all ages as a breakfast menu and can be a source of nutrition and increase endurance. The research aimed to obtain the formulation of toman fish albumin extract (Channa micropeltes) in fish cereal products as a functional food. This research was carried out in four stages: (1) preparation of fish albumin extract, (2) preparation of fish cereal; (3) Physical characteristics (hedonic test), fracture strength, and chemical characteristics (moisture content, ash content, protein content, fat content, and carbohydrate content), crude fibre content, albumin content, (4) determination of the best treatment using the Bayes method. The treatment with the addition of toman fish albumin consisted of 5 treatments with two replications. The treatment was carried out namely A1 0%, A2 30%, A3 35%, A4 40%, and A5 45%. The results showed that the highest protein content was around 4.57–13.33% and the albumin content of fish cereal was around 4.86–6.61%. This showed that fish cereal can be a functional food in increasing the immune system. Based on the Bayes test, the selected toman fish cereal formula was formula A2, namely 30% albumin extract.</em></p>

Inhibitive Assay of Insecticides using the Acetylcholinesterase from Poe-cilia reticulata (Peters, 1859)

Poecilia reticulata (P. reticulata) is a species of tropical fish in the family Poeciliidae that is found all over the world and is a favorite in freshwater aquariums. The Malay name for this fish is "Ikan Gapi," although the English term "Guppy" has become more common. The Million Fish, or Rainbow Fish, as it's known in other parts of the world. The goals of this research were to char-acterize the acetylcholinesterase that will be partially purified from P. reticulata brain extract using ammonium sulphate fractionation The screening results show that at 1 mg/L insecticide, acephate, dimethoate, trichlorfon and bendiocarb leads to 100% inhibition, whilst parathion, methomyl and malathion cause >90% inhibition. The AChE from P. reticulata is less sensitive to other species as far as the insecticides carbofuran, carbaryl, methomyl, bendiocarb, parathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos with the exception of malathion, where the sensitivity of malathion to the AChE from was within the range of the AChE from other species such a E. electricus , Pangasius sp., Chan-na micropeltes, Clarias batrachus, H. nemurus, Tor tambroides, and Osteochilus hasselti.

Concurrent infections of Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas veronii in farmed Giant snakehead (Channa micropeltes).

The giant snakehead, Channa micropeltes, is an increasingly important economic freshwater fish in Thailand and other regions of Asia. Presently, giant snakehead are cultured under intensive aquaculture conditions, leading to high stress and conditions favouring disease. In this study, we reported a disease outbreak in farmed giant snakehead with a cumulative mortality of 52.5%, continuing for 2 months. The affected fish exhibited signs of lethargy, anorexia and haemorrhage of the skin and eyes. Further bacterial isolations revealed two different types of colonies on tryptic soy agar: small white, punctate colonies of gram-positive cocci and cream-coloured, round and convex colonies of rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria. Additional biochemical and species-specific PCR analysis based on 16S rRNA confirmed the isolates as Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas veronii. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) placed the S.iniae isolate into a large clade of strains from clinically infected fish worldwide. Gross necropsy findings showed liver congestion, pericarditis and white nodules in the kidney and liver. Histologically, the affected fish showed focal to multifocal granulomas with inflammatory cell infiltration in kidney and liver, enlarged blood vessels with mild congestion within the meninges of the brain and severe necrotizing and suppurative pericarditis with myocardial infarction. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed that S.iniae was sensitive to amoxicillin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline and resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, while the A.veronii was susceptible to erythromycin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and resistant to amoxicillin. Conclusively, our findings highlighted the natural concurrent bacterial infections in cultured giant snakehead, which support the implementation of appropriate treatment and control strategies.

KAJIAN PEMASARAN IKAN TOMAN (Channa micropeltes) DI KECAMATAN DANAU PANGGANG KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI UTARA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

This study aims to examine the market for snakehead fish (Channa micropeltes) in Danau Panggang District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The data used are primary and secondary data, while data collection used with the methods of observation, interviews and documentation. Simple random sampling method are used to collect the fish farmers sampling and the snowball sampling method to samples the marketing of institutions. The data analysis used includes (a) marketing channel analysis, (b) marketing margin analysis and (c) farmer's share analysis. The results of the analysis explain that (a) the marketing channel consists of 2 channel patterns, namely in the first channel marketing begins with the presence of several fish farmers who sell snakehead fish to wholesaler and then sells to retailers for distribution to final consumers and in the second channel shows the that some of the fish farmers sell snakehead fish to wholesaler to be sell to final consumers, (b) the value of the marketing margin in the first channel is IDR 7,850 and in the second channel is IDR 5,850. (c) the value of farmer's share in the first channel is 79% and in the second channel is 83%.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Channa micropeltes Extract in Angiogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus Wound Healing

OBJECTIVE: Channa micropeltes extract contains albumin and omega-6 which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents that can promote macrophages in the wound healing process associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, we analyzed Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression as well as neovascular cells in the inflammatory stage of DM wound healing. METHODS: The 24 males Rattus novergicus were divided into 3 groups that were 20% Channa micropeltes ointment (Group I), 10% Channa striata extract ointment (Group II), and placebo ointment as a control (Group III). Ointments were applied 3 times daily. RESULTS: The highest expression of NF-κB was observed in Group III on Day 4 (15.50 ± 2.38), and the lowest was in treatment of Group I and Group II on Day 8 (4.75 ± 0.96). The highest expression of VEGF was observed in Group I on Day 8 (14.75 ± 0.96), and the lowest was Group III on Day 4 (7.00 ± 1.41). The highest count of neovascular cells was observed in Group I on Day 8 (11.00 ± 2.16), and the lowest was in Group III on Day 4 (5.50 ± 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Channa micropeltes has an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating NF-κB expression and elevating VEGF expression in the angiogenesis process of DM wound healing.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Channa micropeltes EXTRACT TOWARDS INTERLEUKIN-10 IN DIABETIC RAT

Background: Inhibition of tissue repair is a symptom of prolonged diabetic inflammation that occurs in wounds resulting in delayed healing. Inflammation can be controlled by giving food supplements that have anti-inflammatory properties such as Channa micropeltes (CM). CM has high protein content, including albumin, omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, vitamin C, and zinc. Purpose: This study aimed to analyse the effect of the CM extract on the levels of IL-10 in the wound healing process of normal and diabetic rats. Methods: This study was a true experimental design with a post-test-only control group design. The samples were the diabetic model group given CM extract at 16 mL/kg BB dose and negative control group for 14 days. Results: Compared to the control, the concentration of IL-10 in DM group was significantly higher in the DM without CM treatment. Interestingly, we found the level of IL-10 in DM-CM was significantly decreased while the level of TNF-a in DM-CM decreased as well. Conclusion: CM at a dose of 16 mL/kg BW for 14 days in the wound healing process of Wistar rats can increase IL-10 in the normal group but could not increase IL-10 in the diabetic group. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Channa micropeltes, Diabetes, Interleukin-10.

Identifikasi Endoparasit Pada Ikan Hasil Tangkap Sebagai Kandidat Ikan Domestikasi di Danau Lais Kota Palangka Raya

The study aimed at determine the type of endoparasites in catch fish in Lake Lais Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan which will later be used as candidate fish for domestication so that it can be used as a basis for determining attitudes and the next step in overcoming problems encountered in aquaculture activities examined at the Parasitology Laboratory Station. Fish Quarantine Quality Control and Safety of Fishery Products Palangka Raya. Examination of endoparasites is done by observing the internal organs by making a mucus smear which is examined under a microscope. From the results of the study, it was found that the dominant catches from the waters of Lake Lais were Toman fish (Channa micropeltes), Baung fish (Mystusnemurus), Gabus fish (Channa striata), Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalma) and 7 types of parasites were found in the caught fish. Dominating the waters of Lake Lais, namely Henneguya sp, Myxobolus sp, Senga sp, Philometra sp, Neoechinorhynchus sp, Cammalanus sp, Echinostoma sp. The highest prevalence value in captured fish from Lake Lais is found in Toman fish, which is 100%, followed by Kerandang fish 90%, Cork fish 70% and the lowest prevalence value is in Baung fish, namely 50%, as well as the intensity value in fish. Toman is taller than other caught fish.

The Growth Response of Toman Fish (Channa micropeltes Cuvier.) with Different Satisfaction Times

The high price of toman fish ( Channa micropeltes Cuvier.) in the market is one of the reasons for the need for toman fish farming activities. However, the expensive price of commercial feed causes the cost of cultivation to be high. Effective and efficient feeding can reduce feed costs. Satisfaction is done so that the stomach is emptied in an uncharacteristic time, so it is expected to increase the appetite of Toman Fish. This study aims to determine the effect of grazing time on the growth of toman fish. This research was conducted in the Wet Fisheries Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Muhamadiyah University of Palembang. From September to November 2021. The research method used is an experimental trial with a Non-Factorial Complete Randomised Design. Treatment factors include P1 (No gratification/control), P2 (1 day fasting 4 days fed), P3 (1 day fasting 3 days fed), P4 (1 day fasting 2 days fed), and P5 (1 day fasting 1 day fed). The changes observed were weight growth, length growth, and survival rate (SR). The treatment of 1-day of fasting and 1 day fed to toman fish (Channa micropeltes Cuvier.) is the best treatment for length growth (3.35 cm), weight (11.06 grams), and survival (89%).

Efficacy of various concentrations of synthetic hormones on the induced breeding of Channa marulius (Sole)

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the artificial breeding response, embryonic and larval development of giant snakehead, Channa marulius, with the application of various dosages of stimulatory hormones: Suprefact® (LHRH) agonist and Ovaprim® (GnRH + dopamine inhibitor). First and second hormonal dosages of Suprefact® (diluted) and Ovaprim® (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 ml for male and 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 ml for females per kilogram body weight) were used. There were three treatments T1, T2, and T3 and each treatment had three replicates. Male fish were treated with T1 (0.3), T2 (0.4), T3 (0.5) ml kg−1 of body weight while female fish with T1 (0.8), T2 (0.9), T3 (1.0) ml kg−1 of body weight. The results showed that fish stimulated with T3 (1.0) obtained better fecundity rate (2951.7) followed by T2 (0.4) (2678.3), while the lowest fecundity (466.7) was recorded in T1. The numerically higher values of gonado‐somatic index (males and females) and fertilization rate appeared in T2. The highest survival rate (97.1%) was found in T3 followed by T2 (97.0%), while the lowest (32.2%) in T1. In conclusion, the application of Suprefact® and Ovaprim® at 0.4 and 0.5 ml kg−1 body weight for male and 0.9 and 1.0 ml kg−1 for female fish successfully stimulated snakehead fish induced breeding.

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for the Major Habitats and Species in Lung Ngoc Hoang Nature Reserve, Vietnamese Mekong Delta

The study assessed the vulnerability of habitats and species to climate change in Lung Ngoc Hoang Nature Reserve (NR), Vietnam. The vulnerability assessment tools for habitat and species were developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Community members, NR managers and experts in the fields of environment, economic and rural development were involved in this study. The results showed that saltwater intrusion and inundation could cause serious threats to habitats (i.e., open water, Lung, agricultural and Melaleuca habitats) and freshwater species. The combined impacts of drought and high temperature potentially increase forest fires for the Melaleuca habitat and decrease the quantity and quality of open water habitats. The Melaleuca and Lung habitats have a high baseline conservation status, in which Melaleuca habitats are more vulnerable than Lung habitats. Conversely, open water and agricultural habitats are at low baseline conservation status, but open water habitats are more vulnerable. In addition, the proliferation of invasive alien species, encroachment on agricultural cultivation, and the degradation of water quality are also great threats to the NR. Key species, including Melaleuca cajuputi, Elaeocarpus hygrophilus, Chitala ornate, Channa micropeltes, were at low threat of climate change. However, C. ornate and C. micropeltes are seriously endangered by seawater intrusion, drought and poor water quality. The findings of this study can provide essential information for NR managers to formulate water management plans for the protection and management of the habitats and species in Lung Ngoc Hoang NR.