Changing Trends In Prevalence Research Articles

Status of Anaemia amongst women in India: trend analysis of NFHS data

The study was taken up to assess the changing trend in prevalence and severity of anaemia in women of reproductive age over the last 15 years by analyzing National Family Health Survey (NFHS) factsheet data and to draw a comparison between the prevalence of anaemia across different states/UTs of India. NFHS 3, 4 and 5 factsheets have been referred for the same. An increase in the prevalence of anaemia from 53% to 57% in all women aged 15-49 years is seen, 50.4% to 52.2% in pregnant women and 53.2% to 57.2% in non-pregnant women between NFHS 4 and 5. West Bengal has the highest prevalence of anaemia, followed by Tripura (67.2%) and Assam with 65.9% among women of 15-49 years. NFHS 5 data shows an increase in the prevalence of anaemia in all women by 4%, 1.8% in pregnant women and a increase by 4 % in non-pregnant women. Anemia Mukt Bharat campaign launched in 2019, was expected to reduce or inert the anaemia burden, but NFHS 5 data indicates a surge in anaemia incidences significantly across women of all age groups over the last five years. Hence, there is a need for revamping and implementing the programmes in a better way.

An insight from National Family Health Surveys on changing trends in prevalence and knowledge regarding T.B. in India

Background/objectivesAddressing gaps in knowledge about T.B. is a vital component of T.B.'s elimination to achieve the End T.B. strategy by 2025 in India. The present study compares the correct knowledge regarding T.B. by analysis of the nationally-representative secondary data of NFHS-4 (2015–16) and NFHS-5 (2019–20) data in India. MethodsNFHS-4 and NFHS-5 secondary data on eleven T.B.-related questions analysis was done after seeking permission to use datasets from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program—sociodemographic details and Responses exported and analysed using M.S. Excel. Descriptive variables were represented as frequency and percentages. Z tests for proportions were used to compare and determine differences between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 knowledge. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of <0.05. ResultsThe correct knowledge regarding T.B. significantly rose from 457,399 (56.3%) in NFHS-4 to 507,517 (61.4%) in NFHS-5. However, a significant increase in incorrect knowledge about the other modes of transmission of T.B. and T.B. courtesy stigma in households from 95,985 (13.4%) in 2015-16 to 113,978 (14.9%) in 2019-20 was observed. ConclusionsThe correct knowledge of T.B. has significantly increased from NFHS-4 (2015–16) to NFHS-5 (2019–20). However, there is a significant increase in incorrect knowledge regarding the modes of transmission and stigmatising attitudes towards T.B. through improvement in the communication efforts in the National T.B. Elimination Programme (NTEP).

Acute coronary syndromes in pregnancy: a literature review

Key content Maternal mortality from cardiovascular disease has not improved in almost 20 years; this contrasts to significant sustained improvement in cardiovascular outcomes in the nonpregnant population, particularly regarding acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Many of the women who died in recent MBRRACE‐UK reports presented with cardiac symptoms and signs, but this was not always recognised upon clinical review. The incidence of ACS is increasing alongside advancing maternal age, with an accompanying increased prevalence of typical and pregnancy‐specific cardiac risk factors. Early involvement of senior clinicians and a multidisciplinary approach is crucial for improving maternal outcomes. Counselling women on long term prognosis and implications for future pregnancy is vital. Learning objectives To be aware of the latest data for ACS in pregnancy, including the changing trends in prevalence of this condition and the suggested reasoning behind this. To understand the various presentations of ACS in pregnancy and its differential diagnosis. To understand the possible investigation and management of ACS in pregnancy in a multidisciplinary setting.

Syphilis and COVID-19: Changing trends.

There is a change in the pattern and prevalence of acquired syphilis due to better awareness, surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment in India in recent years. However, restrictive measures for COVID-19 may produce different effects on incidence. We aimed to study the changing trend of acquired syphilis in relation to COVID-19 outbreak in a tertiary care hospital in North India. A retrospective analysis of all the cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was done from January 2016 to June 2022. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of acquired syphilis were recorded and analyzed for changing trends in prevalence, clinical presentations, association with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and its relation to COVID-19. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. A total of 1105 patients attended STD clinic from January 2016 to June 2022, of which 216 patients were venereal disease research laboratory and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay positive (19.5%). Before COVID-19, there was an increasing trend of acquired syphilis (late latent). Patients diagnosed with syphilis pre- and postlockdown did not differ significantly in their mean age, median age, male/female ratio, and HIV status. However, there is an increase in number of cases of primary and secondary syphilis postlockdown which was statistically significant. Restrictive measures for COVID-19 during the lockdown produced a declining trend of syphilis. It is unclear whether the observed decrease in number of STI cases was due to true decline, inadequate testing, underreporting, or avoidance of high-risk sexual activities. The upsurge in the number of cases of acquired syphilis after lockdown suggests the possibility that lockdowns did not completely disrupt STI transmission.

Changing Trends in COVID-19 Symptomatology: A Survey-Based Analysis.

India currently ranks the highest in the world with over 3.86 lakhs new COVID-19 cases per day. With a spike in the number of cases in the second wave of COVID-19 in 2021 compared to the first wave of the outbreak in 2020, there have been varied clinical manifestations among masses. This study aimed to determine the changing trends in prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms during the pandemic. A cross-sectional study among 166 individuals was carried out using a self-designed survey-based questionnaire. Two groups were made on the basis of symptoms and compared: Group A- patients who tested COVID-19 positive in 2020 and Group B- patients who tested COVID-19 positive in 2021. 130 participants (78.31%) had tested positive for COVID-19, out of which 110 (84.62%) were symptomatic and 20 (15.38%) were asymptomatic. Fever was the most common presenting symptom (27.69%) followed by difficulty in breathing (24.62%). Group A individuals (n = 37), reported fever as the most common presenting symptom (45.95%), followed by body ache (13.51%); while those in Group B (n = 93) reported difficulty in breathing (33.33%) followed by fever (20.43%). The most common general symptoms were fever and difficulty in breathing while sore throat, cough and anosmia were the most common ENT symptoms. 57.83% had been vaccinated out of which 38.55% experienced symptoms post-vaccination. The prevalence of symptoms in the first and second wave of the pandemic can help in better understanding of the changing symptomatology of SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The Joint Secular Trends of Sleep Quality and Diabetes Among US Adults, 2005-2018.

Sleep quality has been related to the risk of diabetes; however, little is known about the prevalence of diabetes in the United States according to the levels of sleep quality. To examine the joint secular trends of the overall sleep quality and diabetes among US adults from 2005-2006 to 2017-2018. Seven cycles of cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data between 2005-2006 and 2017-2018 were included. Nonpregnant adults aged 20 years or older were eligible for the study. A healthy sleep score was calculated to represent overall sleep quality. The prevalence of diabetes was estimated and mean levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance were calculated. Both the estimated age-standardized prevalence of diabetes and changing trend in prevalence of diabetes varied by the overall sleep quality groups. The highest prevalence of diabetes was consistently observed in the low sleep quality group in each cycle, in which a significantly increasing trend was also noted across cycles (P for trend = .004). In contrast, the lowest prevalence of diabetes was consistently observed in the high sleep quality group in each cycle, in which no increasing trend over time was observed (P for trend = .346). Overall sleep quality decreased significantly between 2005-2006 and 2017-2018 among US adults. The estimated prevalence of diabetes and related measures only increased in participants with low or medium overall sleep quality but remained stable in participants with high sleep quality.

Abstract P166: The Joint Secular Trends Of Sleep Quality And Diabetes Among The US Adults

Introduction: Despite the extensive efforts in controlling diabetes-related modifiable risk factors, two recent studies showed that the estimated prevalence of diabetes in the U.S. has still increased in the past two decades. The sleep quality has been related to the risk of diabetes. Hypothesis: We examined the secular trends of the overall sleep quality, and the joint trends in the prevalence of diabetes by the overall sleep quality among US adults from 2005 to 2018. Methods: A total of 17,046 participants aged 20 years or older, from seven cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data between 2005 to 2018, were eligible for the study. A healthy sleep score was calculated based on sleep 7-8 hours, no trouble sleeping, no snoring, no nocturia and no excessive daytime sleepiness to represent an overall sleep quality. The trends in estimated prevalence of diabetes were examined in different sleep quality groups. Results: From 2005 to 2018, the overall sleep quality significantly declined among US adults ( P for trend&lt;0.001). Both the estimated age-standardized prevalence of diabetes and changing trend in prevalence of diabetes varied by the overall sleep quality groups. The highest prevalence of diabetes was consistently observed in the low sleep quality group in each cycle, in which a significantly increasing trend was also noted across cycles ( P for trend=0.004). In contrast, the lowest prevalence of diabetes was consistently observed in the high sleep quality group in each cycle, in which no increasing trend over time was observed ( P for trend=0.346). Such differential secular trends by sleep quality were more significant among Non-Hispanic Whites than other racial/ethnic minorities. Conclusions: The overall sleep quality decreased significantly between 2005-2018 in U.S. adults. The estimated prevalence of diabetes only increased in participants with low or medium overall sleep quality but remained stable in participants with high sleep quality.

Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in a tertiary care centre of North India

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STI’s) are most common notifiable infectious diseases in the world. Knowledge of prevalence of STI’s is important to implement appropriate control strategies. This study is undertaken to see any changing trends in prevalence of STI’s by comparing with previous studies.Methods: All the patients who attended STI clinic from July 2019 to June 2020 were included in the study. Diagnosis was made on basis of history, clinical examination and laboratory investigations.Results: The 2188 patients were seen from July 2019 to June 2020 in STI clinic. Mean age group of patients is 25-44 years. Scabies (31.6%) was the commonest STI seen in outpatient department followed by balanoposthitis (16.4), vaginal discharge (12.5%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (11.4%), herpetic genital ulcer disease (7.9%), genital warts (5.8%), molluscum contagiosum (2.4%), syphilis (2.4%), urethral discharge (1.7%), non-herpetic genital ulcer disease (0.4%), non-gonococcal urethritis (0.4%).Conclusions: Scabies was the most common STI reported in our study followed by balanoposthitis and vaginal/cervical discharge. Among the viral STI’s, HIV is showing alarmingly rising trends and is most common viral STI seen in the study followed by herpes simplex virus (HSV). May be there is less reporting of genital herpes simplex infection due to its self-resolution. As compared to previous studies, rising trends of fungal infections are seen which can be due to syndromic management of bacterial STI’s, rising incidence of diabetes mellitus as well as illicit use of over-the-counter broad-spectrum antibiotics given by the local practitioners.

An extensive study: to assess the changing trends in prevalence and development of TTIs in non-remunerated blood donors at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Central India

Background: Transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) are a major challenge to the transfusion services all over the world. The problem of TTIs is directly proportionate to the prevalence of the infection in the blood donor community which represents the general population. The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of Transfusion transmitted infections among seemingly healthy donors, targeting the non-remunerated blood donors (voluntary and replacement) during the period 2009- 2017. Material and method: A total of 84,975 blood donors were screened for seropositivity of HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV, VDRL and malaria antigen at Regional blood transfusion center, in central India. Result: Out of 84,975 donations, 1906 (2.24%) were sero-reactive for five blood transmitted infections. Among these, prevalence of HIV was 0.067% (57 donors), seroprevalence of HBsAg was 1.39% (1184 donors), HCV showed 0.068% (58 donors), VDRL showed 0.66% (564 donors) and malaria had 0.05% prevalence (43 donors). Conclusion: HBV is the most common infection among voluntary blood donors, followed by Syphilis. Replacement donors have higher prevalence of TTIs in overall donor population. A change to voluntary blood transfusion service would reduce the chances of post transfusion infections.

Changing trends in prevalence of goitre in hilly areas

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine disorders affecting the population worldwide. The aim of the study was to identify the emerging changing trends in prevalence of thyroid lesions in hilly areas to control and prevent goitre in these areas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;100 patients with thyroid swelling were taken up in this study. The study included detailed history taking including age and sex, patient’s presenting symptoms, dietary habits, psychological status, complete physical examination and investigations like thyroid functions tests, fine needle aspiration cytology and ultrasonography neck. The findings were noted and analysed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;More incidence of goitre was seen in females and younger and middle age groups. Hypothyroidism is more prevalent but there is increasing prevalence of hyperthyroidism. Non neoplastic lesions are much more common than neoplastic lesions. There is strong correlation between dietary habits and thyroid disorders. Stress factor has a role in thyroid disorders. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Thyroid disorders are common in hilly regions with age, sex, stress and dietary habits playing an important role in their prevalence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Changing trends in acquired syphilis at a Tertiary Care Center of North India

Introduction:Prevalence and pattern of acquired syphilis are changing in India in recent years because of good laboratory diagnosis and treatment, but it still remains a major public health problem with significant regional variations.Aim:To study the changing trend of acquired syphilis in a Tertiary Care Center of North India.Subjects and Methods:Retrospective analysis of all the cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) registered in the Skin and VD Department of PGIMS, Rohtak from January 2008 to December 2012 was done. Complete epidemiological, clinical, and investigational data were recorded and analyzed for changing trends in prevalence, pattern and clinical presentations of syphilis.Observation:Total of 1462 cases attended the STI clinic from January 2008 to December 2012. A total of 124 patients were venereal diseases research laboratory reactive, of which 33 (2.25%) were false positive cases, and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination was reactive in 91 cases (6.22%). Totally, 91 (6.22%) cases were diagnosed as syphilis. Of 91 cases, 78 (85.71%) were males and 13 (14.29%) were females. Primary syphilis was diagnosed in 21 (13.08%), secondary in 38 (41.76%), and latent in 32 (35.16%) patients. 4 (10.53%) of the secondary syphilis were having asymptomatic rash, 14 (36.84%) had condyloma lata and 17 (44.74%) had genital ulcer with cutaneous rash. Mixed infection was detected in 7 patients. 8 (8.79%) were human immunodeficiency virus positive.Conclusion:Although our study indicates a decreasing trend in the prevalence of syphilis in last 5 years, there is a rise in latent syphilis as compared to primary syphilis demanding steps to increase awareness among general population.

Changing trends in acquired syphilis at a Tertiary Care Center of North India.

Prevalence and pattern of acquired syphilis are changing in India in recent years because of good laboratory diagnosis and treatment, but it still remains a major public health problem with significant regional variations. To study the changing trend of acquired syphilis in a Tertiary Care Center of North India. Retrospective analysis of all the cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) registered in the Skin and VD Department of PGIMS, Rohtak from January 2008 to December 2012 was done. Complete epidemiological, clinical, and investigational data were recorded and analyzed for changing trends in prevalence, pattern and clinical presentations of syphilis. Total of 1462 cases attended the STI clinic from January 2008 to December 2012. A total of 124 patients were venereal diseases research laboratory reactive, of which 33 (2.25%) were false positive cases, and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination was reactive in 91 cases (6.22%). Totally, 91 (6.22%) cases were diagnosed as syphilis. Of 91 cases, 78 (85.71%) were males and 13 (14.29%) were females. Primary syphilis was diagnosed in 21 (13.08%), secondary in 38 (41.76%), and latent in 32 (35.16%) patients. 4 (10.53%) of the secondary syphilis were having asymptomatic rash, 14 (36.84%) had condyloma lata and 17 (44.74%) had genital ulcer with cutaneous rash. Mixed infection was detected in 7 patients. 8 (8.79%) were human immunodeficiency virus positive. Although our study indicates a decreasing trend in the prevalence of syphilis in last 5 years, there is a rise in latent syphilis as compared to primary syphilis demanding steps to increase awareness among general population.

Secular trends in cholesterol lipoproteins and triglycerides and prevalence of dyslipidemias in an urban Indian population.

BackgroundCoronary heart disease is increasing in urban Indian subjects and lipid abnormalities are important risk factors. To determine secular trends in prevalence of various lipid abnormalities we performed studies in an urban Indian population.MethodsSuccessive epidemiological Jaipur Heart Watch (JHW) studies were performed in Western India in urban locations. The studies evaluated adults ≥ 20 years for multiple coronary risk factors using standardized methodology (JHW-1, 1993–94, n = 2212; JHW-2, 1999–2001, n = 1123; JHW-3, 2002–03, n = 458, and JHW-4 2004–2005, n = 1127). For the present analyses data of subjects 20–59 years (n = 4136, men 2341, women 1795) have been included. In successive studies, fasting measurements for cholesterol lipoproteins (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol) and triglycerides were performed in 193, 454, 179 and 252 men (n = 1078) and 83, 472, 195, 248 women (n = 998) respectively (total 2076). Age-group specific levels of various cholesterol lipoproteins, triglycerides and their ratios were determined. Prevalence of various dyslipidemias (total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dl, non-HDL cholesterol ≥ 160 mg/dl, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl, low HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dl, high cholesterol remnants ≥ 25 mg/dl, and high total:HDL cholesterol ratio ≥ 5.0, and ≥ 4.0 were also determined. Significance of secular trends in prevalence of dyslipidemias was determined using linear-curve estimation regression. Association of changing trends in prevalence of dyslipidemias with trends in educational status, obesity and truncal obesity (high waist:hip ratio) were determined using two-line regression analysis.ResultsMean levels of various lipoproteins increased sharply from JHW-1 to JHW-2 and then gradually in JHW-3 and JHW-4. Age-adjusted mean values (mg/dl) in JHW-1, JHW-2, JHW-3 and JHW-4 studies respectively showed a significant increase in total cholesterol (174.9 ± 45, 196.0 ± 42, 187.5 ± 38, 193.5 ± 39, 2-stage least-squares regression R = 0.11, p < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (106.2 ± 40, 127.6 ± 39, 122.6 ± 44, 119.2 ± 31, R = 0.11, p < 0.001), non-HDL cholesterol (131.3 ± 43, 156.4 ± 43, 150.1 ± 41, 150.9 ± 32, R = 0.12, p < 0.001), remnant cholesterol (25.1 ± 11, 28.9 ± 14, 26.0 ± 11, 31.7 ± 14, R = 0.06, p = 0.001), total:HDL cholesterol ratio (4.26 ± 1.3, 5.18 ± 1.7, 5.21 ± 1.7, 4.69 ± 1.2, R = 0.10, p < 0.001) and triglycerides (125.6 ± 53, 144.5 ± 71, 130.1 ± 57, 158.7 ± 72, R = 0.06, p = 0.001) and decrease in HDL cholesterol (43.6 ± 14, 39.7 ± 8, 37.3 ± 6, 42.5 ± 6, R = 0.04, p = 0.027). Trends in age-adjusted prevalence (%) of dyslipidemias in JHW-1, JHW-2, JHW-3 and JHW-4 studies respectively showed insignificant changes in high total cholesterol (26.3, 35.1, 25.6, 26.0, linear curve-estimation coefficient multiple R = 0.034), high LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dl (24.2, 36.2, 31.0, 22.2, R = 0.062), and high low HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dl (46.2, 53.3, 55.4, 33.7, R = 0.136). Increase was observed in prevalence of high non-HDL cholesterol (23.0, 33.5, 27.4, 26.6, R = 0.026), high remnant cholesterol (40.1, 40.3, 30.1, 60.6, R = 0.143), high total:HDL cholesterol ratio ≥ 5.0 (22.2, 47.6, 53.2, 26.3, R = 0.031) and ≥ 4.0 (58.6, 72.5, 70.1, 62.0, R = 0.006), and high triglycerides (25.7, 28.2, 17.5, 34.2, R = 0.047). Greater correlation of increasing non-HDL cholesterol, remnant cholesterol, triglycerides and total:HDL cholesterol ratio was observed with increasing truncal obesity than generalized obesity (two-line regression analysis p < 0.05). Greater educational level, as marker of socioeconomic status, correlated significantly with increasing obesity (r2 men 0.98, women 0.99), and truncal obesity (r2 men 0.71, women 0.90).ConclusionIn an urban Indian population, trends reveal increase in mean total-, non-HDL-, remnant-, and total:HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides and decline in HDL cholesterol levels. Prevalence of subjects with high total cholesterol did not change significantly while those with high non-HDL cholesterol, cholesterol remnants, triglycerides and total-HDL cholesterol ratio increased. Increasing dyslipidemias correlate significantly with increasing truncal obesity and obesity.