Changes In Spatial Patterns Research Articles

Геоинформационное картографирование размещения населения для анализа его пространственной динамики

The change in the population is the most important indicator, the reflection of which on the map allows you to obtain a visual picture of many interconnected processes occurring in the studied territory. The study solved the task of creating a series of cards that reflect a change in the population in the settlements of the Tyumen Region based on these censuses of the population of 1926 and 2010. This work provides for the development of modern geoinformation and cartographic support of socio-economic studies related to the analysis of the location of the population based on spatial databases. The choice of a large period of time and the associated significant changes in the names and the general structure of the placement of settlements leads to the need for a thorough and comprehensive study of information, determining its relevance to solve the tasks. Further, a number of problems were solved: methodological (development of the structure and content of maps) and methodical (organization of the geodatabase (BGD), the creation and design of thematic cards). As part of the study, the design of the structure of the database of spatial data was performed, and then its filling based on the censuses of the population and official statistical indicators about the population of the Tyumen Region (including the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—Yugra and the Yamalo-Nenetskij Autonomous Okrug). For all presented cards, a geographical basis is configured with unified installations of cartographic generalization and a coordinated system of conventional signs. The developed series of maps allows you to identify and visually assess the spatial patterns of changes in the population and the network of settlements. The collected structured material organized in the BGD format provides modern cartographic support for socio-economic research related to the analysis of the population. The work was performed as part of the preparation of the demographic section of the Atlas of the Tyumen Region.

Change in mean and extreme precipitation in eastern China since 1901

Extreme precipitation in the monsoon region of China can cause a variety of weather and climate disasters, and its long-term change has a significant impact on human life and social production. However, due to the lack of high-resolution precipitation data for the early 20th century, the variation characteristics and causes or mechanisms of extreme precipitation change in eastern China in the last 100 yr or more are still unclear. Based on the ‘daily precipitation dataset of 60 city stations in mainland China from 1901 to 2020’ developed by the National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, the main characteristics of extreme precipitation changes at 38 stations in eastern China during a recent 120 yr period (1901-2020) are analyzed in this paper. The results show that: (1) From 1901 to 2020, there was no significant trend in precipitation amount and precipitation days in the region, but a quasi-period of about 15 to 20 yr or longer existed during the period. (2) The average daily precipitation intensity and most of the extreme precipitation indices first decreased and then increased over the whole time period. In the period 1901-1950, which has rarely been studied in the past, most of the extreme precipitation indices, including intense rainfall, rainstorms, and the maximum precipitation within 1 day, 3 consecutive days, and 5 consecutive days, showed a significant decreasing trend. Since 1951, however, various indices have tended to increase. (3) From 1901 to 2020, the precipitation and extreme precipitation indices to the north of 35° N generally decreased, while they consistently increased in the south. The spatial pattern of extreme precipitation changes for the first half of 20th century was also quite different from that of the last 70 yr. Overall, the mean and extreme precipitation change trends in eastern China were not consistent in different sub-periods during the past century.

Hygroscopic Growth Factors of Sub-micrometer Atmospheric Aerosols at Four Selected Sites in Thailand

Hygroscopic growth factor (Gf) of aerosols is related to water loading on particles in sub-saturated conditions. It is an essential parameter for assessing the role of atmospheric particles in the radiative transfer and cloud formation process. Therefore, the temporal variation in Gf of size-selected atmospheric particles from the Aitken mode (Dp £ 100 nm) and accumulation mode (Dp > 100 nm) was measured using a humidified tandem differential mobility analyser (H-TDMA) and the relationship between particle size and Gf for various locations and meteorological conditions was determined. The origin of ambient particles primarily defines their properties and governs their participation in atmospheric processes. Thus, the measurements were performed in locations with different land-use types: urban, rural, coastal-industrial, and landlocked industrial areas. The data showed site-dependent patterns of temporal and spatial changes in Gf. The results indicated that the number-weighted Gf averaged over the investigated particle size range (30–250 nm) was highest in rural areas (Gf = 1.27), followed by coastal-industrial (Gf = 1.19), urban (Gf = 1.11), and landlocked industrial areas (Gf = 1.06). Particles in the urban and landlocked industrial areas had relatively low Gf values, suggesting that they originated mainly from fossil fuel combustion, in contrast to particles at other sites which can be attributed to coastal proximity.

The dynamics of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of natural and agricultural landscapes in Alexandrovsky and Novoselitsky municipal districts of the Stavropol territory during the active vegetation period in 2020 based on high resolution spatial images

The article discusses the changes in the NDVI on the territory of the Alexandrovsky and Novoselitsky municipal districts of the Stavropol Territory during the active vegetation period of 2020. The data source were Sentinel-2 thematic images, the spatial resolution of which is 10 m. The schematic maps reflecting the distribution of the NDVI by dates with minimal cloud cover in June-September 2020 have been compiled and analyzed. To explain the spatial and temporal pattern of changes in the areas occupied by different gradations of the NDVI, the data of the Aleksandrovsky weather station for 2020 (the course of temperature and precipitation during the year) were analyzed here as well. The use of remote sensing data and corresponding vegetation indices allows mapping various processes and phenomena in the GIS sphere, and the compiled maps can be used to solve a wide range of theoretical and practical tasks, including crop yields assessement.

Гидроэкологическая оценка коллекторно-дренажного стока с оросительных систем Ростовской области

The purpose of the work is to conduct a comprehensive hydroecological assessment of collector-drainage waters of irrigation systems of the Rostov region in dynamics to establish spatial and temporal patterns of changes in their quality. The objects of the study were 20 main collector channels of fi ve branches of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Management «Rostovmeliovodkhoz». Structurally, all collectors are open channels in the earth bed. For the hydrochemical assessment, an integral indicator, the coeffi cient of maximum pollution (Cmp), was used, taking into account the priority indicators of the quality of collector-drainage waters (CDW). The dynamics of the coeffi cient of water pollution limit in the reservoirs of the Semikarakorsky branch for the period 2009-2021 showed the absence of sharp fl uctuations in the quality of drainage runoff, the value of the coeffi cient of maximum pollution ranges from 0 to 1, drainage water is characterized as moderately polluted. In the collectors of the Bagaevsky branch, the value of the Cmp fl uctuates in the range of 0…2.7, drainage water is characterized as moderately polluted, polluted. The predominant ions in the drainage runoff are sulfates and sodium. The high content of sulfates in the drainage runoff is due to the introduction of sulphate groundwater, characteristic of this region. A study of collector-drainage water in the reservoirs of the Semikarakorsky and Bagaevsky branches for the content of biogenic elements in 2021 showed a regular excess of phosphates during the entire irrigation period. A comparative analysis of the quality of natural water of the CDW water intakes in the background and collector-drainage waters showed that the hydrochemical composition of the studied waters is approximately the same, which indicates the merger of water bodies and open reservoirs in the earth channel into a single hydrographic network. In 25% of the studied collectors, lower water quality was observed than in the water intake.

Extreme precipitation changes over the Yangtze River Basin in 1901-2020

To better understand the characteristics of long-term change and variability in regional extreme precipitation and to examine possible regional responses to global climate warming, we analyzed temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation and extreme precipitation index changes in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) over the last 120 yr. Based on the China Meteorological Administration’s daily precipitation data set of 60 city stations in mainland China from 1901-2020, we found that total annual precipitation and daily precipitation intensity of the Upper Reaches (UR) experienced a downward trend, but those of the Middle and Lower Reaches (MLR) showed an upward trend. Precipitation amount and intensity increased, while the number of precipitation days slightly decreased over the YRB during 1901-2020. Most extreme precipitation indices showed a decreasing trend in the first 60 yr that reversed after 1961 into slightly upward trends, except for consecutive dry days and wet days in the YRB during 1901-2020. There were significant downward trends for consecutive dry days and maximum 1 and 5 d precipitation during the first 60 yr, and significant upward trends for maximum 1 d precipitation, total extreme heavy precipitation, and very heavy precipitation days in the last 60 yr. The trends for extreme precipitation in the UR were lower than those in the MLR during 1901-2020, particularly in the last 60 yr, whereas the trends in the UR were higher than those in the MLR during 1901-1960. The fluctuations of extreme precipitation indices in the UR were more dramatic than those in the MLR, and the extreme precipitation indices all showed 5-10 or 20 yr periodic variabilities. The analysis also showed that observed changes in regional extreme events were directly related to rapid urbanization around the stations and multi-decadal variability of the East Asian monsoon.

Spatial pattern and mechanism of population density change in the built-up areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

Spatial pattern and mechanism of population density change in the built-up areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

On the Biological Role of Histone Acetylation/Deacetylation in the Process of Plant Germination

The transition of embryos in air-dry seeds from a state of dormancy to a state with a highly active metabolism during germination is accompanied by significant changes in both spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression and is controlled by multilevel regulatory networks. The character and degree of acetylation of chromatin proteins depend on the transcriptional activity of chromatin, and are also associated with DNA replication and the cell cycle. Obtaining a complete picture of the involvement of histone modification in seed germination in the future will be useful for increasing crop yields, as a way to assess the quality and viability of seeds before sowing, and will also allow the development of methods for managing the realization of plant genetic potential.

SHIFTING LANDSCAPES: UNRAVELING TIRUPATI'S TRANSFORMATION THROUGH SATELLITE INSIGHTS

The transformation of Tirupati's landscape over the past two decades reflects the dynamic interplay between urbanization, agricultural expansion, and environmental degradation. Through a comprehensive analysis of land use and land cover (LULC) changes using satellite imagery and spatial analysis techniques, this study offers insights into the evolving socio-environmental dynamics of the region. The findings reveal significant increases in built-up areas and corresponding declines in agricultural lands and natural ecosystems, driven by population growth and economic development. Despite efforts to mitigate environmental degradation, challenges such as soil erosion, deforestation, and water scarcity persist. However, there are promising initiatives aimed at enhancing water security and ecosystem resilience. In statistical terms, the analysis of land use and land cover changes in Tirupati reveals compelling trends over the study period. Utilizing Landsat satellite data and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) techniques, significant shifts in urbanization, agricultural activity, and environmental degradation were quantitatively assessed. The results demonstrate a remarkable expansion of built-up areas, accompanied by a concerning decline in agricultural lands and natural vegetation cover. Moreover, buffer ring and directionality analyses elucidate spatial patterns of change, highlighting the concentrated urban growth in specific directions and the widespread degradation of natural habitats. These statistical insights underscore the urgency of implementing sustainable development strategies and conservation measures to address the socio-environmental challenges facing Tirupati and foster long-term resilience. The study underscores the importance of sustainable development strategies and conservation efforts to address these challenges and ensure the long-term sustainability of Tirupati and its surrounding areas.

Assessing spatiotemporal variations of forest carbon density using bi-temporal discrete aerial laser scanning data in Chinese boreal forests

Assessing the changes in forest carbon stocks over time is critical for monitoring carbon dynamics, estimating the balance between carbon uptake and release from forests, and providing key insights into climate change mitigation. In this study, we quantitatively characterized spatiotemporal variations in aboveground carbon density (ACD) in boreal natural forests in the Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM) region using bi-temporal discrete aerial laser scanning (ALS) data acquired in 2012 and 2016. Moreover, we evaluated the transferability of the proposed design model using forest field plot data and produced a wall-to-wall map of ACD changes for the entire study area from 2012 to 2016 ​at a grid size of 30 ​m. In addition, we investigated the relationships between carbon dynamics and the dominant tree species, age groups, and topography of undisturbed forested areas to better understand ACD variations by employing heterogeneous forest canopy structural characteristics. The results showed that the performance of the temporally transferable model (R2 ​= ​0.87, rRMSE ​= ​18.25%), which included stable variables, was statistically equivalent to that obtained from the model fitted directly by the 2016 field plots (R2 ​= ​0.87, rRMSE ​= ​17.47%). The average rate of change in carbon sequestration across the entire study region was 1.35 ​Mg·ha−1·year−1 based on the changes in ALS-based ACD values over the course of four years. The relative change rates of ACD decreased as the elevation increased, with the highest and lowest ACD growth rates occurring in the middle-aged and mature forest stands, respectively. The Gini coefficient, which represents forest canopy surface structure heterogeneity, is sensitive to carbon dynamics and is a reliable predictor of the relative change rate of ACD. This study demonstrated the applicability of bi-temporal ALS for predicting forest carbon dynamics and fine-scale spatial change patterns. Our research contributed to a better understanding of the influence of remote sensing-derived environmental variables on forest carbon dynamic patterns and the development of context-specific management approaches to increase forest carbon stocks.

Variety of Changes in Spatial Patterns of Residential Space in Soropadan Village as an Impact of the Development of Economic Activities

Reduced open land, traffic jams on the village's main road, disruption of the safety and comfort of the living environment are only a few effects that can result from the conversion of homes into student dormitories in the form of boarding houses. This also takes place in open residential neighborhoods outside of Yogyakarta, specifically in Soropadan Village, Condongcatur Village, Depok District, and Sleman. Descriptive qualitative research methodology is employed in this study. The decision is taken taking into account the occurrences that are seen in the field. Direct field observations were used to gather the primary data selection technique, which was subsequently used to collect data utilizing qualitative data techniques. In order to understand the numerous changes in the spatial pattern of residential housings discovered in the boarding house type student dormitory in Soropadan Village as a result of the development of economic activities, this study attempts to determine the tendency of the spatial pattern of settlements. The study's findings include the similarity of changes to the spatial layout of residences into boarding-type student dormitories with a linear layout, the spatial arrangement of boarding rooms and shared rooms forming a centralized layout with the shared room serving as the center of activity in student boarding houses, and the propensity to add boarding rooms. The location of the service area, including restrooms, laundry facilities, and kitchens, is always at the rear of the building, immediately before the road. Economic development, environmental changes, population increase, and the creation of local infrastructure are all reasons that can cause a home's usage to change from a residential to a dorm-style boarding house for students.

Neural tracking of linguistic and acoustic speech representations decreases with advancing age

Background: Older adults process speech differently, but it is not yet clear how aging affects different levels of processing natural, continuous speech, both in terms of bottom-up acoustic analysis and top-down generation of linguistic-based predictions. We studied natural speech processing across the adult lifespan via electroencephalography (EEG) measurements of neural tracking.Goals: Our goals are to analyze the unique contribution of linguistic speech processing across the adult lifespan using natural speech, while controlling for the influence of acoustic processing. Moreover, we also studied acoustic processing across age. In particular, we focus on changes in spatial and temporal activation patterns in response to natural speech across the lifespan.Methods: 52 normal-hearing adults between 17 and 82 years of age listened to a naturally spoken story while the EEG signal was recorded. We investigated the effect of age on acoustic and linguistic processing of speech. Because age correlated with hearing capacity and measures of cognition, we investigated whether the observed age effect is mediated by these factors. Furthermore, we investigated whether there is an effect of age on hemisphere lateralization and on spatiotemporal patterns of the neural responses.Results: Our EEG results showed that linguistic speech processing declines with advancing age. Moreover, as age increased, the neural response latency to certain aspects of linguistic speech processing increased. Also acoustic neural tracking (NT) decreased with increasing age, which is at odds with the literature. In contrast to linguistic processing, older subjects showed shorter latencies for early acoustic responses to speech. No evidence was found for hemispheric lateralization in neither younger nor older adults during linguistic speech processing. Most of the observed aging effects on acoustic and linguistic processing were not explained by age-related decline in hearing capacity or cognition. However, our results suggest that the effect of decreasing linguistic neural tracking with advancing age at word-level is also partially due to an age-related decline in cognition than a robust effect of age.Conclusion: Spatial and temporal characteristics of the neural responses to continuous speech change across the adult lifespan for both acoustic and linguistic speech processing. These changes may be traces of structural and/or functional change that occurs with advancing age.

Dynamics of Territorial Spatial Pattern and Landscape Impact under Different Economic Gradients: A Case Study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Region, China

This study analyzes territorial spatial pattern changes and landscape pattern changes under different economic development gradients in 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China. Then it discusses the relationship between territorial area and landscape patterns. The results indicate that: (1) area changes for middle- and low-development regions are characterized by “continuous shrinkage of agricultural space, continuous expansion of urban space, and a decrease followed by an increase of ecological space”; (2) the higher the level of regional economic development, the more severe the spatial change of national territory; (3) the common trend of structural transformation is the obvious flow of agricultural production space into rural living space and urban space—the difference is that the outflow of ecological space in low-development regions is more than the inflow, while the opposite holds true in medium- and high-development regions; and (4) the fragmentation degree of middle- and low-development regions is increasing, while that of high-development regions is decreasing. With the increase in regional economic development, the degree of spread and diversity decreases and increases, respectively. The correlation between territorial spatial pattern and landscape metrics shows distinct regional differences.

Changing Spring Phenology of Northeast China Forests during Rapid Warming and Short-Term Slowdown Periods

The vast forests of Northeast China are under great pressure from climate change. Understanding the effects of changing climate conditions on spring phenology is of great significance to assessing the stability of regional terrestrial ecosystems. Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data from 1982 to 2013, this paper investigated the changes in the start date of the vegetation growing season (SOS) of two main forest types in Northeast China, analyzing the changes in temporal and spatial patterns of forest spring phenology before and during the recent short-term warming slowdown, and exploring the effects of day and night temperatures and precipitation on the start of the growing season. The results showed that, during the rapid warming period (1982–1998), the SOS of deciduous needleleaf forests (DNF) was significantly advanced (−0.428 days/a, p < 0.05), while the rate of advance of SOS of deciduous broadleaf forests (DBF) was nonsignificant (−0.313 days/a, p > 0.10). However, during the short-term slowdown (1998–2013), the SOS of DBF was strongly delayed (0.491 days/a, p < 0.10), while the change in SOS of DNF was not significant (0.169 days/a, p > 0.10). The SOS was sensitive to spring maximum temperature for both forest types during the analysis period. Increases in winter precipitation influenced the SOS during the rapid warming period for DNF; this combined with the increase in the spring maximum temperature contributed to the advance in SOS. The decrease in the spring maximum temperature during the short-term slowdown, combined with a decrease in the previous summer maximum temperature, contributed to the rapid delay of SOS for DBF. DBF SOS was also more influenced by lagged effects of prior conditions, such as previous autumn to spring precipitation during the rapid warming period and previous summer maximum temperature during the short-term slowdown. In general, SOS was mainly determined by changes in daytime thermal conditions; DNF is more sensitive to temperature increases and DBF is more sensitive to decreases. Different regional climate conditions lead to differences in the distribution of DNF and DBF, as well as in the response of SOS to climate change during the rapid warming and short-term slowdown periods.

Multi-Temporal Analysis of Past and Future Land-Cover Changes of the Third Pole

In the past few decades, both natural and human influences have contributed to the unpredictable rates of land use and land-cover change (LUCC) in glacially devastated places. Monitoring and identifying the geographic and temporal land-cover changes and driving forces in this unique type of area may help to give the scientific basis needed to understand the effects of climate change and human activities on LUCC. The Third Pole is one such landscape that provides inevitable key ecosystem services to over 2 billion people in Asia. However, this important landscape is increasingly being threatened by the impacts of climate change. Policy and program responses to the Third Pole’s mounting socioeconomic challenges are inadequate and lack scientific evidence. Using the land-change model (LCM) and historical data from 1992 onwards, our study attempted to (i) detect the spatial patterns of land use and land-cover changes in the Third Pole from 1992 to 2020; and (ii) project them into 2060. Our analysis shows that the land use and land-cover types in the Third pole are undergoing changes. About 0.07% of the snow and ice have melted in the last three decades, indicating global warming. This melt has resulted in increasing water bodies (0.08%), especially as glacial lakes. This has significantly increased the risk of glacial outburst floods. Other key alpine land-cover types that decreased are bare land (0.6%) and agricultural land (0.05%). These land types represent important habitats for wild flora and fauna, grazing land for livestock, and food for nomads, and their loss will directly degrade ecological services and the health and wellbeing of the nomads. Land cover of forest, shrubs, and scanty vegetation have all increased by 0.3%, 0.02%, and 0.77%, respectively, inducing socio-ecological changes in the Third pole mountains. Further predication analysis showed that snow and ice, along with bare land, will continue to recede whereas forest, grassland, water bodies, shrubland, sparse vegetation, and settlement will increase. These results indicate the increasing impact of global warming that will continue to change the Third Pole. These changes have serious implications for designing adaptation and mitigation interventions in the mountains. We recommend more detailed research to investigate the underlying factors that are changing the Third Pole to develop policy and programs to help humans, livestock, and biodiversity adapt to the changes in these remote and harsh mountains. This will also help to mitigate the effects on downstream communities.

Dynamics, Risk and Management Performance of Urban Real Estate Inventory in Yangtze River Delta

(1) Background: Inventory management is a key point in the achievement of the virtuous cycle and sustainable development of the real estate industry. In response to the practical needs of city-based policies, this paper constructs a new research approach of “evolution dynamics—risk analysis—performance evaluation—policy design” of real estate inventory, and conducts a case study on the Yangtze River Delta. (2) Methods: This paper studies the change characteristics, trends and spatial patterns of real estate inventory changes in the Yangtze River Delta based on Geographic Information System software, and quantitatively evaluates the risk level and management performance of real estate inventory by introducing the Boston Consulting Group Matrix for corporate management and the Super- Data Envelopment Analysis Model for operations research, providing a basis for policy design. (3) Results: First, the “destocking” policy has gained results to some extent and diversified the inventory evolution, thus alleviating or curbing the negative trend in most cities. Second, the real estate inventory in the Yangtze River Delta is divided into high, low, potential and zero pressure zones by risk levels, and the proportion of cities with increased, decreased and unchanged risk levels is essentially the same. Third, the average real estate inventory management performance index has been steadily improving, but overall, it is still unsatisfactory, with cities in an effective state accounting for 40% and below for a long time. Fourth, real estate inventory and its management performance both show significant spatial effects, with cold and hot spot cities characterized by a “center-periphery” spatial pattern in geographical distribution, and the cities in the study area are classified into four types: super-efficiency, efficiency, inefficiency, and super-inefficiency. Fifth, the real estate inventory in most cities is continuing to grow positively, and a small number of cities have been in the high-risk zone for a long time or become new members of the high-risk zone, making the government and enterprises still faced up with great pressure and challenges in inventory management with the risk level further increased but management performance growing slowly. (4) Conclusions: The study area is divided into four types of policy areas, that is, red key area, yellow important area, green auxiliary area, and path-dependent area, and suggestions for optimization are made from the perspectives of risk control, performance improvement, benchmarking recommendation, and redundancy governance, providing a basis for the government’s real estate inventory management policy design and the enterprise’s high-quality development decision.

Social infrastructure as a proxy for social capital: A spatial exploration into model specification and measurement impacts in Los Angeles, California

ABSTRACT Measurement of community social capital most often relies on the self-reports of individuals aggregated to the community level. This reliance on validated survey-based methods for operationalizing social capital data collection is not always feasible. As a consequence, recent studies exploring data obtainable from open sources have utilized features of the built environment as a proxy. Although gaining in popularity, this approach is controversial. We suggest that the dissension is due to issues with variation in measurement approaches and model specification. Using Los Angeles, California, as a case study, we aim to advance the use of “social infrastructure” as a way of estimating social capital in two ways. First, we refine a geospatial clustering technique to illustrate changes in spatial pattern of social infrastructure under alternative conceptualizations. Second, we explore the sensitivity of social infrastructure models to the type of infrastructure used. This analysis illuminates a key source of discrepancies in the existing literature and recommends an approach for more precise model specification and measurement.

Mid-summer snow-free albedo across the Arctic tundra was mostly stable or increased over the past two decades

Arctic vegetation changes, such as increasing shrub-cover, are expected to accelerate climate warming through increased absorption of incoming radiation and corresponding decrease in summer shortwave albedo. Here we analyze mid-summer shortwave land-surface albedo and its change across the pan-Arctic region based on MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite observations over the past two decades (2000–2021). In contrast to expectations, we show that terrestrial mid-summer shortwave albedo has not significantly changed in 82% of the pan-Arctic region, while 14% show an increase and 4% a decrease. The total median significant change was 0.014 over the past 22 years. By analyzing the visible and near-/shortwave-infrared range separately, we demonstrate that the slight increase arises from an albedo increase in the near-/shortwave infrared domain while being partly compensated by a decrease in visible albedo. A similar response was found across different tundra vegetation types. We argue that this increase in reflectance is typical with increasing biomass as a result of increased multiple reflection in the canopy. However, CMIP6 global land surface model albedo predictions showed the opposite sign and different spatial patterns of snow-free summer albedo change compared to satellite-derived results. We suggest that a more sophisticated vegetation parametrization might reduce this discrepancy, and provide albedo estimates per vegetation type.

Review Impact of the Spatial Development Patterns on Water Ecology of Cisadane Watershed

A Watershed is a land area that is an ecosystem unit with rivers and their tributaries that function to accommodate, store, and drain water that comes from rainfall to lakes or seas naturally, whose boundaries on land are topographical and separator boundary in the sea up to the watering area which is still affected by land activities. Characteristics and ecological conditions of the watershed environment are influenced by changes in spatial use patterns with reduced land cover in the watershed area will affect watershed conditions. Human intervention with various activities, especially economic, industrial and residential activities in the upstream to downstream watershed areas affects the water cycle (hydrological cycle) as well as the quality and quantity of the aquatic ecology of the watershed environment. Efforts to maintain the availability of green open space in the watershed area is one of the important things to be able to maintain and maintain water ecology in the Cisadane watershed in addition to various efforts to maintain the water quality of the watershed so that various unique aquatic biota can still be maintained and well maintained. The involvement of local governments, stakeholders, and the community is one of the most important things in preserving and maintaining the environmental conditions of watersheds.

Varying contributions of greenhouse gases, aerosols and natural forcings to Arctic land surface air temperature changes

The Arctic has warmed rapidly over the past century, with widespread negative impacts on local and surrounding environments. Previous studies have estimated the overall effects of individual groups of anthropogenic forcing agents on Arctic warming. However, the spatial patterns and temporal variabilities of the separate contributions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), natural forcing agents (NATs; solar radiation and volcanic activity combined) and other anthropogenic (OANT) forcing agents (which are dominated by aerosols) on Arctic land surface air temperatures remain underexamined. Here, we use CMIP6 (the Sixth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) models to quantify the separate contributions of GHGs, NATs and OANT forcing agents to Arctic land surface air temperature changes and analyze their spatial and temporal change patterns from 1915 to 2014. The results show that GHGs alone have warmed the Arctic by 2.72 °C/century (90% confidence interval: 1.42 °C–4.03 °C), 61.8% of which has been offset by OANT agents. The GHG-induced warming peaks are found in Ellesmere Island, Severnaya Zemlya and Svalbard (above 4 °C/century), while the largest cooling effects (above −2 °C/century) induced by OANT agents occurred in Krasnoyarsk Krai and Severnaya Zemlya. A further temporal evolution analysis indicates that the effects of GHGs and OANT forcings have been gradually and robustly detected over time; this increases our confidence in projecting future Arctic climate changes via CMIP6 models.