Changes In External Environment Research Articles

STUDY OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN KAZAKHSTAN IN THE PERIOD OF GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL TRANSFORMATION

This article focuses on the problem of development of civil society in Kazakhstan in the period of contemporary global geopolitical changes and challenges. The paper investigates the specifics of civil society in post-communist nations, emphasizing that civil society was usually analyzed in the frameworks of democracy throughout the history of political thought. The study indicates several differences, which civil society can have in “young democracies” or “nations under political transit”. Furthermore, the paper traces back the history of civil society in Kazakhstan and underscores the interrelation of its development and problems it faced with changes in external environment, that is, system of international relations. The article analyzes the influence of contemporary geopolitical shift on civil society in Kazakhstan, potential changes in its components. In this investigation, the paper uses system analysis, comparative analysis, deduction and induction. The findings of the research suggest that despite huge crises and challenges, which occurred last two years, necessary preliminary conditions should exist in society to create efficient platform for vibrant civil society.

Spider Silk as a Flexible Light Waveguide for Temperature Sensing

We propose an approach to utilize the natural spider dragline silk (SDS) as a flexible light waveguide integrated into an optic device. SDS is utilized as an air-clad biocompatible light waveguide in the fabricated multimode interferometer. Based on the evanescent field coupling theory, the light propagating in the microfiber can be coupled into SDS, and then coupled to another microfiber connected with a spectrometer. The difference in the effective refractive index of the modes propagating in the silk fiber changes in different external environments, thus the output multimode interference spectrum shifts with the change of environment. Accordingly, the multimode interferometer is encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a kind of flexible and temperature-sensitive material, which makes the interferometer have competitive temperature sensitivity. With the increase in temperature, the refractive index of PDMS decreases, and thus the output multimode interference spectrum blue shifts. The interferometer shows repeatability, reversibility and stability in temperature sensing, with a sensitivity of −1.15 nm/°C. The presented interferometer proves that the SDS is a natural independent light guide with good mechanical properties to be applied in the fabrication of integrated optic devices.

Stability Control of Quadruped Robot Based on Active State Adjustment.

The quadruped robot has a strong motion performance and broad application prospects in practical applications. However, during the movement of the quadruped robot, it is easy to be affected by external disturbance and environmental changes, which makes it unable to achieve the ideal effect movement. Therefore, it is very important for the quadruped robot to adjust actively according to its own state detection. This paper proposes an active state adjustment control method based on its own state, which can realize disturbance recovery and active environment adaptation. Firstly, the controller is designed according to the physical model of the quadruped robot, and the foot forces are optimized using the quadratic program (QP) method. Then, the disturbance compensation method based on dynamic analysis is studied and combined with the controller itself. At the same time, according to the law of biological movement, the movement process of the quadruped robot is actively adjusted according to the different movement environment, so that it can adapt to various complex environments. Finally, it is verified in a simulation environment and quadruped robot prototype. The results show that the quadruped robot has a strong active disturbance recovery ability and active environment adaptability.

The Government Subsidies effect on the Company Strategic Change-Theory and Emprical

Government environmental regulation is an important policy to promote industrial development. In view of the fact that the implementation of the enterprise's production strategy is not motivated enough, the government will directly subsidize the enterprise, healthy and stable development of the enterprise. Based on dynamic managerial capabilities theory and top management team theory, this paper takes Chinese A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2020 as research samples to theoretically analyze and empirically test the impact of government subsidies on strategic change. This paper also demonstrates the moderating effect of property right nature, tenure of top management team and career background of top management team on the above mentioned two relationships. The results in the research show as follows. Firstly, government subsidies are significantly positively correlated with the degree of strategic change. Secondly, in state-owned enterprises, government subsidies are positively correlated with strategic change, while in non-state-owned enterprises, they are not significantly correlated. Thirdly, tenure of the executive team weakens the positive correlation between government subsidies and the degree of strategic change. Fourthly, the "productive style" career background of the top management can enhance the positive correlation between government subsidies and strategic change. This paper not only enriches the research results of dynamic management ability and strategic decision-making, but also provides beneficial enlightenment for enterprises to implement strategic reform, which can response to the changing external environment and absorbing external social resources.

Dynamics Modeling and Simulation for the Near Space Airship with Pressure Resistance Mechanism

The key problem of the near space airship is the maintenance of the safe pressure and the formed buoyancy of the capsule caused by helium “over hot / over cold” under the change of external thermal radiation environment during the circadian cycle station-keeping. In order to solve this problem, this paper takes a typical near-space airship with a pressure resistance mechanism as the research object. Firstly, ten-degree freedom describing its motion is determined under reasonable assumptions. Secondly, the multi-body dynamics model of the airship is established based on the second Lagrange equation. Finally, the model is numerically simulated in MATLAB / Simulink. The simulation results show that the multi-body dynamics model of the airship in this paper effectively reflects and simulates the motion characteristics of the near-space airship with a pressure regulating mechanism under the action of the environmental wind field, which provides a theoretical basis for further research of this kind of object.

Kinetic characteristics of desorption and diffusion in raw coal and tectonic coal and their influence on coal and gas outburst

The basic physical parameters and gas desorption characteristics of raw coal and tectonic coal composite seams in northern China were tested, and the gas diffusion kinetic characteristics of raw coal and tectonic coal were investigated. The difference in gas hazard between the raw coal seam and tectonic coal seam was analysed based on this. The results found that: under the same conditions, the adsorption capacity, initial gas discharge rate, accumulated gas desorption volume, initial gas desorption rate and effective diffusion coefficient of tectonic coal are higher than those of raw coal, while Protodyakonov’s coefficient of tectonic coal is much smaller than that of raw coal. This, together with the lower permeability of tectonic coal seam, easily leads to the formation of a gas enrichment zone in tectonic coal seam easily and triggers coal and gas outburst when the external stress environment changes. Under the same conditions, raw coal is more sensitive to changes in initial gas adsorption equilibrium pressure, and the development of cleats and fractures of raw coal is higher than that of tectonic coal, which makes the gas in the area of raw coal easier to extract than that in the area of tectonic coal. When carrying out gas control in the composite coal seam of raw coal and tectonic coal, it is necessary to consider the gas desorption and diffusion characteristics in the raw coal and tectonic coal and to develop precise coal seam gas control measures based on the principles of safety and economy. The results of this study are of great relevance to the prevention and control of coal and gas outburst disasters in raw coal and tectonic coal seams to ensure the safe and efficient mining of coal resources.

Dual‐Function Tactile Sensor with Linear Pressure and Temperature Perception at Low Degree of Coupling

Multiinformation tactile perception is highly important for detecting the change of external environment and realizing the compliant control of the robot. However, the integration of dual‐mode or multimode sensors with low coupling remains a challenge. Herein, a dual‐function tactile sensor with linear pressure and temperature perception is reported. The pressure detection part contains the pyramid conductive film and flexible hemispherical electrode, which works as the piezoresistive material. A spiral nickel film works as a temperature‐sensitive material for sensing the temperature of objects during approaching and while contacting. As a result, the dual‐function sensor can detect the pressure in 0–100 kPa with a sensitivity of 11.5 kPa−1, while the temperature is in 25–65 °C with a sensitivity of 0.0032 °C −1. To be state of the art, the tactile sensor array is used for an active safety control of robotic arms, which can realize the perception and timely avoidance of sudden changes in external temperature and object collisions.

Improving the elicitation of critical customer requirements through an understanding of their sensitivity.

Customer requirements (CRs) are the essential driven forces of product development. Constrained by the rigid budget and time allocated to product development, much attentions and resources should be paid on critical customer requirements (CCRs). Product design occurs with an increasingly frenetic pace of change in today's competitive market, and the changes of external environment will lead to the changes of CRs. Thus, involving the sensitivity of CRs toward influence factors to identify CCRs is of great significance to grasp the directions of product evolution and enhance market competitiveness. To fill this gap, this study proposes a CCRs identification method integrated Kano model and structural equation model (SEM). First, the Kano model is adopted to determine the category of each CR. Second, based on CRs' categorization, an SEM model is established to measure the sensitivity of CRs toward the turbulence of influence factors. Then the importance of each CR is calculated, and by integrating the sensitivity and importance, a four-quadrant diagram is constructed to identify the CCRs. Finally, the identification of CCRs for smartphone is implemented as an example to demonstrate the feasibility and additional value of the proposed method.

Study on deterioration, cracking mechanism and treatment measures of plain concrete lining with cold joints in high-speed railroad tunnel

Cracks in lining will lead to derivative diseases even seriously threaten the safety of high-speed trains. Construction-induced defects and external environmental changes are the main causes of lining cracks. From a typical high-speed railroad tunnel with a large number of lining cracks in China, construction cold joints are the main cause of its lining cracks. Based on the current research, both microscopic model and macroscopic model of concrete with cold joints were established to verify the applicability of the macroscopic model to simulate concrete elements with cold joints. Besides, finite element models with single and multiple cold joints were constructed to analyze the bearing performance and cracking mechanism of lining with cold joints. Finally, measures were proposed for the lining cracks caused by the expansion of cold joints. The results showed that: Using macroscopic model to simulate concrete elements with cold joints is reasonable. The tension area with cold joints has the most obvious deterioration, which is consistent with the cracking characteristics of field lining. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the cold joint defects in tensile area and where the pouring intervals exceed the initial setting time. The cracking of lining with single cold joints can be divided into two patterns, the back-side tension misalignment model and the inner-side tension misalignment model. While the cracking model with multiple cold joints can be regarded as a combination of single cold joint cracking models. The stress distribution and performance deterioration of lining with multiple cold joints is more complicated than that of single cold joints, more researches can be carried out by the method of this study.

An interval feature discrete grey-Markov model based on data distributions and applications

Data sequences represent complex changes in external environments or internal systems, and patterns of some index sequences have become more difficult to characterize using real number sequences. Considering the imbalances between regional development levels in terms of socioeconomic indicators, a discrete grey-Markov model based on interval distribution characteristics is proposed in this paper. Based on the classic discrete grey model, a difference coefficient sequence and median sequences of the upper and lower information domains, respectively, are introduced to establish differential equations for the representation and prediction of different development level trends. Furthermore, a combination of discrete grey models with the Markov model is used to modify the nonstationary data sequences and further improve the new model prediction accuracy. The parameter estimation and solution of the proposed model are organized using analytical methods, and the accuracy of the model is investigated. By fitting and predicting examples of private car ownership and milk production in representative unbalanced development regions, the results of the proposed model are compared with those of four other prediction models to verify its effectiveness. The results demonstrate that the prediction accuracy of the proposed model is better than those of other grey models in nonstationary data sequences. By capturing the interval features, this model achieves the goal of characterization of interval distribution information and further modification of the nonstationary series.

Spring and latch dynamics can act as control pathways in ultrafast systems

Ultrafast movements propelled by springs and released by latches are thought limited to energetic adjustments prior to movement, and seemingly cannot adjust once movement begins. Even so, across the tree of life, ultrafast organisms navigate dynamic environments and generate a range of movements, suggesting unrecognized capabilities for control. We develop a framework of control pathways leveraging the non-linear dynamics of spring-propelled, latch-released systems. We analytically model spring dynamics and develop reduced-parameter models of latch dynamics to quantify how they can be tuned internally or through changing external environments. Using Lagrangian mechanics, we test feedforward and feedback control implementation via spring and latch dynamics. We establish through empirically-informed modeling that ultrafast movement can be controllably varied during latch release and spring propulsion. A deeper understanding of the interconnection between multiple control pathways, and the tunability of each control pathway, in ultrafast biomechanical systems presented here has the potential to expand the capabilities of synthetic ultra-fast systems and provides a new framework to understand the behaviors of fast organisms subject to perturbations and environmental non-idealities.

FPGA Implementation of a Real-Time Edge Detection System Based on an Improved Canny Algorithm

Canny edge detection is one of the most widely used edge detection algorithms due to its superior performance. However, it is a complex, time-consuming process and has a high hardware cost. To overcome these issues, an improved Canny algorithm is proposed in this paper. It uses the Sobel operator and approximation methods to calculate the gradient magnitude and direction for replacing complex operations with reduced hardware costs. Otsu’s algorithm is introduced to adaptively determine the image threshold. However, Otsu’s algorithm has division operations, and the division operation is complex and has low efficiency and slow speed. We introduce a logarithmic unit to turn the division into a subtraction operation that is easy to implement by hardware but does not affect the selection of the threshold. Experimental results show that the system can detect the edge of the image well without adjusting the threshold value when the external environment changes and requires only 1.231 ms to detect the edges of the 512 × 512 image when clocked at 50 MHz. Compared with existing FPGA implementations, our implementation uses the least amount of logical resources. Thus, it is more suitable for platforms that have limited logical resources.

ПРИНЦИПЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ОПЕРАЦИОННОЙ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬЮ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ МЕНЯЮЩЕЙСЯ ВНЕШНЕЙ СРЕДЫ

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that the management of operational logistics activities of organizations in a changing external environment has certain specifics and requires a special approach and methodology. Adaptation to changing environmental conditions requires constant improvement and innovation in the field of logistics, and the study of management principles is an important step in this direction. The effective principles of managing operational logistics activities are include general rules, regulations and requirements which objectively justified and allow improving the logistics system at all. Different authors cite in their research different approaches to the classification of operational logistics management principles. The systematization the principles of operational logistics management includes: reliability and efficiency, scientific and preventive, including integration and concreteness, global optimization and total costs (their redistribution according to the theory of compromises), the development of service and coordination of logistics activities, taking into the principles of developing the necessary complex of subsystems, humanization and extras. The grouping of principles presented in the article in order to build the concept of managing operational logistics activities in a constantly changing external environment, it is proposed to supplement the following three principles: the principle of flexibility and adaptability, the principle of collaborative management and collaboration, the principle of digital information support. The use of the proposed principles in the practice of modern enterprises will optimize resource management, make informed decisions and improve operational efficiency in a rapidly changing external environment. The practical implementation of the highlighted new principles of operational logistics management is justified by the opinions of authoritative studies in the analyzed industry.

Characterization and virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae deficient in SaeRS of the two-component system.

There are a variety of regulatory systems in bacteria, among which the two-component system (TCS) can sense external environmental changes and make a series of physiological and biochemical reactions, which is crucial for the life activities of bacteria. As a member of TCS, SaeRS is considered to be an important virulence factor in Staphylococcus aureus, but its function in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)-derived Streptococcus agalactiae remains unknown. To explore the role of SaeRS in regulating virulence in the two-component system (TCS) of S. agalactiae from tilapia, ΔSaeRS mutant strain and CΔSaeRS complementary strain were constructed by homologous recombination. The results showed that the abilities of growth and biofilm formation of ΔSaeRS strain were significantly decreased when cultured in a brain heart infusion (BHI) medium (P < 0.01). Also, the survival rate of the ΔSaeRS strain in blood was decreased when compared with the wild strain S. agalactiae THN0901. Under the higher infection dose, the accumulative mortality of tilapia caused by the ΔSaeRS strain was significantly decreased (23.3%), of which THN0901 and CΔSaeRS strains were 73.3%. The results of competition experiments in tilapia showed that the invasion and colonization abilities of the ΔSaeRS strain were also dramatically lower than those of the wild strain (P < 0.01). Compared with the THN0901, the mRNA expression levels of virulence factors (fbsB, sip, cylE, bca, etc.) in the ΔSaeRS strain were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.01). SaeRS is one of the virulence factors of S. agalactiae. It plays a role in promoting host colonization and achieving immune evasion during the infection of tilapia, which provides a basis for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of S. agalactiae infected with tilapia.

Discontinuous dynamics in North Sea cod Gadus morhua caused by ecosystem change

Marine ecosystems worldwide experience abrupt changes and regime shifts in structure and functioning due to the interacting effects of multiple stressors. North Sea codGadus morhuais a key example of a species being strongly overexploited for decades, causing an abrupt stock decrease below scientifically advised sustainable levels. Despite reductions in fishing pressure in recent years, populations of North Sea cod have not yet recovered. Why recovery is hindered and especially how ecosystem dynamics interacted with fishing to create a stable low cod stock is an open question. Here, we sequentially apply change point and principle component analyses as well as stochastic cusp modelling to a long-term time series (1963-2018) to show that North Sea cod recovery is limited due to an interaction of fishing pressure, internal stock dynamics and external environmental changes. We found that cod biomass experienced nonlinear, discontinuous dynamics, given the interaction of fishing pressure and climate change-induced increases in temperatures, wind magnitude and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Our results further demonstrate discontinuity in cod biomass due to low recruitment caused by a discontinuous relationship between stock biomass and environmental changes characterized by climate and zooplankton variables. Our study indicates that climate-induced changes in the environment have trapped North Sea cod in a depleted state, limiting the probability that the population will regain its role as a main target species for fisheries. Hence, we highlight the importance of incorporating discontinuous dynamics in fisheries management approaches to achieve sustainable exploitation levels and to identify thresholds of drivers to favour policies to prevent regime shifts.

The Constrained Disorder Principle Accounts for The Structure and Function of Water as An Ultimate Biosensor and Bioreactor in Biological Systems

The constrained disorder principle (CDP) defines living organisms as systems that comprise an intrinsic disorder bounded by dynamic boundaries. Water plays a substantial role in multiple biological processes affecting nucleic acids' and proteins' structure and function. The paper describes the CDP-accounted water structure dynamicity and variability in water isomers ratio. Per the CDP, the variability in the ratios between water isomers is mandated for the inherent variability of biological systems. This variability underlies water's unique functions and enables the flexibility and adaptability required to cope with internal and external environmental changes. The CDP-dependent water structures also determine energy usage. The paper presents water molecules as ultimate biosensors for stimuli in the environment and as the ultimate bioreactors that respond to perturbations by changing the structure and function of the molecules in their vicinity. Finally, it describes the potential of using water-based signatures of variability to improve artificial intelligence-based algorithms developed for correcting disturbances of biological systems by increasing the degree of disorder in systems or tightening the disorder's boundaries.

Innovations in the System of Strategic Management of the Security of the National Economy

The article is devoted to the study of the significance of innovations in the system of strategic management of the security of the national economy in the context of globalization and uncertainty. The strategically important tasks of the modern state are the development of domestic science-intensive production, the development, implementation, development of innovative information technologies focused on the production of competitive products. It is concluded that innovations in the conditions of an innovative economy are not only the final commercialized result of innovative activity that has received demand among individual consumers, but also intermediate results of the innovation process in the form of an innovative idea being implemented in the field of marketing, management, and personnel management. The article systematizes the attributive properties of innovations in the conditions of an innovative economy. The degree of entrepreneurial risk is analyzed due to the need to constantly search for new ways of doing business in a changing external environment and in conditions of high competition. The concepts of “innovative activity” and “innovative process” in the system of innovative economy are distinguished. The system of innovativeness of entrepreneurship in an innovative economy is generalized, if an entrepreneur at any specific stages of the life cycle seeks to introduce innovations, new technologies, innovative forms of personnel management or non-standard forms of interaction with competitors.

THE DICHOTOMY OF IMPROVING STATE BUDGET EXPENDITURE: FROM ENSURING OPPOSITION TO RUSSIAN AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE TO BUILDING A MODERN STATE INTEGRATED INTO WESTERN CIVILIZATION

Introduction. The period of resistance to the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine implies the need to solve fundamentally new tasks facing the state and the accumulation of a large layer of previously accumulated problems. This determines the key need to improve state budget expenditures. The purpose of the article is to develop main vectors for improving the management of state budget expenditures, aimed at ensuring the ability to resist the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the implementation of measures to build a modern state integrated into the European and Euro-Atlantic space. Results. The main vectors of improving state budget expenditures should cover a complex of directions: strengthening the organizational capacity of entities managing budget expenditures, improving priorities for the use of budget funds, establishing effective communications with society, modernizing the procedures for forming and implementing budget expenditures (budgeting technologies), and developing institutional support for the use budget funds. A set of measures has been defined for the period of resistance to the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the period of postwar development of the country with the aim of strengthening the organizational capacity of entities managing budget expenditures, which includes the development of human capital, the introduction of the latest digital technologies, the introduction of artificial intelligence and the strengthening of partnership ties. For the specified period, directions for strengthening the priorities of budget expenditures are outlined, which involve changes in each of the functions of budget expenditures in the economic system (placement, redistribution and stimulation) and in public administration (programming and control). The introduction and application of modern budgeting technologies in Ukraine is expedient in view of the possibility of applying relevant NATO documents during the period of resistance to Russian aggression on optimizing the allocation of resources to maximize the result in the defense sphere and taking into account the potential of European and Euro-Atlantic integration in the post-war period. Identified directions in improving the formation and implementation of budget expenditures, as well as the changing external environment, necessitate the development of institutional support for the budget process. Conclusions. The well-founded composition and content of measures to improve expenditures in the conditions of resistance to the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is aimed not only at solving the tasks that are relevant for this period, but also should create a favorable environment for a flexible transition for the further modernization of relations in the field of budget expenditures in the period of the country's post-war development and successful European and Euro-Atlantic integration.

Зміни стратегій розвитку підприємств в Україні та методологія їх формування в умовах воєнного часу

The purpose of the article is to define the changes that are currently taking place in the strategies of domestic enterprises in a full-scale warfare, to determine the methodology for forming new strategies of Ukrainian enterprises, as well as to find ways to establish the activities of Ukrainian business in a crisis situation. The article analyzes the problems of changing the strategies of Ukrainian enterprises in the conditions of wartime. The factors that most significantly affect doing business in the conditions of russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine are substantiated. The priority tasks faced by domestic enterprises in modern economic conditions have been determined. The priority directions of supporting the economy of our State in the conditions of warfare are considered. The main factors hindering the restoration of the full functioning of enterprises in Ukraine are presented. The principles on which an enterprise can build effective digital marketing during the wartime are revealed. The advantages of the transition of domestic business to online markets are highlighted. The tools on which the methodology used while changing the strategies of domestic enterprises in the conditions of a full-scale war should be based are determined. The stages of the process of changing the strategy of Ukrainian enterprises and the interrelations between them are considered in detail. The conclusions of the article describe the directions in which there should be changes in the strategies of Ukrainian enterprises in the conditions of a full-scale war. Prospects for further research relate to the development of the latest efficient methods of rapid formation of enterprise strategies and the search for strategic alternatives in conditions of uncertainty and a changing external environment.

A Novel Adaptive Spectral Drift Correction Method for Recalibrating the MarSCoDe LIBS Data in China's Tianwen-1 Mars Mission

The Tianwen-1 mission, China's first interplanetary endeavor and Mars Mission, touched the surface of the Red Planet on May 15, 2021. With the successful landing of the Zhurong rover on the southern Utopian Plain of the Mars, the Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) on board of the rover has started to analyze the material composition of the Martian surface by using the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). However, changes in instrument temperature and external environment during operation will cause spectral drift in LIBS data, leading to inaccurate material composition inversion results due to shifts in elemental characteristic peak positions. To address this problem, an adaptive spectral drift correction (ASDC) approach is proposed. By considering the distribution of characteristic peaks and drift differences between different elements, the proposed ASDC method corrects the spectral drift in LIBS science data according to an adaptive spectral segmentation strategy. Experimental results obtained on 36 real LIBS science data that acquired over 19 exploration activities confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of lower average drift values, by comparing with two reference methods. Taking the on-board calibration data as a reference, the average spectral drift values of the LIBS science data before and after applying ASDC decreased from 0.1012 nm to 0.0179 nm, 0.0926 nm to 0.0158 nm, and 0.1697 nm to 0.0103 nm in three LIBS channels, respectively. Furthermore, the resulting decrease in the standard deviation and root mean square error of the average drift values also proved the robustness of proposed method.