Changes In Vibrational Frequencies Research Articles

Enhanced Q-factor in microcantilevers using stiffened inertial amplifiers

Microcantilevers are widely employed in sensing applications because they are highly sensitive to changes in vibrational frequency. The Q-factor, a measure of the effectiveness of energy storage in resonant systems, is a crucial parameter that directly influences the sensitivity and performance of microcantilevers. Conventional approaches to improving the Q-factor by choosing certain materials or making changes to the shape have notable practical and economic constraints. This study introduces a new method that utilizes reinforced inertial amplifiers to significantly improve the Q-factor of microcantilevers. We introduce three setups: the standard amplifier, the compound amplifier, and the nested amplifier, each specifically engineered to enhance the system’s effective inertia. According to theoretical modeling, all arrangements enhance the Q-factor, with the nested design resulting in an impressive amplification of over 3000. These findings present a scalable technique to improve the sensitivity of microcantilevers, offering a potential approach for future experimental verification and utilization in precision sensing technologies.

Single-metal doped Al12N12 fullerene-like cages as carriers for targeted gingerol delivery in various solvents

We investigated the delivery of gingerol (GGL) loaded onto pristine and B-, Mg-, and Ga-doped aluminum nitride (Al12N12) fullerene-like cages in water, methanol, and dichloromethane phases using density functional theory (DFT) to explore its potential for cancer treatment. The chemisorption of GGL via hydroxyl and carbonyl groups on the Al12N12 surface resulted in an enhanced the dipole moment and binding energy (Ebin) in the water phase compared to methanol and dichloromethane phases at the CAM-B3LYP method. This adsorption process resulted in slight shifts in the electronic structure of all the complexes. Adsorption analysis revealed that the hydroxyl group of GGL, unlike its carbonyl group, exhibits strong interactions with the B atom in Al11BN12, the Mg atom in Al11MgN12, and the Ga atom in Al11GaN12 fullerene-like cages. The Al11MgN12 and Al11BN12 fullerene-like cages exhibit weaker binding energies compared to Al11GaN12, resulting in shorter desorption times. This facilitates the delivery of GGL and increases its dipole moment, thereby enhancing its solubility. Additionally, GGL loaded onto Al11MgN12 increases hardness, electronegativity, and electrophilicity while decreasing softness, indicating enhanced stability and interaction capabilities. Moreover, Al11MgN12 exhibits high sensitivity to GGL molecules as a biosensor, owing to significant shifts in its energy gap compared to Al11GaN12 and Al11BN12 cages. Theoretical infrared (IR) spectroscopy calculations indicate changes in vibration frequencies due to GGL adsorption onto fullerene-like cages. Overall, the findings suggest that GGL-loaded Al11MgN12 has promising potential for improving solubility and efficacy in drug delivery systems for biological applications.

System identification for structural condition assessment: Application to critical neoclassical monuments in Nepal

This paper presents structural condition assessment of some critical neoclassical monuments in Nepal using nonparametric and parametric system identification techniques. Neoclassical buildings in Nepal house critical administrative units. Structural condition assessment of such buildings is therefore important for the safety of their occupants and interrupted function during and after major earthquakes. The historical and cultural values of such monuments necessitate regular structural assessment for maintenance, repair, and preservation. Dynamic characteristics such as natural vibration frequencies of structures provide valuable insights on their structural condition. While numerical models are commonly used to estimate eigen frequencies of structures, they are associated with large uncertainties in massive monuments with complex structural and geometrical configurations. Noninvasive dynamic identification techniques provide an alternative means in such structures. Ambient vibration records from six neoclassical monuments in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal are used in this study to estimate vibration frequencies of the structures in different states. The structures were damaged during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, and subsequently retrofitted. Changes in vibration frequencies before and after retrofitting provide useful insights on structural improvement through retrofitting. Input-output and output-only system identification techniques are tested to simplify the structural condition assessment approach. We conclude that the state space system identification can stably quantify dynamic properties so stiffness variation can be confidently extracted, which is the key application for noninvasive structural system identification. Also, using minimum number of sensors, we captured damage aggravation deploying the modal assurance criterion. The outcomes indicate that structural condition assessment of complex structures is possible using a limited number of sensors for circumstances such as damage aggravation to temporal variation (evolution/reduction) of dynamic characteristics.

Biosorption of thorium onto Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae in aqueous media

Thorium biosorption by a green microalga, Chlorella Vulgaris, was studied in a stirred batch reactor to investigate the effect of initial solution pH, metal ion concentration, biomass dosage, contact time, kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of uptake. The green microalgae showed the highest Th adsorption capacity at 45 °C for the solution with a thorium concentration of 350 mg L−1 and initial pH of 4. The amount of uptake raised from 84 to 104 mg g−1 as the temperature increased from 15 to 45 °C for an initial metal concentration of 75 mg L−1 at pH 4. Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to characterize the vibrational frequency changes for peaks related to surface functional groups. Also, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to determine the morphological changes and elemental analysis of the biosorbent before and after the sorption process. The Langmuir isotherm was in perfect agreement with the equilibrium empirical data of thorium biosorption and the highest sorption capacity of the Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae was determined as 185.19 mg g−1. Also, the results of kinetic studies show that the thorium biosorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The negative value of ΔG0 indicates spontaneity and the positive values of ΔH0 indicate the endothermic nature of the adsorption process.

A molecular synergy of non-covalent interactions facilitated via theobromine modifying the self-assembly process of type I collagen

Type I Collagen is a multifunctional fibrous protein present significantly in the connective tissues. Generally, fibril formation process of an interstitial collagen begins with a triple helix alignment to form a pentafibril, which sequentially self-assembles into a microfibril. Typically, this sequential formation can be achieved under an in vitro condition as well by maintaining certain specific physiological parameters to mimic the interstitial microenvironment of collagen. The necessity to study such a kinetically driven process is due to its implications in template fabrication particularly as a scaffold to enhance the growth of specific stem cells or accelerating nanoparticle synthesis. Drawing inspiration from this, theobromine, a methylxanthine that contributes towards the hydrogen bond network via dimerization and stacking interaction was used as a small molecule in modifying the molecular level interactions of a self-assembled collagen. Initially, rheological studies revealed certain variations in the viscous properties of collagen on addition of theobromine. Turbidity assay showed an increase in the rate of fibril formation and its topographical changes were observed through the high-resolution scanning electron microscope. The stability and probable physico-chemical interactions between collagen and theobromine were comprehended from the vibrational frequency changes recorded using (FT-IR) (ATR) and conformational changes using Circular Dichroism (CD) studies. Our results show possible multibinding sites on theobromine, which would compete to bind with the polar and non-polar residues exposed over the monomeric surfaces of triple helix causing a local conformational fluctuation modifying protein-protein interaction.

Probing conformational dynamics of DNA binding by CO-sensing transcription factor, CooA

The transcription factor CooA is a CRP/FNR (cAMP receptor protein/ fumarate and nitrate reductase) superfamily protein that uses heme to sense carbon monoxide (CO). Allosteric activation of CooA in response to CO binding is currently described as a series of discrete structural changes, without much consideration for the potential role of protein dynamics in the process of DNA binding. This work uses site-directed spin-label electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (SDSL-EPR) to probe slow timescale (μs-ms) conformational dynamics of CooA with a redox-stable nitroxide spin label, and IR spectroscopy to probe the environment at the CO-bound heme. A series of cysteine substitution variants were created to selectively label CooA in key functional regions, the heme-binding domain, the 4/5-loop, the hinge region, and the DNA binding domain. The EPR spectra of labeled CooA variants are compared across three functional states: Fe(III) “locked off”, Fe(II)-CO “on”, and Fe(II)-CO bound to DNA. We observe changes in the multicomponent EPR spectra at each location; most notably in the hinge region and DNA binding domain, broadening the description of the CooA allosteric mechanism to include the role of protein dynamics in DNA binding. DNA-dependent changes in IR vibrational frequency and band broadening further suggest that there is conformational heterogeneity in the active WT protein and that DNA binding alters the environment of the heme-bound CO.

Mechanical vibration's effect on thermal management module of Li-ion battery module based on phase change material (PCM) in a high-temperature environment

PCM-based systems play a crucial role in managing the thermal conditions of electric vehicle (EV) battery modules, a critical aspect in ensuring their optimal performance. However, an often overlooked facet in current research is the impact of mechanical vibration on EV battery modules during real-world driving scenarios. Addressing this gap, the current article takes a pioneering approach, drawing inspiration from the groundbreaking study by Du and Chen in 2023. This study delves into the effects of mechanical vibration on a PCM-based Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) specifically adapted for battery modules operating in high-temperature environments. The results, shedding light on a previously underestimated factor, unveil the remarkable ability of mechanical vibration to ameliorate the surge in temperature within the battery module, particularly under high discharge rates. An unprecedented revelation surfaces as mechanical vibration emerges as a factor influencing the thickness of the encapsulated PCM, offering a unique avenue for augmenting the energy density of the powertrain. In this challenging thermal environment, mechanical vibration fosters temperature uniformity among batteries and curtails heat accumulation within the battery module. Remarkably, when the vibration amplitude surpasses a critical threshold, the impact of amplitude variations becomes negligible. Moreover, the intricate relationship between vibration frequency and temperature change complicates the scenario, with medium to high frequencies demonstrating a propensity to enhance the management system's overall thermal performance. These groundbreaking findings transcend the theoretical realm, offering tangible insights with immense implications for practical design and application. By recognizing and harnessing the potential benefits of mechanical vibration, engineers and designers can optimize BTMS, paving the way for more efficient and resilient EV battery modules.

Preparation of Eco-Friendly Composite Material for Mercury (II) Adsorption Including Non-Wood Content From Walnut Green Husk (Juglon Regia L.): Experimental and Theoretical Studies

In this study, the adsorption properties of a composite material consisting of polyacrylamide, an inert polymer, and an extract obtained from the water-soluble part of a green walnut shell were investigated for Hg(II) ions. SEM, EDX, FTIR, and PZC analyses were performed to characterize the newly synthesized material. SEM and EDX analyses confirmed that the surface of the synthesized adsorbent became softer and smoother after adsorption, indicating the presence of Hg in its elemental composition. FTIR analysis showed that mercury enters the structure through chemical interactions, and there are changes in bond vibration frequencies in the presence of Hg(II). According to the PZC point analysis, the point at which the surface charge was zero was found to be pH 4. The Langmuir model was used to calculate the adsorption capacity after investigating the effect of concentration on adsorption. The adsorption capacity was found to be 1.808 molkg−1 (362,67 mgg−1) from the Langmuir model, which is very high compared to similar adsorbents. PFO model was used to explain the adsorption kinetics and very fast adsorption kinetics were observed. The adsorption entropy increased, free enthalpy of adsorption was negative, and heat of adsorption was in the energy-consuming direction.

Analysis of bending vibrations of a three-layered pre-twisted sandwich beam with an exact dynamic stiffness matrix

This paper presents the novel development of the dynamic stiffness matrix for a three-layered symmetric pre-twisted sandwich beam (PTSB), aiming to investigate its free vibration characteristics. The outer layers of the beam are modeled using the Euler–Bernoulli theory, while the core is assumed to deform solely in shear. The boundary conditions and governing partial differential equations of motion are derived based on Hamilton's principle. By applying harmonic variations of displacements, the governing equations of motion are expressed as a tenth-order equation, which is solved to obtain the desired dynamic stiffness matrix. To compute the natural frequencies of in-plane and out-of-plane free vibration for both uniform and PTSBs, the Wittrick–Williams algorithm is employed. The computed frequencies are compared with the results obtained by other authors as well as those obtained from ABAQUS simulations. Various vibration modes of uniform and twisted sandwich beams are plotted and thoroughly discussed. Interestingly, contrary to straight symmetric sandwich beams, the results indicate that flexural displacements in pre-twisted symmetric sandwich beams exhibit coupling in two planes. Additionally, although there are minor changes in vibration frequencies, the mode shapes undergo significant transformations as the pre-twist angle is altered.

A piezoelectric energy harvester with parallel connection using beams of different lengths to improve output performance

The purpose of this paper is to design an energy harvester to improve output performance. The theoretical analysis of the piezoelectric energy harvester has been performed. Reducing the length of one cantilever beam, thereby changing the relative impact position, causing the amplitude of the two cantilever beams to be different, and making the waveform of two beams different. Some experiments have been tested to verify the feasibility of the device and compare the differences with Plan A. Based on the experiment, it can be concluded that the output voltage is higher at both high and low speeds. When the rotation speed is 255 r min−1, Plan B arrives at the optimum speed, and the maximum output voltage is 166.2 V, which significantly increases from 97.2 V of Plan A. The maximum output power is 0.966 W under the load resistance of 10 kΩ. The maximum voltage is 157.7 V under the load resistance of 120 kΩ. Nevertheless, the maximum voltage and maximum power of Plan A are 92.62 V and 0.52 W. Besides, the prototype has fewer materials and nearly 1.5 times the energy conversion rate compares to Plan A. It can light up 42 LEDs easily and can adapt to environmental vibration frequency changes, so it has an intensely adaptable and outstanding performance in practical applications.

Perceived Realism of Virtual Textures Rendered by a Vibrotactile Wearable Ring Display.

Wearable haptic displays that relocate feedback away from the fingertip provide a much-needed sense of touch to interactions in virtual reality, while also leaving the fingertip free from occlusion for augmented reality tasks. However, the impact of relocation on perceptual sensitivity to dynamic changes in actuation during active movement remains unclear. In this work, we investigate the perceived realism of virtual textures rendered via vibrations relocated to the base of the index finger and compare three different methods of modulating vibrations with active finger speed. For the first two methods, changing finger speed induced proportional changes in either frequency or amplitude of vibration, and for the third method did not modulate vibration. In psychophysical experiments, participants compared different types of modulation to each other, as well as to real 3D-printed textured surfaces. Results suggest that frequency modulation results in more realistic sensations for coarser textures, whereas participants were less discerning of modulation type for finer textures. Additionally, we presented virtual textures either fully virtually in midair or under augmented reality in which the finger contacted a flat surface; while we found no difference in experimental performance, participants were divided by a strong preference for either the contact or non-contact condition.

Crystal structure of strontium aluminates phosphors containing bismuth oxides

The composite phosphors SrAl2O4/Sr3Al2O6:Bi2O3/Bi2O4 synthesized by a solid-phase approach have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and optical spectroscopy methods. A redistribution of Bi3+ ions between two phases was observed by changes in crystal parameters, bond length, and vibrational frequencies on Raman spectra. A relationship between the structure of the host matrix and the optical characteristics of phosphors has been established.

Numerical simulation and experimental study of fluid–structure interactions in elastic structures based on the SPH method

The study of fluid–structure interactions in elastic structures is highly important in hydraulic structural engineering. This paper adopts the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) coupling method to simulate dam failure water impact elastic plate flow and solid coupling problems. In addition, a numerical simulation is performed on the study of the free surface flow impact of the elastic plate structure on the main dynamic characteristics, including the impact force distribution and the change process. Additionally, the elastic structure of the vibration amplitude and frequency change rule, as well as the drastic changes in free surface flow, are also carried out. In this paper, the synchronous finite element algorithm is used to analyze the problem to obtain FEM results Additionally, two-dimensional benchmark physical tests are designed for dam-break water flow impacting an elastic plate are conducted, focusing on a comparative analysis of the numerical results of the SPH method with the results of physical tests and verifying the validity, accuracy, and superiority of the SPH coupling method for solving the problem of fluid‒solid coupling in elastic structures. On this basis, to explore the relevant physical quantities that cannot be measured or described during the test process, the flow–solid coupling characteristics of the elastic plate impacted by water flow are further understood by analyzing the nature of the flow field, the change in the flow–solid force of the elastic plate and the change rule of the frequency spectrum. The results show the following: (i) The jumps in velocity between the streams and the strong curvature of the free liquid surface lead to the creation of vortices at the cavities. (ii) The flow solid force under the impact of water flow increases and then decreases, and the smaller the deformation of the elastic structure is, the greater the force is. (iii) The vibration frequency of the fixed end of the elastic structure gradually decreases along the free end frequency, and the larger the deformation of the free end of the elastic plate is, the weaker its vibration response is. In addition, the natural frequency of the elastic plate under water flow impact is slightly lower than that under free vibration of the elastic plate. The related research results provide reference and guidance for the fluid–structure interaction problem.

Evaluation of Pipe Thickness by Magnetic Hammer Test with a Tunnel Magnetoresistive Sensor.

A new nondestructive inspection method, the magnetic hammer test (MHT), which uses a compact and highly sensitive tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensor, is proposed. This method complements the magnetic flux leakage method and eliminates the issues of the hammer test. It can therefore detect weak magnetic fields generated by the natural vibration of a pipe with a high signal-to-noise ratio. In this study, several steel pipes with different wall thicknesses were measured using a TMR sensor to demonstrate the superiority of MHT. The results of the measurement show that wall thickness can be evaluated with the accuracy of several tens of microns from the change in the natural vibration frequency of the specimen pipe. The pipes were also inspected underwater using a waterproofed TMR sensor, which demonstrated an accuracy of less than 100 μm. The validity of these results was by simulating the shielding of magnetic fields and vibration of the pipes with the finite element method (FEM) analysis. The proposed noncontact, fast, and accurate method for thickness testing of long-distance pipes will contribute to unmanned, manpower-saving nondestructive testing (NDT) in the future.

Hybrid Approach for Multiscale and Multimodal Time-Resolved Diagnosis of Ultrafast Processes in Materials via Tailored Synchronization of Laser and X-ray Sources at MHz Repetition Rates

The synchronization of laser and X-ray sources is essential for time-resolved measurements in the study of ultrafast processes, including photo-induced piezo-effects, shock wave generation, and phase transitions. On the one hand, optical diagnostics (by synchronization of two laser sources) provides information about changes in vibration frequencies, shock wave dynamics, and linear and nonlinear refractive index behavior. On the other hand, optical pump–X-ray probe diagnostics provide an opportunity to directly reveal lattice dynamics. To integrate two approaches into a unified whole, one needs to create a robust method for the synchronization of two systems with different repetition rates up to the MHz range. In this paper, we propose a universal approach utilizing a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to achieve precise synchronization between different MHz sources such as various lasers and synchrotron X-ray sources. This synchronization method offers numerous advantages, such as high flexibility, fast response, and low jitter. Experimental results demonstrate the successful synchronization of two different MHz systems with a temporal resolution of 250 ps. This enables ultrafast measurements with a sub-nanosecond resolution, facilitating the uncovering of complex dynamics in ultrafast processes.

Complexes of phosphine oxides with substituted phenols: hydrogen bond characterization based on shifts of PO stretching bands.

In this work IR spectral characteristics of PO groups are used to evaluate the strength of OHO hydrogen bonds. Three phosphine oxides: triphenylphosphine oxide, tributylphosphine oxide and hexamethylphosphoramide are investigated as proton acceptors. The results of the experimental IR study and DFT calculation of 30 complexes formed by phosphine oxides with various substituted phenols or CF3CH2OH in CCl4 solution at room temperature are reported. We show that the PO vibrational frequency changes non-linearly upon hydrogen bond formation and strengthening and that the shift of the PO band could be used for the estimation of hydrogen bond strength in complexes with phosphine oxides. The accuracy of these estimations and the influence of solvation effects on the main characteristics of complexes are discussed.

Collinear optical links based on a GaN-integrated chip for fiber-optic acoustic detection.

This Letter reports a collinear optical interconnect architecture for acoustic sensing via a monolithic integrated GaN optoelectronic chip. The chip is designed with a ring-shaped photodiode (PD) surrounding a light-emitting diode (LED) of a spectral range from 420-530 nm. The axisymmetric structure helps the coaxial propagation of light transmission and reception. By placing this multiple-quantum wells (MQW)-based device and a piece of aluminum-coated polyethylene terephthalate (Al/PET) film on fiber ends, an ultra-compact acoustic sensing system is built. The sound vibrations can be simply detected by direct measurement of the diaphragm deformation-induced power change. An average signal noise ratio (SNR) of 40 dB and a maximum sensitivity of 82 mV/Pa are obtained when the acoustic vibration frequency changes from 400 Hz to 3.2 kHz. This work provides a feasible solution to miniaturize the sensing system footprint and reduce the cost.

Vibration-assisted material damage mechanism: From indentation cracks to scratch cracks

Vibration-assisted grinding is one of the most promising technologies for manufacturing optical components due to its efficiency and quality advantages. However, the damage and crack propagation mechanisms of materials in vibration-assisted grinding are not well understood. In order to elucidate the mechanism of abrasive scratching during vibration-assisted grinding, a kinematic model of vibration scratching was developed. The influence of process parameters on the evolution of vibration scratches to indentation or straight scratches is revealed by displacement metrics and velocity metrics. Indentation, scratch and vibration scratch experiments were performed on quartz glass, and the results showed that the vibration scratch cracks are a combination of indentation cracks and scratch cracks. Vibration scratch cracks change from indentation cracks to scratch cracks as the indenter moves from the entrance to the exit of the workpiece or as the vibration frequency changes from high to low. A vertical vibration scratch stress field model is established for the first time, which reveals that the maximum principal stress and tensile stress distribution is the fundamental cause for inducing the transformation of the vibration scratch cracking system. This model provides a theoretical basis for understanding of the mechanism of material damage and crack propagation during vibration-assisted grinding.

Vibration analysis of radial tire using the 3D rotating hyperelastic composite REF based on ANCF

In order to analyze the influence of tread structure and rotating angular speed on the vibration characteristics of radial tire, a 3D rotating hyperelastic composite REF (3D-RHCREF) model is proposed. Different form uniform cylindrical tread in other REF models, the tread is simplified as a hyperelastic composite revolving shell, whose discretization and parameterization are achieved by using three-order segmented Bézier curve and complete-gradient ANCF space curved trapezoid element. In the proposed 3D-RHCREF, the generalized inertial force with the centrifugal force and Coriolis force are obtained by introducing a rotation matrix into the framework of ANCF. Based on Kirchhoff-Love theory and hyperelastic constitutive relation, the generalized hyperelastic force of composite tread is derived and the compensation of initial generalized hyperelastic force is proposed. According to the D'Alembert principle, the nonlinear dynamic differential equations are established, then the modal equations are derived on the basis of the equilibrium position. By comparing with the FEM model of radial tire, the validity of the proposed model and calculation method is verified. The 3D-RHCREF is used to analyze the influences of internal pressure, tread pressure sharing ratio, belt structure and rotating angle speed on the vibration characteristics of radial tire. The vibration frequency will increase with the increase of internal pressure and the decrease of tread pressure sharing ratio; different belt structures of tread will cause changes in vibration frequency; the radial vibration frequency will be split into two traveling wave frequencies in two directions with the increase of rotating angular speed, and the circumferential/lateral vibration frequencies will almost only increase slightly with the increase of rotating angular speed.

Modeling the effects of external oscillations on mucus clearance in obstructed airways.

Various therapeutic methods are employed to facilitate the clearance of secretions accumulated in the respiratory tracts of individuals with lower respiratory tract disorders. High-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) device, designed to apply variable amplitude and frequency vibrations to the individuals' chests, stands out among these therapies. In this study, the effectiveness of this treatment method was investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on the generated mucus-obstructed bronchial geometry. The conducted analyses compared the effects of vibrations acting in the axial, radial, and tangential directions on the clearance of mucus, which exhibits non-Newtonian flow behavior with shear-thinning properties. Simultaneously, the effects of changes in vibration amplitude and frequency, pressure differentials, fluid properties, and ciliary movements on the flow were separately examined and interpreted. The findings demonstrate that ciliary movements are insufficient in mucus-accumulated airways, applied vibrations enhance mucus clearance, and potential improvements in flow are quite sensitive to boundary conditions.