Regime Change Research Articles

Моделирование теплового режима дорожной одежды и земляного полотна лесовозных дорог

Soil freezing is observed throughout almost the entire forested area of the Russian Federarion in winter. The effect of negative temperatures on dusty-clay soils causes a number of adverse processes that change the properties of the soils themselves. One of the most unfavorable of these processes is the accumulation of moisture in soils under the influence of the movement of the freezing front. When freezing, water-saturated clay soils increase dramatically in volume. This leads to the appearance of frost heaving in the active zone of the forest roadbed, which has an extremely adverse effect on the structure of the entire pavement and can lead to damage to the pavement with a sharp deterioration in the transport and operational qualities of forest roads. To combat frost heaving, it is necessary to study the patterns of changes in the water-thermal regime of road structures. The depth of freezing of the pavement and the roadbed is of the greatest importance for predicting frost heaving and developing measures to combat this phenomenon. The article describes the developed system for monitoring the temperature of the road structure to a depth of 3 m and the measurement results which allow us to evaluate the temperature change at different depths from the road surface and determine the freezing depth. A total of 32 sensors have been installed with a step of 10 cm. A numerical simulation of the freezing process of the pavement and the upper part of the roadbed of a forest road has been performed, with the results compared with the indicators of field observations. Good data convergence has been revealed. According to the results of experimental studies, the freezing value has been 173 cm, and according to the results of numerical simulation – 190 cm. The average error in the results of numerical simulation of the freezing process of the pavement and the upper zone of the forest roadbed has been 8–10 % compared to the experimental data.

Adalékok az abortusz büntetőjogi megítélésének történetéhez

Aim: To examine how the social and, at the same time, legal perception of induced abortion has changed since the Middle Ages. Examining the criminal law norms seems to be a good indicator of this because these norms are meant to play the role of a capstone for the protection of social values. Methodology: Processing and analysis of legal norms and literature data from a historical perspective. A value-oriented analysis of the mentioned sources accompanies this. Findings: The normative system of the middle ages was permeated by the Christian religion and the morality based on it. Thus, at this age, there was no doubt that taking away the life of the fetus was a sin and a crime as well. This rule prevailed in later times until 1945. The abortion ban that remained after the communist takeover was based on entirely different moral foundations. It was based on the fact that workers are needed for social development, and taking away fetal life deprives socialist society of this resource. State socialism later relaxed the rules. This change was followed by the criminal law with a significant lag until finally, in 1962, only illegal abortion was punishable. The changes after the regime change consolidated the legislative attitude according to which the fetus is not a human being. The criminal law norms are also in line with this. Value: Historical outline of the protection of fetal life, with particular regard to its protection under criminal law. Changes in European culture led to the development of different images of people. An imprint of these is the protection of fetal life.

Heritage Making in Former Socialist Towns in Hungary

AbstractCentral and Eastern European countries generally view their socialist heritage as an unwanted, unpleasant burden. The new identity-building processes after the regime change were initially dominated by efforts to rewrite, suppress, or erase the socialist past, while for Western tourists the consumption of key attractions and sites of the built heritage represents a particular form of heritage tourism through which they can experience a slice of an “exotic” past beyond the Iron Curtain. At the national and local levels, there is a vast dissonance between the material heritage of socialism and the identity and aspirations of post-socialist communities, which is even more evident in the case of newly-built, former socialist towns. Through the example of Tiszaújváros and Dunaújváros, my study primarily examines the institutional strategies chosen by these towns to address their socialist heritage. What principles prevailed in the compilation of the local collection of values? What kind of representation of the past do local museums offer, what role does the ethnographic heritage of the annexed villages play in museum presentation and collection, and how are local/regional traditions integrated into the town's image? Finally, through a specific community of memory, a Facebook page, I examine how the recent past appears in individual and collective – often nostalgic – memory, what values the community associates with the town, and how all these relate to the heritagization practices of the local elite.

Soil reclamation of cranberry plantations on reclaimed lands in Arkhangelsk region

In the production conditions of the "Arkhangelsk cranberry" in the Arkhangelsk region, the land use analysis was carried out as a part of land use monitoring in this agricultural production. In 2015, the first cranberry plantations were planted, and in April 2023 about 40 hectares of peatlands were already in land use of the factory including 8 fields (checks) with an average area of 1 hectare. An assessment of the dynamics of change on the area of the created plantation was carried out for all indicators such as the length of roads, developed area and some separately designed structures (except of drained bogs). It was found that the soil indicators of peatlands are normal for this type of lands, and provide favorable conditions for growing cranberries. The analysis of the dynamics of land use in the period from 2015 to 2023 revealed the following dynamic indicators: an increase in the area of active land use by 418.97%, an increase in the area of drained swamps by 310.68%, 5.5 hectares were withdrawn from the forest fund, 42.31 hectares are under development (complex works), the total number of checks for planting increased by 23 parcels, an increase in the length of roads, including dirt roads, by 8.6 km, an increase in the number of fire ponds by 3 pieces, an increase in the number of sludge ponds by 3 pieces, and, finally, 1 recreational site was commissioned. The research has also shown that drainage does not lead to a significant change in the chemical composition of the organic part of peat and its agrochemical properties, so using drainage is not rational. In this case, a slight change in the water-air regime was observed together with the changes in the soil-forming process, and some activities of microorganisms, which was a prerequisite for an increase in the level of mineralization of the organic part of peat. Despite the gradual commissioning of peatlands, environmental sustainability has a trend towards an increase, which should be taken into account in the further development of the enterprise.

Vertical Profile Analysis of Cloud Feedbacks

AbstractCloud feedback is the largest source of uncertainty in climate sensitivity. This feedback is generally discussed in terms of radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere, but the vertical distribution of the contribution of cloud changes to the top‐of‐atmosphere cloud feedback should be discussed to understand the feedback in greater detail. We have developed a simple analysis method called “vertical profile analysis of cloud feedback,” which simply uses radiative flux data from each level of the model. The analysis is applied for typical cloud regimes and the results are discussed together with cloud fraction change profiles. The advantages and disadvantages of the vertical profile analysis, compared with the commonly used International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) histogram kernel method, are discussed. Our analysis has the advantage of resolving the detailed vertical profiles of the contribution to the top‐of‐atmosphere cloud feedback from the changes in cloud regimes associated with warming, such as reduced cloud cover and upward shifts of the cloud layer in subtropical low‐cloud regions as well as the increased height of the melting layer in tropical deep convection. The main disadvantage is that the vertical profile analysis cannot represent the feedback components sorted by cloud optical thickness as in the ISCCP histogram kernel method.

Crustal stress near the Yakutat microplate collision from probabilistic earthquake focal mechanisms

Earthquake source characteristics provide a valuable constraint on crustal stress and regional plate tectonics. Earthquake source studies in Yukon and northern British Columbia have been limited by sparse seismic network coverage. In this work, we leverage recent seismic network improvements to estimate focal mechanisms for small and moderate-magnitude (M>2.0) earthquakes from P-wave first-motion polarity data. We invert these data within a probabilistic framework to rigorously quantify mechanism uncertainties. Subsequently, probabilistic earthquake focal mechanisms are used as input for inversions for the orientation of principal stress axes, and stress shape ratio, for spatial windows throughout the region. We implement a novel, data-driven approach to propagate focal mechanism uncertainty in stress inversion. Our results improve the spatial coverage of existing earthquake focal mechanisms and enable an orogenic-scale study of crustal stress near the Yakutat-North America collision. Overall, the region is characterized by a transpressive stress regime. Maximum horizontal compressive stress orientations exhibit a pattern orthogonal to the Yakutat collision syntaxis. Stress inversion results also reveal an abrupt change in orientation east-to-west, which we interpret as a change in stress regime across the Fairweather-Connector-Totschunda fault system that is likely related to coupling between the subducting Yakutat slab and North America. This work improves our understanding of potential earthquake hazards in southwestern Yukon and the surrounding region.

Migratory strategies across an ecological barrier: is the answer blowing in the wind?

BackgroundEcological barriers can shape the movement strategies of migratory animals that navigate around or across them, creating migratory divides. Wind plays a large role in facilitating aerial migrations and can temporally or spatially change the challenge posed by an ecological barrier, with beneficial winds potentially converting a barrier into a corridor. Here, we explore the role wind plays in shaping initial southbound migration strategy among individuals breeding at two sites along an ecological barrier.MethodsUsing GPS satellite transmitters, we tracked the southbound migrations of Short-billed Dowitchers (Limnodromus griseus caurinus) from two breeding sites in Alaska to nonbreeding sites in coastal Mexico. The breeding sites were positioned in distinct regions along an ecological barrier – the Gulf of Alaska. We investigated potential differences in migratory timing, wind availability, and tailwind support en route across the Gulf of Alaska between individuals breeding at the two sites.ResultsRoute choice and arrival timing to wintering sites differed markedly between the two breeding sites: individuals departing from the more westerly site left at the same time as those from further east but crossed the Gulf of Alaska farther west and arrived along the Pacific coast of Mexico an average of 19 days earlier than their counterparts. Dowitchers from both sites departed with slight tailwinds, but once aloft over the Gulf of Alaska, birds from the more westerly site had up to twelve times more tailwind assistance than birds from the more easterly one.ConclusionsThe distinct migration strategies and degree of wind assistance experienced by birds at these two breeding sites demonstrates how differences in wind availability along migratory routes can form the basis for intraspecific variation in migration strategies with potential carryover effects. Future changes in wind regimes may therefore interact with changes in habitat availability to influence migration patterns and migratory bird conservation.

On Lubrication Regime Changes during Forward Extrusion, Forging, and Drawing

The tribological phenomena concerning the lubrication regime change (LRC) during bulk metal forming are comprehensively studied. A multi-step cold forward extrusion process shows the evolution of LRC and reveals the shortcomings of the traditional Coulomb friction law. The previous works of the specific author’s research group on friction are reviewed, focusing on the LRC during bulk metal forming. Various LRC phenomena from various examples are revealed. It has been found that the drawing and forward extrusion processes are vulnerable to LRC because of significant sliding motion at the material–die interface, and that when the strain hardening of the material is slight, the influence of friction increases, and as a result, the influence of LRC increases excessively. The new findings also include the impact of LRC on the macroscopic phenomena of the process and the reason for the sharp increase in friction coefficient via LRC, which is validated by the work of Wilson. This paper aims to make engineers and researchers think much of the tribology with lubricant in bulk metal forming with a focus on the dependence of tribological phenomena on the state of the lubricants and the irrationality of traditional friction law, especially in the forging of materials with a low strain hardening capability.

‘Were Not Our Hearts Burning Within Us?’ (Luke 24:32): Dysregulated Passions, Righteous Fervour and an Emotional Regime Change in the Roman Empire

‘Were Not Our Hearts Burning Within Us?’ (Luke 24:32): Dysregulated Passions, Righteous Fervour and an Emotional Regime Change in the Roman Empire

Влияние колебаний стока реки Лены на площадь льда в море Лаптевых

The ice regime of the Laptev Sea has significant changes during the last twenty years. After the changes in the ice regime of the Laptev Sea, the influence of river runoff on the processes of seasonal formation and destruction of sea ice have increased. During the period from 2004 to 2022, the average annual ice area in the Laptev Sea has a positive correlation with a fluctuations of Lena runoff. The high-water content years of Lena has stimulated to the speedup of the ice cover formation process in autumn and the shift of the beginning of ice melting in spring to a later date.

Impact of macroeconomic indicators and regime change on debt stress in Zambia.

This paper quantifies the economic impact of regime changes and macroeconomic indicators on debt stress in Zambia using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test. A 1% short run increase in gross domestic products (GDP) increases debt stress by 3.16% and in the subsequent year lowers it by 7.21%; in the long-run the 1% GDP increases lowers debt stress by 22%. In the long-run, a 1% rise in inflation and the lending rate negatively and positively impacted debt stress levels by -1.52% and 3.90%, respectively. Short-run shocks culminated regime change had short-run adverse impact on debt stress by 3.45% in one year and in the subsequent year by -10.35%, with the variables adjusting to long-run equilibrium at a speed of 71.5%. This is the first paper to quantify the empirical effect of macroeconomic indicators and change in Presidents on debt stress, especially in Africa were the problem of the debt trap is perpetuated. The results from the study implies that to deescalate the impact of debt stress on the economy, the electorate should vote in governments that will not fall short on growth driven macroeconomic policies, making it possible for economic sustainability to prevail; and paper seeks to promote good governance and good economic policies as a premise for sustained macroeconomic stability and development.

Embodied national history: leaders, regime change, and regional historiographical trends of independent Cambodia

Abstract Post-independence national historical writings have often been seen as a product of nationalist advocacy and modern nation-state formation. Moving beyond this perspective, this article considers how political leaders took a direct role in promoting different kinds and forms of collective historical thoughts to strengthen their leadership. Specifically, the article explores an active engagement of independent Cambodia's leaders such as Prince Sihanouk, Lon Nol, and Pol Pot, who independently saw national historical understanding as one's own monopolized source of power. It also discusses how different historical accounts in the country were shaped by, and kept up with, other important factors such as Cold War confrontations and regional and global historiographical trends, including “Modernist” and “Marxist” approaches. Discussing these factors helps us understand more critically national historical accounts, which were closely intertwined with specific socioreligious and political circumstances such as political rule and legitimacy, widespread public anxieties, and geopolitical tensions. It also sheds light on the substantial impact of state-imposed historical interpretations on society. As informed by the Cambodian case, this impact can be seen in the implementation of state projects stirred by certain kinds of historical understanding which consequently transformed the living conditions of thousands of people.

The effect of immigration policy regime change on state-level participation rates of the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children in the United States

AbstractThe change in immigration policy in state-level participation rates of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in the United States by citizenship and ethnicity was estimated over the period 2013-2018 using the Triple Difference estimate method. The principal finding was that the state-level WIC participation rate for Hispanic non-citizens was lower by 8.6% relative to all other groups (Hispanic citizens, non-Hispanic citizens, and non-Hispanic non-citizens). This study then not only provides quantitative evidence concerning the ongoing debate about the impact of the immigration policy changes under the Trump administration but also extends the extant literature by estimating the causal effects of immigration policy regime change on WIC participation of non-citizens.

Growth of sulfate-reducing Desulfobacterota and Bacillota at periodic oxygen stress of 50% air-O2 saturation

BackgroundSulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are frequently encountered in anoxic-to-oxic transition zones, where they are transiently exposed to microoxic or even oxic conditions on a regular basis. This can be marine tidal sediments, microbial mats, and freshwater wetlands like peatlands. In the latter, a cryptic but highly active sulfur cycle supports their anaerobic activity. Here, we aimed for a better understanding of how SRB responds to periodically fluctuating redox regimes.ResultsTo mimic these fluctuating redox conditions, a bioreactor was inoculated with peat soil supporting cryptic sulfur cycling and consecutively exposed to oxic (one week) and anoxic (four weeks) phases over a period of > 200 days. SRB affiliated to the genus Desulfosporosinus (Bacillota) and the families Syntrophobacteraceae, Desulfomonilaceae, Desulfocapsaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae (Desulfobacterota) successively established growing populations (up to 2.9% relative abundance) despite weekly periods of oxygen exposures at 133 µM (50% air saturation). Adaptation mechanisms were analyzed by genome-centric metatranscriptomics. Despite a global drop in gene expression during oxic phases, the perpetuation of gene expression for energy metabolism was observed for all SRBs. The transcriptional response pattern for oxygen resistance was differentiated across individual SRBs, indicating different adaptation strategies. Most SRB transcribed differing sets of genes for oxygen consumption, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and repair of oxidized proteins as a response to the periodical redox switch from anoxic to oxic conditions. Noteworthy, a Desulfosporosinus, a Desulfovibrionaceaea, and a Desulfocapsaceaea representative maintained high transcript levels of genes encoding oxygen defense proteins even under anoxic conditions, while representing dominant SRB populations after half a year of bioreactor operation.ConclusionsIn situ-relevant peatland SRB established large populations despite periodic one-week oxygen levels that are one order of magnitude higher than known to be tolerated by pure cultures of SRB. The observed decrease in gene expression regulation may be key to withstand periodically occurring changes in redox regimes in these otherwise strictly anaerobic microorganisms. Our study provides important insights into the stress response of SRB that drives sulfur cycling at oxic-anoxic interphases.1UtHR5dBbf2f8WaGLBYUtHVideo

Reading his Way to Royalism? Sir Thomas Myddelton, Side-Changing and Loyalty in England and Wales, 1639–66

Abstract Civil War allegiance has long been a preoccupation of early modern British historians. They have weighed geographical, religious, political, and pragmatic reasons for British people to choose sides in 1642. A study of the changes of allegiance in the years that followed is just as important. Side-changing reveals the fractures and difficulties that war, regime change, and an uneasy peace created. Most scholarship has examined figures whose ideas and beliefs remained consistent as the world around them changed. This article argues that others changed their minds (and their side) because their ideas fundamentally shifted, through an engagement with oppositional literature, a royalist social environment, and relationships built with royalist agents. Through a case study of the parliamentarian Major-General Sir Thomas Myddelton it examines this process of change. The article takes the study of allegiance into the Interregnum and beyond to the Restoration, tracing the impact of Myddelton's reading, experiences, and actions upon his declared loyalty. To do this, the article proposes a methodology that cuts across historical approaches, using evidence from financial accounts, libraries, and legal cases alongside surviving correspondence and printed pamphlets to build a composite image of a changing mind.

Lithium isotopes track changes in continental weathering regimes across the end-Permian mass extinction in Southwest China

It has been assumed there was a massive amount of volcanic CO2 injection into the Permian-Triassic atmosphere and ocean systems, leading to rapid climatic warming and expansion of marine anoxia. However, it remains intriguing how Earth recovered from such a CO2-driven hyperthermal condition. One potential mechanism involves the negative feedback between continental silicate weathering and atmospheric CO2, which could have helped maintain habitability across the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) interval. This process can be examined using lithium isotopes (δ7Li), which reflect the balance of physical erosion and chemical weathering, and chemical weathering indices such as the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), which indicates the chemical alteration of parent materials during weathering. In this study, we analyze siliciclastic sedimentary rocks from the Lopingian to Lower Triassic depositional sequences in the HK-1 drill core at the Lengqinggou section, a terrestrial coastal depositional environment in Southwest China, to reconstruct changes in continental chemical weathering intensity across the EPME. We observed a significant ∼4 ‰ positive shift in δ7Li, accompanied by a marked decrease in Li content from 26 ppm to 6 ppm. Our corrected CIA data (CIAcorr) also exhibits a considerable decrease from 94 to 59 across the EPME. The new δ7Li and CIAcorr data from the terrestrial section indicate a decrease in overall chemical weathering intensity in Southwest China, alongside an increase in physical erosion rates, suggesting a shift from a transport-limited to a kinetically limited weathering regime across the EPME. These changes in the continental weathering regime appear to be linked to active volcanic activity near the South China Block, which led to massive deforestation and the collapse of soil systems. Dramatic reductions in chemical weathering intensity may result in inefficient atmospheric CO2 consumption through silicate weathering if other climatic and tectonic conditions remain constant, potentially contribute to maintaining high global surface temperatures and prolonged marine anoxia into the Early Triassic.

River Hydrological Regime Changes and Their Attribution: A Case Study in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Using a Multi‐Model Approach

River Hydrological Regime Changes and Their Attribution: A Case Study in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Using a Multi‐Model Approach

Temporal changes in streamflow can predict parasitism levels in freshwater prawns better than host traits

Abstract Understanding how changes in the hydrological regime drive parasite loads and dynamics remains a challenging issue in ecological parasitology. Temporal changes in streamflow and rainfall are key hydrological factors that could alter interactions between the parasite and host and affect parasitism levels. However, to investigate the effect of streamflow, rainfall and its mechanisms, it is important to control host traits that can also influence parasitism levels in freshwater systems. Here, we used a cymothoid‐palaemonid prawn model to test the combined effects of streamflow and rainfall accounting for host traits to predict variations in parasite loads in stream ecosystems. We collected the palaemonid prawns monthly for 2 years and measured the variation of rainfall and streamflow (i.e. stream discharge) at the time of prawn sampling. Our best model showed that streamflow can predict parasitism levels in prawns better than host traits. We found a higher prevalence and abundance of parasites in reduced streamflow compared to increased ones. We also found higher ectoparasite loads in females rather than males and occurring in autumn and winter rather than in spring and summer. Our results also showed that ectoparasite loads also suffer an effect of host body size, sex and moult stage, but not host age. Our findings show that reduced streamflow can facilitate host finding that favours parasite transmission in dry seasons and increase parasitism levels in stream systems. Temporal variability in streamflow can have a strong influence on parasite loads and dynamics compared to host traits in stream ecosystems. Identifying how interactions between aquatic invertebrates and parasites respond to variability in the hydrological regime can help to better understand and predict disease outbreaks as habitat reduction and disturbance continue in stream ecosystems.

Insurrectionary Anarchism in Poland: The Case of the People's Liberation Front

The regime change in 1989 transformed nearly all elements of life in Poland, and the anarchist movement was not an exception. This article focuses on the Peoples’ Liberation Front, the first post-war Polish anarchist group to use violence as its modus operandi. Their actions were rejected en masse by the rest of the Polish anarchist movement, and in particular by the Anarchist Federation, which was establishing itself as the dominant organisation within the Polish anarchist movement. The functioning of the Peoples’ Liberation Front was and still is submerged in controversy. One allegation is that it was a false flag operation sponsored by the newly established civil counterintelligence service. Another view is that it was defined by a series of actions undertaken by youth fascinated by violence.

Challenges of restoring streams to a free-flowing state in semi-arid Mediterranean areas: Lotic systems in Cyprus from the perspective of the Water Framework Directive

Hydromorphological alterations are the most common pressures that occur in freshwater ecosystems, largely responsible for the overall decline of freshwater biodiversity. The EU 2030 Biodiversity Strategy, recognizing the crucial role of hydromorphological alterations, sets the target of 25 000 km of free flowing rivers in Europe by 2030. In this article, we discuss the hydromorphological restoration and mitigation measures in stream ecosystems implemented in Cyprus, the most arid country in the EU. We also assess their ability to contribute to the accomplishment of a free-flowing state, and we highlight the need for restoration guidelines for semi-arid areas in light of the climate crisis and the anticipated changes in water flow regimes. Our study showed that important progress has been made towards reconnecting streams in Cyprus, with the Water Framework Directive being the main driving force behind this effort. However, even in semi-arid areas with severe water scarcity, emphasis should be placed on the demolition of dams and other water storage obstructions, as they are primarily responsible for the interruption of stream continuity. Thus, the development of a prioritization tool is required. Although we focus on the hydromorphological restorations in Mediterranean streams, we argue that the issues raised in this paper concern other geographical regions and river types with similar flow regimes and future challenges.