Changes In Physical Parameters Research Articles

Evolution of heat transfer in MHD nanofluid flow over a porous plate: Insights into the influences of slip and variable viscosity

Temperature-dependent viscosity finds application in various industries such as oil and gas, polymer processing, and food manufacturing. Understanding how viscosity changes with temperature is critical for optimizing processes like drilling operations, polymer molding, and food product consistency. Additionally, it plays a vital role in controlling flow behavior, ensuring efficient heat transfer, and maintaining product quality across different temperature conditions. The exploration of temperature-dependent viscosity in Powell-Eyring nanofluid models represents a novel and unexplored avenue in the field. The study’s novelty is underscored by its comprehensive investigation into a range of factors, such as surface suction, thermal radiation, slip velocity effects, and nanoparticle concentration slip, all integrated within the Powell-Eyring nanofluid model. Moreover, the adoption of bvp4c as a numerical tool further emphasizes the research’s unique contributions. The curves of temperature, concentration, and velocity as a consequence of changes in physical parameters are discussed. Increasing the value of the suction parameter promotes heat transfer but slows the velocity of the nanofluid. The injection of a magnetic field is responsible for compensating for the suction rate. An improvement in the concentration of nanoparticles and temperature is observed as a result of an increase in the slip rate. It is evident that both nanoparticle concentration and temperature rise significantly when Bi, the Biot number, is increased. In the boundary layer, a decrease in velocity is observed as a consequence of an increase in velocity slip, porosity, and magnetic field parameters.

Molecular dynamics simulation study on non-equilibrium melting of sodium crystals at high heating rates

ABSTRACT The non-equilibrium melting of Na crystals at high heating rates and the evolutions of the atomic clusters are studied by the MD method and PTM analysis. Results show that as the heating rate rises from 1 × 1011 K/s to 2 × 1013 K/s, the non-equilibrium melting temperature of Na increases non-linearly from 417 K to 480 K, the melting temperature difference experienced increases from 7 K to 27 K, while the melting time decreases from 70 ps to 1 ps. Through the PTM analysis, it is found that some BCC clusters transform into the disordered Other clusters through intermediate HCP and FCC clusters with increasing temperature, and the BCC cluster's reduction rate and the Other cluster's growth rate are getting slower with increasing heating rate. There is a good correspondence between the evolutions of the atomic clusters, the changes of macroscopic physical parameters, and the peaks and valleys of RDF with temperature.

SPECIAL ISSUE: Male-Female Differences in Psychophysiological Stress Profiles Before and After a Group Relaxation/Biofeedback Stress Management Program

This study used stress profiles to assess whether a biofeedback-assisted stress management program that previously documented decreased anxiety, stress symptoms, medication use, and increased well-being also had physiological effects. Psychophysiological stress profiles are used in quantifying an individual’s responses under stress and during recovery from stressors by looking at their degree of response, pattern of response, and degree of recovery. A stress profile measuring surface electromyography (sEMG), heart rate, and skin temperature was performed on 141 adults before and after their participation in a group relaxation and stress management program. After 10 sessions of skills training, the only significant change in physical parameters was warmer hand temperatures in both males and females. Temperature was also the only modality that was included as biofeedback training within the program. Trait anxiety (STAI) was significantly positively correlated with females’ sEMG before and after the program. Females had significantly colder hands, higher heart rate, and a pattern of higher sEMG than males did throughout all profiles. The responses and recovery from different stressors showed some significant male-female differences. Future psychophysiological and psychological studies should further investigate male-female differences.

Influences and implications of water-rock interaction on physical properties of geothermal reservoirs along the Red River Fault

Geothermal resources are composed of rock and water, in which water-rock interaction (WRI) has a great influence on the physical properties of thermal reservoirs. The Red River Fault is abundant in different kinds of geothermal resources and the main thermal reservoirs are sandstones and limestones. The study has used the water chemistry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, mercury injection, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physical parameters, and WRI simulation experiments to study the physical properties changes in thermal reservoirs. The pores of thermal reservoirs are mainly intragranular and intergranular pores, in which sandstones are dominated by micropores and mesopores while limestones are dominated by macropores. Through the WRI simulation experiment, the reservoirs have generated many dissolution pores and microfractures, of which the pore-throat connectivity has deteriorated. The changes of physical parameters can be divided into two stages with opposite trends, in which the first stage is controlled by temperature and pressure while the second stage is influenced by dissolution and precipitation. The study has suggested that the change stage of physical properties should be clarified to update the resource quantity dynamically in the development process and the components of fracturing fluids should be studied to achieve the optimal improvement of physical properties and reduce the adverse impact on pore-throat connectivity before the development engineering.

Sedimentological characterization of earthquake-generated turbidites in fault-proximal glacial lakes: a case study from Jenny Lake, Teton range, Wyoming

Lakes in seismically active regions preserve valuable sedimentary archives of paleoseismic activity within their catchment and beyond. A series of glacially-excavated lakes positioned directly along the surface trace of the Teton normal fault at the base of the Teton Range, WY, are ideally situated to record past fault activity since their formation approximately 15,000 years ago. Here, we focus on the sediment fill contained in Jenny Lake (5 km2; approximately 73 m max depth) located at the bottom of Cascade Canyon, in the central Tetons, where postglacial slip rates are greatest. Past earthquakes that generated slope failures in and around Jenny Lake are expressed stratigraphically as coseismic turbidite deposits. These deposits were previously identified and dated in sub-bottom profiles and in sediment cores taken from multiple locations around the basin. In this study, we focus on the six thickest turbidites (ranging from 6 to 34 cm thick) present in multiple cores recovered from the central depositional basin and analyze them at sub-centimeter resolution for changes in physical, biological, and geochemical parameters, including sediment density, magnetic susceptibility, grain size distributions, organic content, and elemental composition. Results reveal each deposit contains a well-defined, three-component sedimentary sequence composed of a relatively homogenous and thick basal sandy unit with a sharp bottom contact, a similarly thick silt-rich middle unit, and a thin top unit of very fine-grained sediments. The characteristics of these components and their similarity between individual deposits suggest consistent sediment sources and transport pathways during successive earthquake events. Based on our analyses and the unique local geomorphic setting, we create a mechanistic model of coseismic turbidite formation in Jenny Lake, which may provide an improved framework for identifying, characterizing, and correlating earthquake-generated disturbance deposits in other Teton lakes and lakes in similar tectonic-geomorphological settings, for example, in the Basin and Range Province, USA or beyond.

Experimental study on evaluation of density, P-wave velocity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusion coefficient of granite after thermal treatments by using PCA

Temperature significantly influences the physical parameters of granite, resulting in variations in the rock's thermal conductivity. In order to examine the impact of changes in multiple physical parameters of granite at different temperatures on the thermal conductivity of rocks, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to determine the correlation between granite at different temperatures and various physical parameters, including density (ρ), P-wave velocity (P), thermal conductivity (KT), and thermal diffusion coefficient (KD). Utilizing the linear contribution rate, a single indicator 'y' was derived to comprehensively represent the thermal conductivity of rocks. Research findings indicate that within the temperature range of 150–450 °C, the 'y'-value is relatively high, signifying favorable thermal conductivity of the rock. Notably, longitudinal wave velocity demonstrates higher sensitivity to temperature changes compared to other physical parameters.

Propagation characteristics of obliquely incident THz waves in inhomogeneous fully ionized dusty plasma using the scattering matrix method

The scattering matrix method is applied to investigate the propagation characteristics of obliquely incident terahertz (THz) waves in inhomogeneous fully ionized dusty plasma. The propagation coefficients of THz waves are analyzed with different physical parameters in the case of parabolic electron density distribution. The results show that the transmissivity of lower frequency THz waves have a noticeable variation with the change of physical parameters. However, the transmissivity values can rapidly approach 1 in higher frequency band. We notice that there is a critical value fc≈0.045 THz. When f>fc, the transmissivity increases as the dust particles density and radius increase. However, it is somewhat opposite when f<fc. Significantly, the THz waves exhibit a greater propensity for penetrating fully ionized dusty plasma compared with the weakly ionized dusty plasma. To a certain degree, the investigation results provide new ideas for addressing the issue of “blackout”.

The peculiarities of the execution of natural gas supply contracts

The legal basis for the functioning of the natural gas market of Ukraine, based on the principles of free competition, proper protection of consumer rights and security of natural gas supply, has been determined by the Law of Ukraine “On the Natural Gas Market” No. 329-VIII dated 04/09/2015.
 The supply of natural gas to household consumers is carried out on the basis of the standard contract. According to the content of the provisions of the Code of the Gas Transportation System and the Code of the Gas Distribution System, it is understood that, in order to supply natural gas to consumers, its supplier purchases this gas from a wholesaler at a virtual point of sale, and consumers receive it directly from the operator of gas distribution networks at the limit of the balance sheet ownership of their facilities (at destinations). In the context of updating the civil legislation of Ukraine and its harmonization with the law of the European Union, the study of the peculiarities of the execution of the gas supply contract as a type of contract for the supply of energy and the other resources through the connected network is relevant. Taking into account the specifics of the supply object, namely that natural gas is a commercial product that is a mixture of hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon components in a gaseous state under standard conditions, the legal nature of the supply contract has certain peculiarities. At the same time, under the contract for the supply of energy and the other resources through the connected network, one party (supplier) undertakes to provide the other party (consumer, subscriber) with energy and the other resources provided for in the contract, and the consumer (subscriber) undertakes to pay the cost of the received resources and to comply with the mode of its use stipulated by the contract, as well as to ensure safe operation of energy and the other equipment.
 The peculiarities of the execution of the contract for the supply of natural gas have been determined by the legal regime of the commercial product, which is natural gas, and the peculiarities of its supply (no other than through the gas transportation and gas distribution systems in which natural gas is received from various economic entities, as a result of which it is mixed and changes in physical chemical parameters).

Interrelations of physical state parameters and biological age of students in the process of physical education

Background and Study Aim. The objective of the study is to investigate the relationships of students' biological age (BA) with the parameters of functional and physical fitness (PF) in the process of adaptation to standard (university) and experimental physical education programs. Material and Methods. The studies were conducted at the National University of Telecommunications of Ukraine and involved 140 students aged 17-18 years old, comprising 80 boys and 60 girls. We recorded 55 indices of students' functional state and physical fitness, and determined their Body Mass Index (BMI). The experimental data were processed using methods of correlation, dispersion, and regression analysis. Mathematical models describing the relationships between BMI and key indicators of students' physical well-being were developed. Results. The impact of the program on 17-18-year-old students is marked by a decrease in BMI, an increase in the levels of physical fitness and overall well-being among both the experimental group of girls and boys. Additionally, there is a reduced correlation between BMI and the parameters of their physical health. The key indices of functional state and physical fitness determining the BMI of male and female students were identified. Multiple regression models were developed to illustrate the dependence of male and female BMI on somatic and functional indices. Quantitative characteristics of the degree of partial and total impact of key indices on male and female BMI were provided. It was found that the key indicators of students' physical state (PS) structure, which exerted the most significant influence on BMI, differ between young men and women. In young men, the key indicators influencing BMI include the following: Vital capacity (VC) accounts for 51.9% of BMI variation; self-perceived health status (SPHS) contributes 15.3%; static balancing (SB) affects 8.5%; inspiration breath-hold time (IBH) influences 8.4%; expiration breath-hold time (EBH) has a 0.8% impact; systolic blood pressure (SBP) plays a role with 4.6%; the number of sit-ups in 30 seconds (SU30s) is associated with 0.9%; and left hand muscle strength has a 0.6% influence. In girls, the key indicators are VC (34.5% of BMI variation), SBP (23.1%), and SB (7.9%). Conclusions. The experimental program of increased motor activity leads to an increase in the functional and motor capabilities of students, while simultaneously decreasing their BMI. Among the parameters studied, changes in vegetative parameters have the greatest impact on reducing students' BMI during the annual cycle of long-term adaptation to physical loads. In contrast, changes in somatic parameters and physical fitness parameters have a lesser influence on students' BMI. The calculated equations of multiple regression serve as model characteristics that reflect the relationships between BMI and the key indicators of functional state and physical fitness in 17-18-year-old students. These equations can be utilized to estimate, model, and predict the BMI of 17-18-year-old students of different genders when altering the parameters of their physical state in various conditions of daily life and activity.

Synchronization and firing mode transition of two neurons in a bilateral auditory system driven by a high–low frequency signal

The FitzHugh–Nagumo neuron circuit integrates a piezoelectric ceramic to form a piezoelectric sensing neuron, which can capture external sound signals and simulate the auditory neuron system. Two piezoelectric sensing neurons are coupled by a parallel circuit consisting of a Josephson junction and a linear resistor, and a binaural auditory system is established. Considering the non-singleness of external sound sources, the high–low frequency signal is used as the input signal to study the firing mode transition and synchronization of this system. It is found that the angular frequency of the high–low frequency signal is a key factor in determining whether the dynamic behaviors of two coupled neurons are synchronous. When they are in synchronization at a specific angular frequency, the changes in physical parameters of the input signal and the coupling strength between them will not destroy their synchronization. In addition, the firing mode of two coupled auditory neurons in synchronization is affected by the characteristic parameters of the high–low frequency signal rather than the coupling strength. The asynchronous dynamic behavior and variations in firing modes will harm the auditory system. These findings could help determine the causes of hearing loss and devise functional assistive devices for patients.

Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Quantum Control.

Quantum control is a ubiquitous research field that has enabled physicists to delve into the dynamics and features of quantum systems, delivering powerful applications for various atomic, optical, mechanical, and solid-state systems. In recent years, traditional control techniques based on optimization processes have been translated into efficient artificial intelligence algorithms. Here, we introduce a computational method for optimal quantum control problems via physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). We apply our methodology to open quantum systems by efficiently solving the state-to-state transfer problem with high probabilities, short-time evolution, and using low-energy consumption controls. Furthermore, we illustrate the flexibility of PINNs to solve the same problem under changes in physical parameters and initial conditions, showing advantages in comparison with standard control techniques.

Assessing Lipid Nanoparticle Protein Corona Formation and Cytocompatibility

Lipid nanoparticles(LNPs) represent an emerging new modality for mRNA delivery. Following administration and interaction with blood constituents, LNPs form a corona complex consisting of proteins adsorbed on the surface altering their stability, biological identity, and fate. Cytocompatibility of the LNPs is an important factor when considering their safety efficacy in delivering the encapsulated drug dose, lipid choice and the specific target cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in LNP physical parameters in physiologically-relevant media. Key attributes such as particle size, polydispersity index and zeta-potential were measured using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Cytocompatibility was assessed via CellTiter-Glo® assay. Following 24-hour incubation of LNPs with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), the LNP z-average increased from 92.4 (± 49.0) nm to 131.4 (± 64.9) nm indicating interaction between LNPs and BSA. A decrease in percentage cell viability was demonstrated with increased lipid concentration for MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. This work shows changes in LNP physicochemical properties in the presence of protein and biologically relevant conditions consistent with protein surface adsorption. The cytocompatibility of LNPs can be associated with the type of lipids used in the synthesis of LNPs.

Assessment of the solitary wave attenuation through pervious concrete breakwater

Breakwaters are coastal structures typically used to protect shorelines from coastal erosion by providing wave energy attenuation and reflecting amounts of wave currents. Traditional breakwaters made of impervious materials can have a significant environmental impact, disrupting the coastal ecosystem and altering natural wave patterns. In general, permeability has become an acquainted characteristic since it directly influences the interaction between the structure, the coastal zone behind it, and the lateral zone without structural protection, which makes pervious concrete a sustainable alternative to traditional concrete. In this study, pervious concrete is utilised as a permeable breakwater considering the influence of permeability introduced to deliver ecological friendliness defence for shorelines. A physical experiment was used to evaluate four models of structures that varied in porosity in order to study the physical properties and then analyse the performance of the pervious concrete breakwater over the solitary wave impact. Subsequently, the hydrodynamic scattering coefficient is analysed by considering changes in physical parameters. The results indicated that pervious concrete breakwater (PCB) could effectively work in the case of emergence due to the increased interaction between wave and structure. PCBs can effectively reduce wave reflection and increase wave transmission, with the magnitude of these effects increasing with porosity. The result indicated the potentiality of PCB to serve as a feasible alternative to traditional breakwaters for a prospective coastal protection structure by reducing the environmental impact as PCBs allow for the passage of water and other marine organisms, which can help maintain the health of coastal ecosystems. Finally, the structure of PCBs, which can be prefabricated, could reduce the complexity and time of installation, making them a cost-effective solution for coastal protection.

Study on the prediction method of ultra-micro adhesive transfer ratio based on controlling the change of physical parameters

Nowadays, there has been some development in micro/nano manufacturing technology, but many micro/nano components have not yet been applied as products in practice. This is because the application of ultra-micro encapsulation technology in the micro/nano field is one of the main obstacles. Ultra-micro encapsulation needs to reach the nL (10-9L) level. However, there are some problems with methods that can achieve nL-level encapsulation currently, such as the amount of adhesive output is uneven and uncontrollable. Therefore, this article proposes an ultra-micro dispensing method based on the principle of liquid transfer, which achieves adhesive transfer at the pL (10-12L) level. A way to ascertain the liquid’s transfer state based on the transfer ratio is proposed in response to the difficulty in determining the stretching speed when changes in the transfer state at the pL level. The roles of Ca, receding contact angle, and initial distance in various transfer states were investigated, and a prediction formula for the transfer ratio was derived based on the influence of three physical parameters on the transfer ratio. Verification has confirmed that the discrepancy between the predicted transfer ratio and the actual transfer ratio doesn’t surpass 3%.

WIRELESS SENSOR SYNCHRONIZATION METHOD FOR MONITORING SHORT-TERM EVENTS

Topicality. The key part of experimental research is obtaining the most accurate data about the studied object or event. Often, it is necessary to record parameters of processes that are c hallenging to precisely localize in space and time. The process or event under consideration can occur very rapidly, within fractions of a second, making it difficult for the researcher to deploy and configure recording equipment. This necessitates the creation of a network consisting of numerous recording devices to not miss critical events related to the studied process and obtain a sufficient volume of experimental data. Another issue is the synchronization of data obtained from different measurement devices. Spatially distributed recording devices must operate with a high degree of autonomy, leading to discrepancies in timekeeping and the need for synchronization. In processes with sub-millisecond durations, imperfections in timekeeping at each node have a significant impact: undetected and unaccounted discrepancies can lead to distortion or a misunderstanding of the overall picture of the studied process or event, even after acquiring all the necessary data. This is why the development and improvement of methods for synchronizing data recording nodes in distributed wireless sensor networks is important and urgent task. Task statement. One practical application of the proposed solution is the study of injuries caused by the penetration of foreign objects with high kinetic energy into the human body. These studies are conducted using artificial simulators of the human body made from composite materials and ballistic gelatin, with implanted electronic devices for recording changes in physical parameters. Results and conclusions. The article presents a hardware and software method, along with the technical implementation of the process for synchronizing the local clocks of wireless nodes, integrated into a unified information-measurement system located on the simulator. The proposed method allows achieving synchronization accuracy of no more than 12 μs/second using low-cost commercial off-the-shelf components. The practical part of the research discusses microprocessors from the ESP family, which, in general, provide sufficient time synchronization accuracy when using the proposed method, allowing for cost-effective node development within the system. The proposed method can also be applied in other fields, such as measuring vibrations in electrical machines and engines, as well as structural health monitoring.

Changes of physical and chemical parameters of organic and conventional carrots during storage

In industrialised countries, around 670 million tonnes of food are lost every year, much of it still fit for human consumption. Due to the special nutrient management of organic farming, root vegetables have a higher dry matter content and a lower nitrate content, which also affects their shelf-life. The effect of storage under domestic conditions was investigated in our experiments on organic and conventional carrot lots. It was found that packaged organic carrots in a 4°C environment showed the longest shelf life, lowest nitrate content and weight loss during household storage. The results of the experiment may contribute to lower food waste through changes in consumer habits.

Evaluation of the use of Idesia polycarpa Maxim protein coating to extend the shelf life of European sweet cherries.

Idesia polycarpa Maxim protein was used as a substrate to prepare a novel food packaging material with bioactive functions for encapsulating and extending the postharvest shelf life of sweet cherries. The film-forming solution was prepared from a mixture of Idesia polycarpa Maxim protein, glycerol, and gelatin, and was cast to form a film at room temperature and evaluated for mechanical, optical, structural, crystallinity, thermal properties, morphology, and antioxidant activity. Idesia polycarpa Maxim protein composite film solution was applied as an edible coating on sweet cherries and evaluated for changes in physical and biochemical parameters of sweet cherries in storage at 20°C and 50% relative humidity for 9 days. The results showed that the film tensile strength increased from 0.589 to 1.981 Mpa and the elongation at break increased from 42.555% to 58.386% with the increase of Idesia polycarpa Maxim protein concentration. And in the in vitro antioxidant assay, IPPF-4.0% was found to have the best antioxidant activity, with scavenging rates of 65.11% ± 1.19%, 70.74% ± 0.12%, and 90.96% ± 0.49% for DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, respectively. Idesia polycarpa Maxim protein coating applied to sweet cherries and after storage at 20°C and 50% relative humidity for 9 days, it was found that the Idesia polycarpa Maxim protein coating significantly reduced the weight loss (54.82% and 34.91% in the Control and Coating-2.5% groups, respectively) and the loss of ascorbic acid content (16.47% and 37.14% in the Control and Coating-2.5% groups, respectively) of the sweet cherries, which can effectively extend the aging of sweet cherry fruits and prolong their shelf life. The developed protein film of Idesia polycarpa Maxim with antioxidant activity can be used as a new food packaging material in the food industry.

Hydromorphodynamics modeling of dredging and dumping activities in Mirim lagoon, RS, Brazil

This study aims to employ a combination of numerical models to simulate bed evolution under various operational strategies within two navigation channels in Mirim Lagoon, Brazil. The model simulations accurately represent the water levels within the lagoon. These findings suggest that river discharge plays a pivotal role in shaping the temporal patterns of sediment transport within the system. The morphodynamic model reveals that sediment transport and bed evolution primarily occur in a southwest-to-northeast direction, following the flow of water. The greatest sediment accumulation is observed in the central and southern regions of the lagoon. Our results confirm that channel dredging induces significant variations in lagoon physical parameters, such as current velocity. The bed evolution results indicate that rapid siltation of the channel follows dredging, suggesting a substantial increase in bottom evolution within the navigation channels compared to the unaltered scenario. Our findings highlight that the utilization of hydromorphodynamic modeling, with a particular emphasis on dredge-and-dump strategies, can serve as a precise methodology to enhance natural mechanisms that positively influence channel depth and stability. This approach also enables us to predict unfavorable changes in physical parameters over both the medium and long term.

Research on Neutronics Safety Parameters of the AP1000 Nuclear Reactor under Different Conditions

Changes in temperature during reactor operation may cause changes in physical parameters, leading to core overheating and accidents. It is essential to analyze and assess the safety parameters of the core under different operating conditions. This paper investigates the effects of fuel temperature, moderator density, boron concentration, and control rod state on AP1000 safety parameters. The study uses RMC and NJOY to calculate the changes in reactivity factor, effective delayed neutron fraction, and neutron generation time of the AP1000 reactor under different operating conditions. The changes in reactivity coefficients, neutron fluxes, and relative power densities of AP1000 reactors are analyzed for normal and accidental operating conditions. The results indicated that the reactivity coefficient remained negative under accident conditions, which ensured the safe operation of the reactor. The delayed neutron fraction, neutron flux, and power density distributions are affected by fuel temperature, moderator density, and control rod position. The control rod worth was sufficient for the emergency shutdown of the reactor under accidental conditions. It is demonstrated that the operation of the AP1000 reactor under study conditions is safe and controllable.

Molecular dynamics simulation of the heterostructure of the CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy under an impact load

There have been numerous experimental studies conducted on the CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloys (HEAs) at the macroscopic level. However, it is challenging to quantitatively analyze the shock behavior of the HEAs from a microscopic level through experiments. In this study, we construct single-crystal, twin-crystal, multilayer, hole, and two-phase structures of the CoCrFeMnNi HEAs using the molecular dynamics method. The effects of impact loading on the microscopic level are investigated for CoCrFeMnNi HEAs with different structures. By analyzing the evolution of their microstructure and the changes in physical parameters, the response laws and propagation characteristics of shock waves in various heterogeneous of CoCrFeMnNi HEAs are revealed at the atomic scale.