Changes In Muscle Tissue Research Articles

Toward Early and Objective Hand Osteoarthritis Detection by Using EMG during Grasps.

The early and objective detection of hand pathologies is a field that still requires more research. One of the main signs of hand osteoarthritis (HOA) is joint degeneration, which causes loss of strength, among other symptoms. HOA is usually diagnosed with imaging and radiography, but the disease is in an advanced stage when HOA is observable by these methods. Some authors suggest that muscle tissue changes seem to occur before joint degeneration. We propose recording muscular activity to look for indicators of these changes that might help in early diagnosis. Muscular activity is often measured using electromyography (EMG), which consists of recording electrical muscle activity. The aim of this study is to study whether different EMG characteristics (zero crossing, wavelength, mean absolute value, muscle activity) via collection of forearm and hand EMG signals are feasible alternatives to the existing methods of detecting HOA patients' hand function. We used surface EMG to measure the electrical activity of the dominant hand's forearm muscles with 22 healthy subjects and 20 HOA patients performing maximum force during six representative grasp types (the most commonly used in ADLs). The EMG characteristics were used to identify discriminant functions to detect HOA. The results show that forearm muscles are significantly affected by HOA in EMG terms, with very high success rates (between 93.3% and 100%) in the discriminant analyses, which suggest that EMG can be used as a preliminary step towards confirmation with current HOA diagnostic techniques. Digit flexors during cylindrical grasp, thumb muscles during oblique palmar grasp, and wrist extensors and radial deviators during the intermediate power-precision grasp are good candidates to help detect HOA.

Association of Computed Tomography Measures of Muscle and Adipose Tissue and Progressive Changes throughout Treatment with Clinical Endpoints in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

To investigate the association between skeletal muscle mass and adiposity measures with disease-free progression (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced lung cancer receiving immunotherapy, we retrospectively analysed 97 patients (age: 67.5 ± 10.2 years) with lung cancer who were treated with immunotherapy between March 2014 and June 2019. From computed tomography scans, we assessed the radiological measures of skeletal muscle mass, and intramuscular, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue at the third lumbar vertebra. Patients were divided into two groups based on specific or median values at baseline and changes throughout treatment. A total number of 96 patients (99.0%) had disease progression (median of 11.3 months) and died (median of 15.4 months) during follow-up. Increases of 10% in intramuscular adipose tissue were significantly associated with DFS (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.95) and OS (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.95), while increases of 10% in subcutaneous adipose tissue were associated with DFS (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.95). These results indicate that, although muscle mass and visceral adipose tissue were not associated with DFS or OS, changes in intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue can predict immunotherapy clinical outcomes in patients with advanced lung cancer.

Spasticity evaluation and management tools.

Spasticity is a complex and often disabling symptom for patients with upper motor neuron syndromes. Although spasticity arises from neurological disease, it often cascades into muscle and soft tissue changes, which may exacerbate symptoms and further hamper function. Effective management therefore hinges on early recognition and treatment. To this end, the definition of spasticity has expanded over time to more accurately reflect the spectrum of symptoms experienced by persons with this disorder. Once identified, clinical and research quantitative assessments of spasticity are hindered by the uniqueness of presentations both for individuals and for specific neurological diagnoses. Objective measures in isolation often fail to reflect the complex functional impact of spasticity. Multiple tools exist to quantitatively or qualitatively assess the severity of spasticity, including clinician and patient-reported measures as well as electrodiagnostic, mechanical, and ultrasound measures. A combination of objective and patient-reported outcomes is likely required to better reflect the burden of spasticity symptoms in an individual. Therapeutic options exist for the treatment of spasticity along a broad spectrum from nonpharmacologic to interventional procedures. Treatment strategies may include exercise, physical agent modalities, oral medications, injections, pumps, and surgery. Optimal spasticity management most often requires a multimodal approach, combining pharmacological management with interventions that match the functional needs, goals, and preferences of the patient. Physicians and other healthcare providers who manage spasticity must be familiarized with the full array of spasticity interventions and must frequently reassess results of treatment to ensure the patient's goals of treatment are met.

Biochemical parameters of blood in cats with cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism and acute heart failure

Investigating the impact of vascular blockage on blood biochemical parameters, particularly in the context of acute heart failure, is crucial for understanding the underlying mechanisms of arterial thromboembolism in animals. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of vascular occlusion on the biochemical parameters of blood in cats with cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism. The study involved 12 cats and formed two groups: the first – animals with acute heart failure and the second – animals with arterial thromboembolism. Anamnesis data were collected for experimental animals, clinical examination, echocardiography, and biochemical examination of blood samples were performed. The activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, the concentration of glucose, creatinine, urea, potassium, calcium, total and inorganic phosphorus were determined spectrophotometrically in blood serum. It was found that in cats with acute heart failure, the average value of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity increased by 2.8 times, and the creatinine concentration by 1.9 times compared to the upper limit of reference values. This indicates functional changes in the myocardium and kidneys in this pathology. In cats affected by arterial thromboembolism, the blood serum shows a significant elevation in various biochemical parameters compared to the upper limit of the corresponding reference intervals. Specifically, there is a 4.4-fold increase in alanine aminotransferase activity, a 4.3-fold increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, a 1.4- fold increase in glucose concentration, a 1.8-fold increase in creatinine levels, a 2.0-fold increase in urea levels, and a 1.3-fold increase in inorganic phosphorus levels. The changes in biochemical parameters for feline thromboembolism may be a consequence of functional renal failure, ischemia, and muscle necrosis. Moreover, it was established that in most cats with acute heart failure, the urinary system is primarily affected, and with arterial thromboembolism, changes in muscle tissue also occur. The results obtained are of practical value for veterinary doctors when choosing a therapeutic strategy and prescribing additional diagnostic examinations

Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon exhibit highly divergent transcriptomic responses to acute heat stress

In comparison to most modern teleost fishes, sturgeons generally display muted stress responses. While a muted stress response appears to be ubiquitous across sturgeon species, the mechanisms unpinning this muted response have not been fully described. The objective of this study was to determine the patterns of hematological and transcriptomic change in muscle tissue following an acute high temperature stress (critical thermal maxima; CTmax) in two locally co-occurring but evolutionarily distant sturgeon species (Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon). The most striking pattern found was that Atlantic sturgeon launched a vigorous transcriptomic response at CTmax, whereas shortnose sturgeon did not. In contrast, shortnose sturgeon have significantly higher cortisol than Atlantics at CTmax, reconfirming that shortnose have a less muted cortisol stress response. Atlantic sturgeon downregulated a number of processes, included RNA creation/processing, methylation and immune processes. Furthermore, a number of genes related to heat shock proteins were differentially expressed at CTmax in Atlantic sturgeon but none of these genes were significantly changed in shortnose sturgeon. We also note that the majority of differentially expressed genes of both species are undescribed and have no known orthologues. These results suggest that, while sturgeons as a whole may show muted stress responses, individual sturgeon species likely use different inducible strategies to cope with acute high temperature stress.

EXPERIMENTAL BACKGROUND FOR HORMONE-VITAMIN COMPLEX USING IN COURSE OF REHABILITATION AFTER IONIZING RADIATION.

The aim: To determine the efficacy of the original hormone-vitamin complex in terms of biochemical activity enhancement and muscle system functional activity restoration in the irradiated rat's descendents. Materials and methods: The activity of NADP-dependent malatedehydrogenase and the content of ATP, ADP and AMP were determined in the blood, myocardium and thigh muscles of rats exposed to ionizing gamma-radiation. The rats were also checked in the forced swimming test. The efficacy of the hormone-vitamin complex was determined in all mentioned indexes. Results: Our results testify the expressed changes in muscle tissue functioning in an irradiated person, which was expressed by the dysfunction of biochemical reactions aimed at synthetic energy processes, and by the macroergic compounds level depletion together with physical performance minimization. Our data showed the hormone-vitamin complex injection to irradiated animals and their descendants improved the muscle energy resources due to glycolytic substrate phosphorylation enhancement and due to tricarboxylic acids cycle oxidative potential strengthening. Conclusions: Original scheme of post-radiation lesions complex pharmacological correction prevented the development of tissues providing with macroergic compounds, anaerobic processes strengthening, metabolic acidosis, weakening of both substrate phosphorylation and tricarboxylic acids cycle. The original scheme of ionizing radiation-induced energetic disorders pharmacological corrections in the irradiated animals' descendents we consider as an experimental basis for the reasonability of these compound radioprotective effects testing during the physiotherapeutic treatment of persons exposed to ionizing radiation.

Automated Image Analysis Pipeline Development to Monitor Disease Progression in Muscular Dystrophy Using Cell Profiler.

Muscular dystrophies are inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. These disorders are caused by mutations in the genes encoding structural elements within the muscle, which leads to increased vulnerability to mechanical stress and sarcolemma damage. Although myofibers have the capacity to regenerate, the newly formed myofibers still harbor genetic mutation, which induces continuous cycles of muscle fiber death and regeneration. This repeated cycling is accompanied by an inflammatory response which eventually provokes excessive fibrotic deposition. The histopathological changes in skeletal muscle tissue are central to the disease pathogenesis. Analysis of muscle histopathology is the gold standard for monitoring muscle health and disease progression. However, manual, or semi-manual quantification methods, are not only immensely tedious but can be subjective. Here, we present four image analysis pipelines built in CellProfiler which enable users without a background in computer vision or programming to quantitatively analyze biological images. These image analysis pipelines are designed to quantify skeletal muscle histopathological staining for membrane damage, the abundance and size distribution of regenerating muscle fibers, inflammation via quantification of CD68+ M1 macrophages, and collagen deposition. Additionally, we discuss methods to address common errors associated with the quantification of microscopy images. These automated tools can not only improve workflow efficiency but can provide a better understanding of the histopathological progression of muscular dystrophy.

Sodium and quantitative hydrogen parameter changes in muscle tissue after eccentric exercise and in delayed-onset muscle soreness assessed with magnetic resonance imaging.

The objective of the current study was to assess sodium (23 Na) and quantitative proton (1 H) parameter changes in muscle tissue with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after eccentric exercise and in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Fourteen participants (mean age: 25 ± 4 years) underwent 23 Na/1 H MRI of the calf muscle on a 3-T MRI system before exercise (t0), directly after eccentric exercise (t1), and 48 h postintervention (t2). In addition to tissue sodium concentration (TSC), intracellular-weighted sodium (ICwS) signal was acquired using a three-dimensional density-adapted radial projection readout with an additional inversion recovery preparation module. Phantoms containing saline solution served as references to quantify sodium concentrations. The 1 H MRI protocol consisted of a T1 -weighted turbo spin echo sequence, a T2 -weighted turbo inversion recovery, as well as water T2 mapping and water T1 mapping. Additionally, blood serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were assessed at baseline and 48 h after exercise. The TSC and ICwS of exercised muscles increased significantly from t0 to t1 and decreased significantly from t1 to t2. In the soleus muscle (SM), ICwS decreased below baseline values at t2. In the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), TSC and ICwS remained at baseline levels at each measurement point. However, high-CK participants (i.e., participants with a more than 10-fold CK increase, n = 3) displayed different behavior, with 2- to 4-fold increases in TSC values in the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MGM) at t2. 1 H water T1 relaxation times increased significantly after 48 h in the MGM and SM. 1 H water T2 relaxation times and muscle volume increased in the MGM at t2. Sodium MRI parameters and water relaxation times peaked at different points. Whereas water relaxation times were highest at t2, sodium MRI parameters had already returned to baseline values (or even below baseline values, for low-CK participants) by this point. The observed changes in ion concentrations and water relaxation time parameters could enable a better understanding of the physiological processes during DOMS and muscle regeneration. In the future, this might help to optimize training and to reduce associated sports injuries.

Structural and bioenergetic changes in muscle tissue in idiopathic muscular dystonia

BACKGROUND. Muscular dystonia is a syndrome with localization of the pathological process in the central nervous system and the formation of local muscle hypertonicity. It is relevant to study changes in the muscles involved in hyperkinesis in dystonia as one of the possible symptoms of the disease.
 AIM. To identify structural and bioenergetic changes in muscles in patients with idiopathic muscular dystonia.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS. 10 patients were examined with a diagnosis of idiopathic segmental and generalized dystonia, including cervical dystonia syndrome. The control group included 5 conditionally healthy individuals. All patients received injections of botulinum toxin type A with a TWSTRS and Tsui efficacy score before injection and 3 weeks after injection. Structural changes in the muscles were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5 Tl). To assess bioenergetic changes, the parameters of mitochondrial respiration were studied, including basal respiration during oxidation of substrates (pyruvate and pyruvate-malate), respiration during oxidative phosphorylation with various participation of respiratory chain complexes, electron transport chain capacity (ETC), ATP-associated respiration in a trapezius muscle biopsy.
 RESULTS. Bioenergetic changes in muscle tissue were revealed in the form of a decrease in the indices of initial respiration, basal respiration with the participation of the I complex (KI) ETC in the process of oxidation of pyruvate and pyruvate-malate substrates, oxidative phosphorylation with the participation of KI. Structural changes of muscle tissue in the form of asymmetric hypertrophy and partial fat replacement of the involved muscles are demonstrated. The presence of fat replacement reduced the difference on the TWSTRS scale before botulinum therapy and 3 weeks after injection.
 CONCLUSIONS. Patients with dystonia have bioenergetic changes in muscle tissue in the form of a defect in the work of the KI respiratory chain, but these changes do not affect the effectiveness of botulinum therapy. Structural changes in the form of partial fat replacement of muscle tissue reduce the effectiveness of botulinum therapy.

Brewer's spent yeast replacement in carp diet leads to muscle biomass production, recycling, waste management and resource conservation.

Brewer's spent yeast (BSY) is among the most voluminous by-products generated in brewery industry that adds to the waste; however, smart utilization of BSY could lead to edible biomass production besides waste management. To utilize it for biomass production, it is being used in fish feeds; however, its effect on the fish physiology has been scantily studied. The present study investigated the proteomic changes in muscle tissues of carp Labeo rohita fed with BSY-based diet, to understand its impact on muscle physiology and biomass. Six feeds were prepared with different grades of BSY (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100% replacement of fishmeal with BSY) and fishes were fed for 90days. Highest weight gain%, feed conversion efficiency, specific growth rate% were observed in 30% BSY-replaced group and this group was considered for the proteomic study. Comparative shotgun proteomic analysis was carried out by LC-MS/MS and data generated have been deposited in ProteomeXchange Consortium with dataset identifier PXD020093. A total of 62 proteins showed differential abundance; 29 increased and 33 decreased in the 30% BSY-replaced group. Pathway analysis using IPA and Panther tools revealed that the proteins tyrosine protein kinase, PDGFα, PKRCB and Collagen promote muscle growth by inducing the PI3K-AKT pathway. Conversely, the proteins Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase, Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate5-phosphatase 2A and Ras-specific guanine- nucleotide-releasing factor inhibit muscle growth indicating that 30% BSY-replaced feed promote muscle growth in a highly controlled manner. Findings suggest that BSY could be recycled for carp feed production in large scale thereby leading to resource conservation, reducing environmental effects.

Effects of Whey Peptide Supplementation on Sarcopenic Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

The incidence of sarcopenic obesity gradually increased in parallel with the aged population. This research examined the effects of whey peptide (WP) supplementation with/without resistant exercise (RE) on sarcopenic obesity. Male 8-month-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (10 kcal% fat) or a high-fat diet (60 kcal% fat) for 8 weeks. High-fat diet-fed mice were randomly divided into four groups: obesity control group (OB), RE (RE only), WP (WP only), and WPE (RE and WP). WP supplementation (1500 mg/day/kg B.W.) gavage and RE (ladder climbing, five times weekly, 8–10 repetitions, 10–20% B.W. load) were conducted for an additional 8 weeks. Protein and mRNA levels of markers related to energy, protein, and lipid metabolism were analyzed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). WP supplementation regardless of RE significantly suppressed the increasing fat mass (p = 0.016) and decreasing lean mass (p = 0.014) and alleviated abnormal morphological changes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (p < 0.001). In adipose tissue, WP supplementation regardless of RE ameliorated dysregulated energy metabolism and contributed to the reduction in adipocyte differentiation (PPAR-γ (p = 0.017), C/EBPα (p = 0.034)). In skeletal muscle, WP supplementation regardless of RE alleviated energy metabolism dysregulation and resulted in down-regulated protein degradation (Atrogin-1 (p = 0.003), MuRF1 (p = 0.006)) and apoptosis (Bax) (p = 0.004). Taken together, the current study elucidated that WP supplementation regardless of RE has potential anti-obesity and anti-sarcopenic effects in sarcopenic obesity.

Postslaughter state of muscle tissue of pigs depending on the duration of pre-slaughter fasting

Changes in the muscle tissue microstructure lead to changes in meat quality. One of the causes of the myopathy development is animal stress. Pigs experience the strongest stress during pre-slaughter holding. The study of the postmortem meat structure depending on fasting time is a topical task. The objects of the research were samples of m. L. dorsi obtained after slaughter from pigs that differed in fasting time: 4 (group 1), 8 (group 2), 10 (group 3), 16 (group 4) and 18 (group 5) hours (N = 20, n = 4). Investigation of the microstructure and morphometric measurements were carried out on preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Myopathic changes in muscle tissue were assessed using a semi-quantitative method developed earlier. All studied samples were characterized by the uniform condition of muscle tissue. Statistically significant differences between individual groups were observed regarding the number and area of giant fibers, sarcomere length, diameter of muscle fibers and proportion of muscle fibers, which diameter was lower or higher by 1/3 than the mean fiber diameter. An increase in the pre-slaughter holding time reduced the number and area of giant fibers (r = –0.8437 and –0.5796, respectively), as well as the diameter of “normal” fibers (r = –0.5337), which positively influenced pork quality. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were characterized by the presence of signs of moderate and pronounced myopathy. Only one carcass with pronounced myopathic signs was revealed in each of groups 4 and 5. In group 4, one carcass did not have signs of myopathy. Pre-slaughter holding during 4, 8 and 10 hours led to deterioration of pork quality. The recommended fasting time is 16 hours.

P.32 Impact of age on muscle volume and T2-relaxation time during adulthood in mice using quantitative MRI

Overall ageing is associated with a loss of muscle volume and function over time; nevertheless, detailed changes of muscle tissue are incompletely understood. In this preliminary study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess the effect of age on muscle volume and T2. A cohort of 13 C57Bl/6J Rj male mice was followed from 2.5 to 17 months of age. MRI acquisitions were done at 7 Tesla using a 1H surface cryoprobe. Muscle volume and T2 of the anterior compartment (TA+EDL: tibialis anterior + extensor digitorum longus) were assessed by cross sectional area (CSA) from high-resolution gradient-echo axial images and from a multi-slice multi echo MRI sequence, respectively. Student's paired t test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Body weight increased up to 12 months and stayed constant until 17 months of age. Muscle volume reached its maximum at 9 months of age. The maximum CSA of TA+EDL muscles, measured on a single slice, decreased significantly from 9 to 17 months of age (8±0.5 mm² at 9 m/o vs 7.1±0.4 mm² at 17 m/o). In parallel, muscle T2 increased significantly from 2.5 to 17 months of age (T2 at 2.5 m/o = 21.5 ±0.2 ms vs T2 at 17 m/o = 22.6±0.3 ms) and from 2.5 to 6 months of age (T2 at 6 m/o = 22.3±0.4 ms). A similar tendency was also observed between 9 and 17 months of age (T2 at 9 m/o = 22± 0.5; p = 0.054). Repeated acquisitions of high-resolution images allowed for longitudinal follow-up of muscle volume from 2.5 up to 17 months of age in mice. The onset of muscle ageing seems to be around 9 months whereas body weight still increases up to 12 months. Muscle T2 increased significantly with age over the timespan of the study. In young ages (2.5 to 6 m/o), T2 increase probably reflects slight changes of histological water compartmentation related to tissue maturation. Ongoing experiments will refine this longitudinal follow-up and provide data at older ages.

Changes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue during cytotoxic chemotherapy for testicular germ cell carcinoma and associations with adverse events.

To quantify changes in body composition during cytotoxic chemotherapy for germ cell carcinoma of the testis (GCT) and evaluate associations between change in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and chemotherapy-associated adverse events. This retrospective single-institution study evaluated men with GCT treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy from 2005 to 2018. We measured skeletal muscle index (SMI [cm2/m2]), skeletal muscle density (SMD [Hounsfield Units (HU)]), skeletal muscle gauge (SMG [cm²*HU/m²]), fat mass index (FMI [kg/m2]), visceral adipose index (VAI [cm2/m2]), and subcutaneous adipose index (SAI [cm2/m2]) on axial computed tomography images at the level of the third lumbar vertebra within 75 days before and after chemotherapy. Chemotherapy-associated adverse events (AE) were graded based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0.) Changes in body composition were quantified. Predictors of change in body composition were evaluated with multivariable linear regression. Associations between baseline or change in body composition and AEs were estimated with multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, comorbidity, performance status, stage, and number/type of chemotherapy cycles. 141 patients (median age, 30 years [IQR 25-39]) including 86 patients (61%) with non-seminomatous GCT were included. Patients received a median of 3 cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and 124 patients (88%) completed planned chemotherapy. Median observed changes in SMI, SMD, and SMG were -6% (P<0.0001), -2% (P=0.07), and -7% (P<0.0001), respectively, while FMI increased 5.3% (P<0.0001). Overall, 120 patients (85%) experienced at least one AE including one or more ≥grade 3 AE in 57 patients (48%). Decrease in SMI (OR: 0.89, P=0.02), decrease in SMG (OR: 0.88, P=0.01,) and post-chemotherapy SMG (OR: 0.94, P=0.05) were independently associated with higher incidence of AEs, while pre-chemotherapy skeletal muscle parameters and post-chemotherapy SMI and SMD were not associated with AEs (P>0.05 for all). Preoperative adipose tissue or change in adiposity was not associated with incidence of AEs. In men with GCT receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and quality during chemotherapy were associated with a higher incidence of chemotherapy-associated AEs. Adipose tissue was not associated with the incidence of AEs.

Effects of salidroside on exercise tolerance of mice under high altitude hypoxia environment.

To investigate the effect of salidroside on the exercise tolerance of mice under high altitude hypoxia environment. C57BL/6J healthy male mice were randomly divided into normoxia control group, model control group, Rhodiola rosea capsule group and salidroside low-dose (5 mg/kg), medium-dose (10 mg/kg) and high-dose (20 mg/kg) groups, with 15 mice in each group. After 3 days, all groups (except the normoxia control group) entered a plateau with an altitude of 4010 m. After 1 day of hypoxia exposure, the exhausted swimming test was performed to determine the exhaustive time of mice; the pathological changes of liver and muscle tissue were observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2), glutathione (GSH), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glycogen, lactate and ATPase were measured and compared among groups. Compared with the normoxia control group, the exhaustive swimming time of the model control group was shortened ( P<0.05), the liver tissue and muscle tissue were pathologically damaged, the level of oxidative stress was significantly increased, the levels of sodium potassium ATPase and calcium magnesium ATPase were significantly increased. Compared with the model control group, the exhaustive swimming time of the mice in the Rhodiola rosea capsule group and salidroside groups was significantly prolonged ( P<0.05). The oxidative stress injury was alleviated, the contents of MDA, H 2O 2 and lactic acid in liver and muscle tissues decreased, the contents of GSH, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen increased, and the activities of T-SOD and ATPase increased (all P<0.05). Salidroside has significant anti-fatigue activity, and its anti-fatigue effect is related to the reduction of oxidative stress damage, the reduction of the accumulation of undesirable metabolites and the increase in the reserve of energy substances.

Pathomorphological changes of the stomach and intestinum crassum in the intestinal form of parvoviral enteritis in dogs

Based on the analysis of literature sources, monitoring results and our own research, it has been established that viral enteritis occupies a leading place in the infectious pathology of dogs and causes significant damage to animal owners. Viral enteritis, most commonly caused by parvovirus, causes severe gastrointestinal disorders and is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in dogs under 6 months of age. Therefore, given the relevance of this issue, the result of our study is to clarify, supplement and summarize data on the pathomorphological features of the intestinal form of parvovirus infection in dogs. Diagnostic studies to confirm parvovirus enteritis were performed using VetExpert CPV Ag or CPV/CCV Ag rapid tests, as well as by ELISA and PCR. Dissection of dead animals was performed in the conventional sequence. For pathomorphological examination, samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract, fixed in 10 % neutral formalin solution, followed by dehydration in alcohols of increasing concentration and the procedure of organ compaction according to the generally accepted method. Histological sections 6–10 μm thick were obtained using a microtome. The article presents the results of pathological changes in dogs with parvovirus enteritis, namely macroscopically under the serous membrane of the stomach revealed striped hemorrhages, duodeno-gastric reflux, manifested by gray-green color of the mucous membrane (bile accumulation). Histological methods have shown that the blood vessels of the submucosal base of the mucous membrane are clearly dilated, filled with blood. The mucous membrane is swollen, unevenly colored in all parts of the stomach. In the muscular membrane of the stomach wall, the vast majority of cells were in a state of granular dystrophy, and in some animals, necrotic changes in smooth muscle tissue were recorded. Histochemical studies revealed the development of microscopic changes that indicated hypersecretion of mucus (acidic proteins) in the stomach of sick dogs. No specific macroscopic changes in the colon were recorded. Microscopically, a small amount of cellular detritus with mucus fragments, goblet cell hyperplasia, and a reaction of epithelial cells that were in a state of granular, less often, hydropic dystrophy were recorded on the lumen of the colon on the mucosal surface.

Histological changes in lingual striated muscle tissue of human cadavers to estimate the postmortem interval.

Although there are physiological methods to determine the postmortem interval (PMI), interval forensic histopathology can be applied to obtain accuracy. The aim was to describe the histological changes in human lingual striated musculature at different PMI. Seven groups were formed according to increasing PMI of 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120h postmortem (PM). Each group was made up of 16 samples of tongues from each cadaver. The samples were fixed in buffered formaldehyde at 10% and processed for embedding in paraplast. Section 5μm thick were cut and dyed with H&E for analysis. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador. The histological changes in the striated muscle cells of the tongue were associated with the different PMI. From 6 to 24h PM, there were initial changes in the cellular and nuclear morphology. At 48h PM, at least 50% of the samples presented poorly conserved and reduced muscle striations. At 72h PM, 100% of the cases presented myofibers with altered morphology, cytoplasmic vacuoles (93.75%), edema (68.55%) and pyknosis (93.75%). At 96 and 120h PM, the myofibers presented pyknotic nuclei, and they were absent in the rest. The changes in the histology of the human lingual striated muscle make it possible to estimate the PMI, either in the early phase (0-72h) or the late phase (92-120h). However, further research is needed to verify, refine and expand on these results.

The Potential Role of Myokines/Hepatokines in the Progression of Neuronal Damage in Streptozotocin and High-Fat Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mice.

Background: Diabetes is highly prevalent, and the number of patients with diabetic sarcopenia and cognitive impairment has grown, leading to decreased quality of life. Although the exact mechanisms between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment have not been elucidated, it is speculated that muscle and liver-derived mediators might contribute to brain function. This study examined the molecular mechanisms associated with muscle-brain interaction accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) caused by aberrant energy metabolism via myokines/hepatokines in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. Methods: T2DM was induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Behavior tests were conducted to analyze grip strength and cognitive function. Histopathological changes in skeletal muscle and brain tissue were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the protein levels of biomarkers related to energy metabolism via myokines/hepatokines were measured by western blot. Results: T2DM caused peripheral and central IR. Furthermore, T2DM led to aberrant energy metabolism through the reduced fibroblast growth factor 21 dependent AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)/surtuin1/proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α pathway in T2DM. Subsequently, reduced circulating myokines/hepatokines were in accordance with their levels with hippocampal neuronal markers in T2DM mice. Accordingly, skeletal muscle (muscle strength: 2.83 ± 0.39 vs. 2.187 ± 0.51, p = 0.004) and brain function (PAT: 38.5 ± 57.91 vs. 11.556 ± 12.03, p = 0.02) impairment and morphological changes (muscle cross-sectional area: 872.43 ± 242.87 vs. 743.68 ± 169.31, p = 0.01; density of neurons in hippocampus: 145 ± 15.13 vs. 77 ± 35.51, p = 0.05; density of neurons in cortex: 138.333 ± 6.66 vs. 78 ± 17.35, p = 0.05) were shown in T2DM mice. In addition, the working ability demonstrated by Y-maze was positively correlated with % lean mass (p = 0.046, R = 0.3426). Conclusions: T2DM led to aberrant energy in skeletal muscle and brain via myokines/hepatokines. This study suggested that myokines and hepatokines might have potential roles in skeletal muscle and central metabolic functions which can mediate cognitive function in T2DM mice.

Linking Mitochondrial Function to Insulin Resistance: Focusing on Comparing the Old and the Young.

Long-term intake of high-energy diet can lead to decreased insulin sensitivity and even insulin resistance, eventually leading to diabetes. Diabetes often occurs in middle-aged and elderly people. However, there is growing evidence that the incidence rate of young body is increasing over the years. This means that insulin resistance can be caused by excessive energy intake in both young and old people. In this study, high-fat diet (HFD) and normal diet were fed to rats of elderly experimental group (EE), elderly control group (EC), young experimental group (YE), and young control group (YC), respectively, for 8 weeks, by which insulin resistance model was obtained. Insulin sensitivity was measured, histopathology changes in liver and skeletal muscle tissues were observed, and mitochondrial fusion and division and cell senescence were detected in four groups of rats. The results showed that both young and elderly rats developed significant insulin resistance, fat deposition, decline of mitochondrial function and mitochondrial biosynthesis in liver and skeletal muscle, and cell aging after HFD feeding. In addition, the degree of mitochondrial dysfunction and aging in young rats was similar to that of aged rats fed a normal diet after HFD. This experiment provides a reference for an in-depth study of the regulatory mechanisms of cellular energy metabolism in this state.

Campanumoea javanica Bl. activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and reduces sarcopenia in a T2DM rat model

Abstract Objective: Sarcopenia causes loss of skeletal muscle and function, thus seriously affecting the physical function and quality of life in the elderly. This article discusses the specific molecular mechanism and ameliorating effects of Tudangshen (TDS) on sarcopenia in elderly rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Elderly Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly selected and fed with a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish T2DM model. The model rats were stratified and randomly divided into model group, metformin group, TDS high-dose group, TDS medium-dose group, and TDS low-dose group according to blood glucose combined with body weight, and the same batch of old SD rats were set as normal control group. The effects of TDS in an elderly T2DM sarcopenia rat model were evaluated by observing body positions of the rats, analyzing blood biochemistry, testing exercise capacity, and pathologically staining sectioned gastrocnemius muscle tissues. The molecular mechanisms of the effects were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Results: TDS has no statistically significant effect on blood glucose, insulin and glycosylated serum protein in aged rats with T2DM, but it can reduce levels of glycosylated serum protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein; it improves pathological changes in rat gastrocnemius muscle tissues, and increases muscle cell activity in elderly rats with T2DM and sarcopenia. TDS also promoted the upregulation of the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ribosomal protein S6 kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding rotein1 mRNA in rats and triggered an increase in corresponding protein levels. Conclusions: TDS alleviated muscle decline in elderly rats with T2DM by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and regulating the synthesis of corresponding proteins. Graphical abstract: http://links.lww.com/AHM/A11