Changes In Law Research Articles

External Flow Field and Rock Erosion Characteristics of a Coaxial Straight‐Swirling Mixed Jet

ABSTRACTRadial jet drilling is an effective technology for mining coal‐bed methane. A self‐propelled jet bit greatly affects drilling efficiency. Simulations and laboratory experiments using a coaxial straight‐swirling mixed jet (CSMJ) were performed to study the flow field and rock erosion characteristics, and analyze laws influencing key structural parameters (straight‐swirling flow ratio N, slot length–width ratio dr/ds, mixing chamber length–diameter ratio Lq/Dq, and linear segment length–diameter ratio Lf/df) on the flow field and rock erosion characteristics, and study the change law of the axial velocity of the flow field under different structural parameters and the distribution law of the three‐dimensional velocity along the radial direction at the non‐dimensional injection distance of 5.56. The CSMJ displayed characteristics of a straight jet, having a high‐velocity area near the axis. The velocity was attenuated with increasing dimensionless jet distance Ls/df. The bit also displayed characteristics of a swirling jet, with an obvious jet diffusion with increased Ls/df. N affected the distribution ratio of the straight and swirling jets, and dr/ds mainly affected CSMJ rotational shear energy. With the centerline velocity and radial distribution of the CSMJ as evaluation indices, the optimal parameters of the CSMJ suitable for self‐propelled drilling were N = 0.46, dr/ds = 3.88, Lq/Dq = 0.67, and Lf/df = 0.56. Optimal flow field parameters also optimized the erosion capability, realizing the mutual verification of experimental and simulation results. The erosion hole crushing volume was used as the evaluation sequence. The parameter's sensitivity to the rock erosion volume was Ls/df > Lq/Dq > dr/ds > N. The results provide engineering guidance for determining reasonable parameters for radial jet drilling.

Mechanism of microscopic behind the influence of stress loading on gas adsorption by coal

This study aims to explore the mechanism behind the influence of stress on gas adsorption by coal during deep mining and improve the accuracy of gas disaster prevention and control. To achieve this aim, thermodynamic analysis was conducted on the process of gas adsorption by loaded coal, and modified thermodynamic model proposed by previous scholars. It is found that stress plays an important role in gas adsorption by coal. In addition, isothermal adsorption experiments were performed on coal samples under different stress states with the aid of a coal rock triaxial adsorption and desorption experimental device. Based on the experimental results, the variations in adsorption capacities of coal samples under different stress loads were obtained. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation of gas adsorption was conducted by taking lignite as the research object. The microscopic mechanism of gas adsorption by loaded coal is elucidated from the perspectives of isothermal adsorption parameters of the loaded coal, isothermal heat of adsorption, and the changing law of the probability density distribution of adsorbed gas molecules. The research findings are anticipated to offer theoretical and practical guidance for the prevention and control of gas disasters in deep coal mines and the extraction of coalbed methane.

Banking concentration and its determinants at the regional level during the Spanish developmentalism

Abstract In 1962, Spain implemented significant banking law changes to boost competition. This study investigates their impact on provincial banking concentration from 1964 to 1975, utilising novel provincial-level private bank balance sheet data and including savings banks. Results show a substantial decline in concentration across most provinces. Panel data models identify the determinants of banking concentration: larger populations and higher gross domestic product per capita correlate with lower concentration, while agrarian-focused provinces exhibit higher concentration. The provincial financial sector's structure also matters, with a higher number of branches and headquarters per capita associated with reduced banking concentration. These findings refine existing literature and provide new insights into the intricate relationship between banking concentration and regional economies in Spain.

High tackle headache: implications of referee agreement for tackle height law change

ObjectivesRugby Union has a relatively high risk of injury. Early evidence suggests a benefit of lowering tackle height to reduce head and neck injuries, although concerns persist among stakeholders regarding...

Legal Framework and Practical Challenges of Bangladesh Environmental Legislation: A Critical Examination of Climate Change Adaptation, Environmental Judiciary, and Enforcement

The article critically analyses Bangladesh’s environmental legal framework, emphasizing climate change adaptation, ecological tribunals, and obstacles to implementation. The study adds three new ideas. First, it offers an innovative framework for the efficiency of Bangladesh’s environmental courts, indicating that institutional constraints and procedural complexity are the main ecological matters that are successfully resolved. Second, it presents a comparative study of climate change laws in South Asian countries, showing that, although Bangladesh’s legal system is extensive, it lacks efficient enforcement compared to its neighbors. Third, it identifies previously undocumented barriers through environmental court judges, legal practitioners, and affected communities.

On the obligations of states to respond to climate change and China’s legal consequences: based on the advisory opinion in case no. 31 of the international tribunal for the law of the sea

IntroductionClimate change presents a critical global challenge, requiring states to develop and implement robust legal and policy frameworks. The 2024 Advisory Opinion issued by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in Case No. 31 highlights the legal obligations of states under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to address climate change, emphasizing the role of the marine environment in this context.MethodsThis study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the Advisory Opinion and examines its implications for China’s existing climate change legal framework. The analysis identifies key challenges, including expanded legal responsibilities, the harmonization of international law with domestic legislation, and the increased risk of international climate litigation for domestic enterprises.ResultsThe Advisory Opinion establishes a higher standard for China’s legislative response to climate change, necessitating the integration of its international obligations into its domestic legal framework. Key findings reveal gaps in China’s current legal system and emphasize the need for proactive measures to align with international standards.DiscussionTo address these challenges, the paper proposes several recommendations: developing a comprehensive legal framework for climate change, reinforcing due diligence obligations, establishing a robust climate monitoring and assessment system, and enhancing the capacity of domestic enterprises to handle international climate litigation. These measures aim to position China as a proactive contributor to global climate governance.ConclusionThe study provides valuable insights for advancing China’s climate change law and aligning it with the international legal framework. The proposed measures serve as essential guidance for China to assume greater responsibility and influence within the global climate legal system.

A hybrid ice-mélange model based on particle and continuum methods

Abstract. Ice mélange, a composite of sea ice and icebergs, can have a major influence on sea-ice–ocean interactions. However, ice mélange has not been represented in climate models because numerically efficient realizations do not exist. This motivates the development of a prototype of a dynamic hybrid ice-mélange model that we present in this paper. In our approach, icebergs are included as particles, while sea ice is treated as a continuum. To derive a joint continuum for ice mélange, we integrate particle properties into the sea-ice continuum. Thus, icebergs are viewed as thick, compact pieces of sea ice. The ice-mélange formulation is based on the viscous–plastic sea-ice rheology, which is currently the most widely used material law for sea ice in climate models. Starting from the continuum mechanical formulation, we modify the rheology such that icebergs are held together by a modified tensile strength in the material law. Due to the particle approach, we do not need highly resolved spatial meshes to represent the typical size of icebergs in ice mélange (< 300 m). Instead, icebergs can be tracked on a subgrid level, while the typical resolution of the sea-ice model can be maintained (≥10 km). This is an appealing property for computational efficiency and for an inclusion within large-scale models. In idealized test cases, we demonstrate that the proposed changes in the material law allow for a realistic representation of icebergs within the viscous–plastic sea-ice rheology. Furthermore, we show that subgrid dynamics, such as polynya formation due to grounded icebergs, can be modelled with the hybrid approach. Overall, this suggested extension of the viscous–plastic sea-ice model is a promising path towards the integration of ice mélange into climate models.

Investigation of Factors Influencing Solenoid Valve Speed Response Characteristics of the Common Rail Injector

The dynamic injection characteristics of high-pressure common rail fuel injection systems are determined by the speed response performance of the solenoid valve. A simulation model has been established for investigating the influence mechanism and change law of characteristic parameters on speed response characteristics of the solenoid valve. The speed response characteristics of the solenoid valve, including the average opening speed, the average closing speed, the maximum opening speed, and the maximum closing speed, caused by the changes of characteristic parameters such as pre-tightening force of the solenoid valve spring, mass of the solenoid valve moving parts, diameter of the outflow orifice, diameter of the inflow orifice, diameter of the control piston, and pressure in the common rail, have been studied. The correlation analysis of the influence factors is carried out by using the experimental design method based on the response surface model, and the correlation coefficients between each factor and the speed response characteristics of the solenoid valve are obtained. The results show that both single factors and interaction factors of the parameters are correlated with the speed response characteristics of the solenoid valve. The results of this paper can provide a theoretical reference for the design and optimization of the high-pressure common rail injector.

The ITLOS advisory opinion on climate change: Revisiting the relationship between the United Nations convention on the law of the sea and the Paris agreement

AbstractThe International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) has issued its highly anticipated Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and International Law, following a request from the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS). The landmark Advisory Opinion elucidated numerous contentious issues around the interplay between the climate change and the law of the sea regimes. This article critically examines the ITLOS Advisory Opinion with respect to the relationship between the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), contextualising them within the extensive academic and political discourse preceding the Opinion. In particular, the lex specialis question is brought into sharper focus. The Tribunal rejected the notion that the Paris Agreement is lex specialis with respect to climate change impacts on the ocean and clarified the nexus between adaptation measures and the overarching obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment. The analysis reveals that the Advisory Opinion conveys a generally critical view of the Paris Agreement, and may, despite its imposition of far‐reaching obligations upon States to mitigate marine pollution from greenhouse gases, inadvertently undermine global efforts to combat climate change. However, by articulating concrete legal obligations for States under the UNCLOS to prevent, control and reduce marine pollution from greenhouse gas emissions, the Advisory Opinion could further strengthen the legal foundations for domestic and international climate change litigation and elevate the profile of the oceans in global climate change negotiations.

Sterilization Surgery Trends in Texas after Passage of the Texas Heartbeat Act: Sterilization surgery trends in Texas.

On September 1, 2021, abortion became illegal in Texas once embryonic cardiac activity is detected. The aim of this study was to compare women's characteristics undergoing surgical sterilization before and following the change in abortion-banning laws in Texas. A retrospective study. Single tertiary medical center. All women that underwent bilateral salpingectomy for surgical sterilization between May 2020 to November 2022.Women who underwent surgery 15 months before the new laws (controls) were compared to women who underwent surgery 15 months after the change (study group). Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected from the women's medical files. Operative and postoperative data was collected from the operative reports and post-operative follow-up visits. Primary outcome was defined as the proportion of the women undergoing sterilization in each study period (15 months) calculated as percent of the total number of women included in the study (30 months). 205 women met inclusion criteria, of them 131(64%) were in the study group and 74(36%) controls (p<0.001). The Median age was found similar between the groups [31(27-35) and 31(27-34) years for the study group and controls, respectively;(p=.98)]. The number of women with private insurance was significantly higher in the study group (p=0.04). Parity was significantly higher in the control group, as evidenced by the proportion of nulliparous women, which was more than double in the study population compared to controls [37 (28%) vs. 8 (11%); p = 0.004]. Surgery as the first contraception method was reported in 63(48%) and 41(19%) of the women in the study and control groups, respectively (p=.58). The surgical approaches did not differ between the groups (p=.63). The complication rate was found higher for the study group, but the difference did not reach significance (p=.13). Surgical sterilization has significantly increased since the change in abortion banning laws in Texas. Although the mean age to undergo the surgery did not change, more nulliparous women preferred this method for contraception.

Recourse and (strategic) mortgage defaults: Evidence from changes in housing market laws

Recourse and (strategic) mortgage defaults: Evidence from changes in housing market laws

Analysis of the modern nature of bankruptcy institution in the Russian Federation

The purposes of this article are to reasonably determine the nature of the institution of bankruptcy and assess its impact on law enforcement practice. The basic methods of the article are: historical review, substantive (content) analysis, causal analysis, statistical (horizontal and vertical) research of data on bankruptcy procedures, observation of consequences. Methodologically, the work is based on a brief description of historical milestones in the development of the institute of bankruptcy and on the analysis of the transformation of understanding the essence of the concept of insolvency in various editions of the Federal law. Then causal relationships are established, reflecting the key changes in the current Federal law No. 127 of October 26, 2002 and a hypothesis is expressed about the liquidation nature of the institution. Using open statistical data from official bodies and current research by specialists on the subject of the article, the authors reasonably confirm the initial hypothesis (quantitative characteristics are given). The work is completed with an assessment of the impact of the liquidation nature of the bankruptcy institution on the law enforcement practice and the negative consequences of this state of affairs are revealed, which necessitates (determines the expediency) an additional study of the causes. The main results of the article can be applied in the practice of teaching such disciplines as anti-crisis management, legal foundations of insolvency (bankruptcy), arbitration process. A fairly clear justification of the nature and consequences of the functioning of the modern institution of bankruptcy can be considered a contribution to science. Practical usefulness is manifested in the indication of weak points of the legislation that are applied for the purpose of unfair enrichment.

Examining legal tools in encouraging the achievement of net zero emission: A way forward for Indonesia

Abstract Legal instruments in the context of climate change function to encourage all actors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through advanced efforts, one of which is the use of technology and other Low Carbon policies. The Indonesian Government’s current advanced efforts through policies include building the largest solar power plant in Southeast Asia, tax exemptions on electric vehicles, and the implementation of carbon trading as a form of organising the economic value of carbon integrated in the forestry and energy sectors to achieve net zero emissions. Some other challenges occur such as the policy gap in Indonesia and innovation and knowledge in the development of technology transfer results. Based on the results of the policy instrument analysis, this research encourages a progressive legal future for sustainable development goals in Indonesia in the form of a special climate change law and a special agency that includes the achievement of targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Preparation and mechanical-electrical characterization of new complex-phase conductive concrete

The transmission line tower foundation is the key to determining the safe and stable operation of transmission lines under high current impact, and conductive concrete plays a vital role in the safe and stable operation of transmission lines. However, the mechanical and electrical properties of conductive concrete have a competitive relationship, and balancing these properties simultaneously is a current research problem. This paper proposes a new method for the preparation of novel multiphase electrically conductive concrete fiber composites and elucidates the mechanism of its electrical resistivity and compressive and flexural properties. The effects of concrete, graphite and stainless steel fibers as conductive phase materials on the changing law of physical properties of conductive concrete were compared, and the optimal ratio of the content of conductive phase materials was explored. A numerical calculation model of multi-field coupling of a new type of conductive concrete under high current impact was established. The results demonstrate that when the graphite content is 20% and the stainless steel fiber content is 2.75% ± 0.1%, the mechanical and electrical properties ratio is the best. The resistivity was reduced by 54%, the compressive strength was increased by 47.4%, and the flexural strength was increased by 151.4% compared to graphite conductive concrete. The new conductive concrete has promising frontiers of steady-state electricity and transient heat under 20 kA high current impingement, with its current density value dropping to 3280A/m3 and the maximum module temperature dropping to 2270 K. Relevant research provides a theoretical reference for guaranteeing the safe operation of power systems.

Analysis of Real Estate Records in FB&amp;H

The long-standing tradition of real estate registration in Bosnia and Herzegovina has led to the development of several different models for recording real estate information. From the time of the Ottoman Empire to the present day, various authorities have taken charge, each leaving its own mark on the methods of recording real estate and property rights. This paper examines the current state of cadastral and land registry records in the Federation of B&amp;H, as well as the human resources and geodetic equipment available to municipal and city services. The research findings indicate that changes in laws affecting property record-keeping have had significant impacts, resulting in a highly diverse situation regarding real estate records in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina today. This paper provides an accurate overview of the current state of real estate records and offers a solid foundation for making decisions and planning improvements to the management of property records and rights.

International conference “Spaces for change in law, language, literature, history and cultural imagination of Asia, Africa and Europe”. 19th Conference of Translation, Interpreting, LSPs and Cultural Studies and 4th East European Consortium of Korean Studies (EECKS) and the International Conference on East Asian and Korean Studies. Gułtowy, 27th–29th June 2024.

International conference “Spaces for change in law, language, literature, history and cultural imagination of Asia, Africa and Europe”. 19th Conference of Translation, Interpreting, LSPs and Cultural Studies and 4th East European Consortium of Korean Studies (EECKS) and the International Conference on East Asian and Korean Studies. Gułtowy, 27th–29th June 2024.

Looking at Abortion Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights as an Equality Issue

This article explores how, when and to what extent could a finding of a violation of Article 14 ECHR provide substantive benefit to those who have been denied legal abortion in their home States and are seeking justice under the ECHR framework. This topic is extremely relevant as it allows for a critical evaluation of the Court’s approach to equality and abortion judgements from the perspective of substantive equality and feminist legal theory. Access to safe and legal abortion services is an equality question because the ability to control when one has children directly influences how equally one can participate in public life. The Court’s current use of formal equality, based on the idea that those in similar situations should be treated in the same way, makes the application of an equality approach to its abortion cases impossible. It is proposed that the Court should adopt substantive equality instead. This article follows Sandra Fredman’s multidimensional concept of substantive equality composed of the redistributive, recognition, participatory and transformative dimensions. The substantive equality approach recognises that individuals cannot be separated from their characteristics. The aim is to change the underlying structures that cause inequalities in the first place and to celebrate differences instead of fitting everyone into the same box. A finding of a violation of Article 14 ECHR by the Court would provide additional benefits for those seeking justice under the ECHR framework for being denied legal abortions in their home States and would have a substantial impact as it would lead to acknowledging the disadvantages of belonging to certain groups, elimination of harmful gender stereotypes and to possible changes in domestic laws of the Contracting Parties due to the Court’s influence.

A Decisional Study of Criminal Liability of Road-Based Mass Transportation Drivers in Special Bus Lanes

This research aims to make a decision study of criminal liability of road-based mass transport drivers in special bus lanes. The research method used is normative juridical. This result of the research shows that drivers of road-based mass transportation buses who enter special bus lanes should not be punished if someone breaks through the special bus lane which results in an accident and the victim dies. This is based on legal experience, namely on court decisions based on articles relating to road user negligence. The decision made by the judge in the case of death due to someone breaking into a special bus lane exampale in case Decision Number 1086 K/PID/2016 and others is not commensurate with the driver's fault because the incident occurred due to the fault of the perpetrator or the victim themselves. This decision also cannot apply to mass transit bus drivers because basically it is necessary to pay more in-depth attention to causal factors, as well as Victim Precipitation conditions which are the initial causes of accidents in special bus lanes. This research is a form of proposed change in Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning Traffic and Road Transportation.

Penalizing underage alcohol use is associated with lower mortality for young drivers: Use/lose laws and their association with motor vehicle collision mortality.

Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) continue to be a leading cause of mortality for youth in the United States. Since 2010, seven states have revoked mandatory laws that suspended licenses for underage alcohol use, also known as use/lose laws. This study analyzed whether each state's policy change was associated with increased youth MVC mortality. State mortality data for youth ages 15 years to 20 years in MVCs involving a young driver (i.e., ages 15-20 years) were obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Population data was retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research. Motor vehicle collisions mortality rates were calculated for each state with a law change per 1,000,000 persons. For difference-in-difference analysis, each state's youth MVC mortality rates from 3 years prior to the law change were compared with rates from 3 years post-law changes, relative to a national average compiled of states with no law changes. From 2010 to 2020, seven states revoked one or more of their mandatory use/lose laws. For all states, young driver MVC mortality rates significantly increased after removal of use/lose legislation (South Dakota: 5.4 excess deaths per million (EDPM), Indiana: 5.6 EDPM, Georgia 28.0 EDPM, Oregon: +41.9 EDPM, Pennsylvania: +10.4 EDPM, Delaware: +45.4 EDPM, Illinois +29.2 EDPM, all p < 0.001). Examining mortality rates at the state reveals a significant negative association between penalizing underage alcohol use and young driver MVC deaths. Future legislation and health outcomes analysis should consider state-level differences to retain and develop effective policies that reduce injury-related mortality. Epidemiological; Level IV.

Protecting the climate through EU supply chain legislation? Two critiques and a compromise

Abstract Climate change law faces a serious implementation problem. New instruments promoted by states from the Global North to address the implementation gap come from the sphere of trade and supply chain regulation. This article focuses on corporate climate due diligence legislation and its potential contribution to fulfilling the objectives outlined in the Paris Agreement. By examining the EU’s legislative process towards adopting a Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), it explores various approaches to regulating the climate impacts of corporations, including along global supply chains. The article critiques both the ultimately adopted climate transition planning requirement and the European Parliament’s alternative proposal, which aimed to incorporate climate mitigation into the general due diligence framework of the Directive but was unsuccessful. It applies two overarching critiques, termed ‘not enough’ and ‘regulatory imperialism’, to the specific context of corporate climate due diligence. Although these critiques may initially appear contradictory, the article endeavours to reconcile them through a compromise approach that fosters greater participation, integrates measures to mitigate impacts on self-determination, and specifies the obligations imposed on corporations regarding climate mitigation. Finally, the article discusses the idea of a decentralised enforcement regime and highlights the importance of regulation in states of the Global South to achieve a truly planetary legal order on corporate climate accountability.