Blood Biochemical Changes Research Articles

Significantly increased low shear rate viscosity, blood elastic modulus, and RBC aggregation in adults following cardiac surgery

Open heart surgeries are common for treating ischemic and heart valve disease. During cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can temporarily take over the function of heart and lungs. However, elevated red blood cell (RBC) aggregation may lead to the common side-effects such as microinfarction. We investigated blood physical properties changes and the correlation between blood microstructure, viscoelastic response and biochemical changes following surgery with CPB. We examined shear-rate dependent blood viscosity, elasticity and RBC aggregate size in the pre-surgery disease state, post-surgery state and long-term recovery state of cardiac surgical patients. Within a week following surgery, the patient hematocrit was significantly lower due to CPB. Despite lower RBC concentration, the RBC aggregate shape became larger and more rounded, which is correlated to the elevated plasma fibrinogen related to systemic inflammatory response. During the same period, the hematocrit-adjusted low shear rate viscosity increased significantly, as did the yield stress, indicating more solid-like behavior for blood. Six months to one year later, all the physical and biochemical properties measured returned to baseline.

Association of Sulfur Mustard-induced Ocular Problems with Serum and Blood Biochemical Parameters Changes

Many biochemical features of sulfur mustard (SM) intoxication have remained unknown. So far, the direct association between biochemical parameter changes and ocular problems in patients exposed to SM is not evaluated. The current study aimed at evaluating the associations between the ocular findings in patients with SM intoxication and the changes of serum and blood biochemical parameters. In the current study, 372 patients exposed to SM and 128 matched controls were compared concerning the association between their ocular problems and biochemical parameters. Ocular problems include photophobia, ocular surface discomfort (OSD), etc. Biochemical parameters include uric acid, creatinine (Cr), hematocrit (HCT), total, direct and indirect bilirubin, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), calcium (Ca), fasting blood sugar (FBS), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), etc. The SM-exposed group with photophobia, OSD, tearing, blurred vision, abnormal tear status, and slit-lamp findings had significantly higher mean serum and blood levels of uric acid, Cr, HCT, and total and indirect bilirubin than the controls. The SM-exposed group with photophobia, tearing, ocular pain, blurred vision, bulbar conjunctival and limbal abnormalities had significantly higher mean serum and blood levels of HDL, ALT, Ca, FBS, MCHC, and HDL, indirect and total bilirubin, compared to the control group. The association of photophobia with uric acid, OSD and tearing with Cr, photophobia with HDL, ocular pain with Ca, and blurred vision with FBS may be explained for their known ocular effects in the SM-exposed subjects. SM-induced biochemical changes may intensify the ocular problems induced by the direct effects of SM.

Blood biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) fed different levels of copper sulphate and zeolite

In this study, copper toxicity, was investigated after the addition of zeolite to the diet of common carps (Cyprinus carpio). The experiment included four groups with three replicates each. The 4 group feeds were [CuSO4; CuSO4 + Zeolite; Zeolite, and the control without CuSO4 or Zeolite with three replicates each. Fishes were kept in 80 L glass aquariums with 10 fishes with a mean weight of 60.6 ± 0.2 g. At the end of each period, a necropsy was performed on fishes from each treatment, and gross clinical signs were recorded. We found significant changes in the blood parameters of the common carps with or without different levels of zeolite and copper. Changes in cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (P+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), magnesium (Mg2+), and ferrous (Fe+2) were also significant. Our results suggest that zeolite can be used in fish feeds at a rate of 40 mg/l to mitigate the toxic effects of copper.

Perinatal exposure to 4-nonylphenol can affect fatty acid synthesis in the livers of F1 and F2 generation rats.

Objective: To explore the effects of different dosages of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on the fatty acid synthesis and estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression in the livers of F1 and F2 rats. Method: Pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, NP-5 (5 μg per kg per day), NP-25 (25 μg per kg per day) and NP-125 (125 μg per kg per day). 4-NP was gavaged from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Some female rats from the experimental groups were mated with male rats from the control group to obtain the F2 rats. F1 generation rats (23 weeks old) and F2 generation rats (13 weeks old) were killed to detect blood biochemistry and the expression of genes and proteins. Results: Compared with the control group, 4-NP (NP-5, NP-25 and NP-125) can increase the liver organ coefficient of the F1 male offspring (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the F1 female NP-5 group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01); other indicators had not changed, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). As the dosage of 4-NP increased, more significant changes of blood biochemistry were found, especially in the NP-125 rats (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The changes of histopathology by liver biopsy were consistent with biochemical indices of blood (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis increased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the degrees of increase were proportional to the dose of 4-NP, as measured by lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), fatty acid synthetase (Fas), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (Srebp-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (Ppar)-γ. The expression of genes and proteins of ERα were changed significantly, as well (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The above changes in the liver tissues of F2 generation rats were consistent with the F1 generation rats. Conclusion: Perinatal exposure to 4-NP can affect the synthesis of fatty acid in the livers of F1 and F2 generation rats. The low expression of ERα may be one of the mechanisms by which 4-NP affected fatty acid synthesis in the livers of rats.

Blood biochemical changes and thyroid hormones pattern of Barki ewes as affected by biological supplementation under semi-arid conditions of Egypt

Blood biochemical changes and thyroid hormones pattern of Barki ewes as affected by biological supplementation under semi-arid conditions of Egypt

In horses with liver disease, does histological evaluation of biopsies provide better prognostic information than results of blood tests?

In horses with liver disease, does histological evaluation of biopsies provide better prognostic information than results of blood tests?

The Ameliorative Effects of Pycnogenol® on Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats.

Pycnogenol® (PYC®), a standardized extract from the bark of Pinus maritima, consists of different phenolic compounds. PYC® has shown to have protective effects on chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, cancer, and immune disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of PYC® against the DNA damage and biochemical changes in blood, liver, and lung tissues of ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced Wistar albino rats. A sham group, IR injury-induced group, and IR+PYC® group were formed. Ischemia was induced and sustained for 45 min, then the ischemic liver was reperfused, which was sustained for a further 120 min at the end of this period. After anesthesia and before the IR inducement, 100 mg/kg PYC® was given to the IR+PYC® group through intraperitoneal injections. The total oxidant (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS), total thiol levels (TTL), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and biochemical parameters [myeloperoxidase (MPO), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] in the rats were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods and DNA damage was assessed using single-cell gel electrophoresis. The levels of TOS, TTL, MPO, AOPP, ALT, AST, and LDH were significantly decreased in the IR+PYC® group compared with the IR group (p<0.05). The levels of TAS were significantly increased in the IR+PYC® group compared with the IR group (p<0.05). PYC® reduced the DNA damage when compared with the IR group (p<0.05). The present results suggest that PYC® treatment might have a role in the prevention of IR-induced oxidative damage by decreasing DNA damage and increasing antioxidant status.

EFFECT OF FORTIFICATION OF EGGS WITH FOLIC ACID DURING INCUBATION AND POST HATCH ASCORBIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, BLOOD CONSTITUENTS AND IMMUNE STATUS OF BROILER CHICKS

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection with Folic acid and adding ascorbic acid (VC) into the drinking water on growth performance, carcass yield, some blood biochemical changes and immune response of broiler chicks. A total of 150 eggs were randomly divided into three groups. The 1st one has no treatment (control) , while the 2nd was in ovo injected with 0.1 ml distilled water/egg (Sh - group) . The third one was given injected by folic acid 10% ( 0.1 ml/egg ). Feeding and flock management were done in accordance with commercial practices. The results indicated that chicks hatched from eggs treated with folic acid or folic acid and then given VC in the drinking water had higher body weight, carcass (%), breast muscle yield and lymphoid organs weight than other treatments. The visceral organs of the birds likewise increased. Plasma concentration of total lipid, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL were significantly decreased by both folic acid injection and VC addition to drinking water . Addition of VC was effective on increasing intestinal total count of bacteria while, decreasing intestinal count of Escherichia coli. It could be successfully used as alternative to antibiotic growth promoters as a tool of controlling intestinal pathogenic bacteria.

Liver metabolomics study reveals protective function of Phyllanthus urinaria against CCl4-induced liver injury

Phyllanthus Urinaria L. (PUL) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat hepatic and renal disorders. However, the mechanism of its hepatoprotective action is not fully understood. In the present study, blood biochemical indexes and liver histopathological changes were used to estimate the extent of hepatic injury. GC/MS and LC/MS-based untargeted metabolomics were used in combination to characterize the potential biomarkers associated with the protective activity of PUL against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. PUL treatment could reverse the increase in ALT, AST and ALP induced by CCl4 and attenuate the pathological changes in rat liver. Significant changes in liver metabolic profiling were observed in PUL-treated group compared with liver injury model group. Seventeen biomarkers related to the hepatoprotective effects of PUL against CCl4-induced liver injury were screened out using nonparametric test and Pearson's correlation analysis (OPLS-DA). The results suggested that the potential hepatoprotective effects of PUL in attenuating CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity could be partially attributed to regulating L-carnitine, taurocholic acid, and amino acids metabolism, which may become promising targets for treatment of liver toxicity. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the mechanism of the hepatoprotection of Phyllanthus Urinaria.

Hepatic Hazard Assessment of Silver Nanoparticle Exposure in Healthy and Chronically Alcohol Fed Mice.

Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are currently among one of the most widely used nanomaterials. This in turn, implies an increased risk of human and environmental exposure. Alcohol abuse is a global issue with millions of people in the general population affected by the associated adverse effects. The excessive consumption of alcohol is a prominent cause of chronic liver disease which manifest in multiple disorders. In this study, the adverse health effects of Ag NP exposure were investigated in models of alcoholic hepatic disease in vitro and in vivo. The data showed that Ag NP induced hepatic health effects were aggravated in the alcohol pretreated mice in comparison to controls with regards to an organ specific inflammatory response, changes in blood biochemistry, acute phase response and hepatic pathology. In addition, alcoholic disease influenced the organ's ability for recovery post-NP challenge. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the in vivo data correlated well with in vitro findings where ethanol pretreatment of hepatocytes resulted in significantly increased inflammatory response post-Ag NP exposure. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of its kind to investigate nano-sized material-induced hepatic pathology in models representative of susceptible individuals (those with pre-existing alcohol liver disease) within the population. This is an area of research in the field of nanotoxicology, and in particular with regard to NP risk assessment that is almost entirely overlooked.

Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of liver and kidneys of rats chronically fed NK603 Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize

BackgroundA previous 2-year rat feeding trial assessing potential toxicity of NK603 Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize revealed blood and urine biochemical changes indicative of liver and kidney pathology. In an effort to obtain deeper insight into these findings, molecular profiling of the liver and kidneys from the same animals was undertaken.ResultsTranscriptomics showed no segregation of NK603 maize and control feed groups with false discovery rates ranging from 43 to 83% at a cut-off p value of 1%. Changes in gene expression were not reflective of liver and kidney toxic effects. Metabolomics identified 692 and 673 metabolites in kidney and liver, respectively. None of the statistically significant disturbances detected (12–56 for different test groups) survived a false discovery rate analysis. Differences in these metabolites between individual animals within a group were greater than the effect of test diets, which prevents a definitive conclusion on either pathology or safety.ConclusionsEven if the biological relevance of the statistical differences presented in this study is unclear, our results are made available for scrutiny by the scientific community and for comparison in future studies investigating potential toxicological properties of the NK603 corn.

Influence of subclinical magnesium deficiency in the antenatal period on mineral and energy management during early lactation

Magnesium (Mg) is an activator of more than three hundred enzymes and a cofactor in the synthesis and release of hormones. Currently, magnesium deficiency occurs in dairy cows most frequently in a subclinical form, with symptoms limited to decreased appetite and decreased milk yield. The study included 50 cows, which were diagnosed with magnesium deficiency in the antenatal period. In group I (n = 25), increased supplementation was not applied; in group II (n = 25) the intake of Mg was increased by a 7% magnesium supplement. The control group consisted of 25 healthy cows. Blood samples for tests were taken 2 weeks prepartum, as well as 1 and 2 weeks postnatally, to determine the concentrations of: total magnesium (Mg), total calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (Pn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), total bilirubin (tB), total protein (TP), glucose (Glu) and cholesterol (TC), as well as the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP). In group I, the highest number of cows with decreased appetite and postpartum weakness were identified, which exhibited the lowest rate of increase in milk production and a significantly lower mean blood calcium concentration. The highest mean concentrations of tB and decreases TC and Glu concentrations were also recorded in this group. Our studies confirm the need to monitor mineral deficiencies not only during lactation, but also before delivery, as well as the effectiveness of an appropriate prophylactic regimen based on oral administration of magnesium preparations which cause the least biochemical changes in blood. The lack of supplementation in the subclinical form of antenatal Mg deficiency may cause severe gastrointestinal and reproductive disorders in the postnatal period.

Protective Effect of Chemical and Biological Mycotoxin Binder on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry and Carcass Traits in Broiler Chicks Fed on Aflatoxin Contaminated Diet

A total of 210 one-day-old dual purpose chicks of mixed sex were used to determine the activity of the chemical (based on organic acids salt) or biological (containing live yeast, yeast cell wall and some enzymes) commercial mycotoxin binder and minerals and to evaluate the protective effects of the binder on performance, carcass quality, some blood biochemical changes and immune status of broilers fed with Aflatoxin B1. The chicks were randomly allotted into 6 equal groups, the first group fed on the basal diet without any supplementation and considered as control, while groups 2 – 3 fed on the same basal diet with chemical and biological mycotoxin binder supplementation through drinking water respectively, while group 4 – 6 fed as mentioned for the first three groups with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination from 22th days of broiler age at a rate of 1mg of AFB1/Kg diet. It was found that aflatoxin feed contamination without mycotoxin binder supplementation significantly (P≤0.05) reduced the growth performance and deteriorated the feed efficiency parameters compared with broiler chicken group fed on the same diet without aflatoxin B1 contamination. On the other hand, chemical or biological mycotoxin binder supplementation with aflatoxin B1 contamination counteract the deleterious effect of aflatoxin B1 and significantly (P≤0.05) improved the growth performance compared with broiler chicken fed on the contaminated diet without mycotoxin binder supplementation. Our data indicated that mycotoxin binder supplementation significantly (P≤0.05) improved the immune response via increase the serum proteins level and improvement the WBCs level especially lymphocytes and neutrophils, phagocytic activity and index, antibodies production and immune organs weight of broiler chicken compared with control group fed on the basal diet without mycotoxin binder supplementation. It can be concluded that biological binder more immune stimulant in broiler chicken compared with chemical mycotoxin binder source.

Studies on some blood biochemical parameters, hormonal profile, semen characters and histopathological changes in relation to camel seasonality

Studies on some blood biochemical parameters, hormonal profile, semen characters and histopathological changes in relation to camel seasonality

Study on Certain Blood and Serum Parameters of Camel Camelus dromedarius Maintained on Different Diets

Animals including camel (Camelus dromedaries), have been domesticated by man since ancient times especially in Rajasthan. Due to harsh climatic conditions there is often scarcity of grazing pastures in this area and therefore during summers camels are fed roughages and concentrates, as there remains no option to the local farmers. As a result, the proportion of the concentrate and roughage in the complete ration is expected to change the microbial population in the rumen, which in turn is expected to affect their capacity to colonize feed particles and may influence the nutrient utilization from the feed. Cluster bean (guar) belonging to family Leguminosae is one of the most suitable feed in arid areas. Besides, camels are also fed some millet flour or barley flour and gur (molasses) 1g/kg body weight. If this molasses is given in excess amount, it causes gastro-intestinal disorders. Due to introduction of new feed resources, this study was an attempt to investigate certain blood and serum parameters of camels maintained on different diets. An experimental trial was conducted in three groups of camels aged 3-4 years, each group comprising of 4 camels. Three experimental groups were framed Group 1 camels were fed guar phalgati (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba) and ground nut (Arachis hypogaea) chara in 1:1 ratio. Group 2 camels were provided ground nut chara alone while, to Group 3 camels jaggery 50% w/v was administrated orally at the dose 15 g/kg body weight apart from feeding of ground nut chara. The blood samples were collected for hematological, serum biochemical and enzymatic variations. Based on biochemical and enzymatic profile comparison, in the Group 3 camels a significant change in the digestive pattern leading towards acid indigestion was noted. There was an insignificant variation among the enzymatic and biochemical profile of Group 1 and Group 2. From the above blood and serum biochemical and enzymatic changes noticed in different groups fed with different diets, it can be envisaged that there exists a significant role of plan of nutrition on digestive pattern.

Biochemical Parameters and Histopathological Findings in the Forced Molt Laying Hens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of forced molting using biochemical parameters and histopathological findings in laying hens. 36 Hyline W36 strain laying hens, 90 weeks old were chosen for this research. Eight of these chickens were randomly selected and placed in a cage as the control group before the molting program began. All the others 28 chickens were used for the forced molting program. Eight laying hens were slaughtered at the end of the molting program named as molting group. The remaining 20 hens were fed for 37 days, weighted and slaughtered when they reached the maximum egg production (80%) as postmolting group. Then, blood was analyzed for malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, globulin, total protein, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and Vitamin C. The malondialdehyde and glutathione levels of the thyroid and liver tissues were also analyzed along with an examination of the histopathological changes of the liver, ovarium and thyroid glands; and live body, liver, ovarium, thyroid weights and thyroid lengths. In conclusion, it was found that forced molting produces stress and notable side effects in hens, like the oxidant and antioxidant status of the organs, tissue weights and sizes, hormon profiles, blood biochemical and histopathological parameter changes. The activities of thyroid malondialdehyde (p<0.05), liver glutathione (p<0.01), plasma catalase (p<0.001) were significantly decreased in molting group compared to control values, while liver malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased (p<0.001) and thyroid glutathione levels had nonsignificant effect. These levels in molting hens were the first study for veterinary science.

Multi-Country Evaluation of Safety of Dihydroartemisinin/Piperaquine Post-Licensure in African Public Hospitals with Electrocardiograms.

The antimalarial drug piperaquine is associated with delayed ventricular depolarization, causing prolonged QT interval (time taken for ventricular de-polarisation and re-polarisation). There is a lack of safety data regarding dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine (DHA/PPQ) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, which has limited its use. We created a platform where electrocardiograms (ECG) were performed in public hospitals for the safety assessment of DHA/PPQ, at baseline before the use of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine (Eurartesim®), and on day 3 (before and after administration of the final dose) and day 7 post-administration. Laboratory analyses included haematology and clinical chemistry. The main objective of the ECG assessment in this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of DHA/PPQ on QTc intervals and the association of QTc intervals with changes in blood biochemistry, full and differential blood count over time after the DHA/PPQ administration. A total of 1315 patients gave consent and were enrolled of which 1147 (87%) had complete information for analyses. Of the enrolled patients 488 (42%), 323 (28%), 213 (19%) and 123 (11%) were from Ghana, Burkina Faso, Tanzania and Mozambique, respectively. Median (lower—upper quartile) age was 8 (5–14) years and a quarter of the patients were children under five years of age (n = 287). Changes in blood biochemistry, full and differential blood count were temporal which remained within clinical thresholds and did not require any intervention. The mean QTcF values were significantly higher than on day 1 when measured on day 3 before and after administration of the treatment as well as on day 7, four days after completion of treatment (12, 22 and 4 higher, p < 0.001). In all age groups the values of QT, QTcF and QTcB were highest on day 3 after drug intake. The mean extreme QTcF prolongation from baseline was lowest on day 3 before drug intake (33 ms, SD = 19) and highest on day 3 after the last dose (60 ms, SD = 31). There were 79 (7%) events of extreme mean QTcF prolongation which were not clinically significant. Nearly a half of them (n = 37) were grade 3 and mainly among males (33/37). Patients in Burkina Faso, Mozambique and Tanzania had significantly lower mean QTcF than patients in Ghana by an average of 3, 4 and 11 ms, respectively. We found no evidence that Eurartesim® administered in therapeutic doses in patients with uncomplicated malaria and no predisposing cardiac conditions in Africa was associated with adverse clinically significant QTc prolongation.

Evaluation of soman-induced extracranial histopathology in the context of clinical biochemistry, mitotic and apoptotic activity and morphometric analysis

We aimed this study to evaluate histopathology of heart, lung, liver, kidney, small and large intestine in the context of clinical biochemistry, mitotic (intestine only) and apoptotic activity and morphometric analysis (intestine and lung only). Male Wistar rats were poisoned by soman (i.m., 52μgkg−1; 70% LD50). Samples were taken 1, 3 and 7 days following soman exposure. Biochemistry was evaluated in blood. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Mallory's PTAH method, immunohistochemical detection of activated-caspase-3, TUNEL, and morphometric computer analysis were performed. We found increased AST and CK in blood, areas ranging from acute myolysis and necrosis to areas undergoing resolution in heart, a biphasic response consisting of hyperaemia, edema and bleeding leading to decreased airiness (day 1) and delayed inflammatory response with increased apoptosis (day 7) in lung, lymphangiectasis in small intestine (day 1) and subepithelial edema in large intestine (day 3) after soman intoxication. In intestine, mitotic activity decreased in crypts 1 and 7 days after the intoxication. Apoptotic activity decreased in the superficial compartment on the day 1, whereas it increased in the same compartment 3 days after the poisoning. Soman intoxication at the sublethal dose induced significant biochemical changes in blood and histopathological changes in heart, lung and intestine.

Clinical, Hematological and Biochemical Studies on Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Friesian Dairy Cows

The present study was planned to demonstrate the clinical findings, post mortem lesions of BEF and to study theeffect of the disease on blood picture including red blood cells, hemoglobin concentrations, total and differentialleucocyte counts as well as total serum protein, serum albumin, glucose, alkaline phosphatase in addition to Kidneyfunction tests as creatinine and urea and finally biochemical parameters which include the estimation of seruminorganic phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. The study was conducted on 30 Friesian dairy cows from privatefarm at El-dalangat, Behera Governorate. 10 cows were clinically healthy and kept as control while 20 cows werediagnosed clinically and confirmed by immunofluorescent (IF) test as bovine ephemeral fever. The results showedclinical signs in the form of fever 40-41.5° C with waves of muscle shivering, fall in milk production andaccelerated heart and respiratory rates, depression, anorexia, ruminal atony, salivation, a generalized stiffness or ashifting lameness of diseased cows, recumbency occurring in Many animals for 12-24 hours with sever tympanybut are able to rise if sufficiently stimulated. Recovery begins after sever clinical signs disappear and earlyimprovement that fever disappears in most cattle. A range of complications occurred in five cases. Death occursuddenly in one case during febrile phase. Recumbency persist for three weeks in (2) cases and recovery from thelonger-term recumbence complete after three weeks and abortion occur in (2) cases in a late stage of pregnancy(eighth month of pregnancy). The observed post mortum lesions were pulmonary emphysema, alveolar collapse,exudate found in bronchioles and bronchioles became completely occluded by exudate, fibrin-rich exudate inpleura, pericardial and in the joint capsules and Lymphadenitis. A significant decrease (p<0.01) in RBCs count andhemoglobin concentration in cows suffering from bovine ephemeral fever. Also, there were marked leukocytosis,neutrophilia and lymphopenia, but Monocytes, eosinophils and basophil percentage did not seem to be influenced,In addition, total proteins, albumin, globulin, glucose, Inorganic phosphorus, calcium and magnesium showedsignificant decrease (p<0.05), while alkaline phosphatase activity, urea and creatinine increased significantly(p<0.01) in these diseased cows. It can be concluded that ephemeral fever in cattle has a range of hematologicaland biochemical changes in blood which are characteristic of an inflammatory response, These information willhelp to plane a strategy to decrease losses of the disease through effective treatment specially hypocalcaemia.

Coadministration of alloxan and nicotinamide in rats produces biochemical changes in blood and pathological alterations comparable to the changes in type II diabetes mellitus

In the present study, thirty six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups and were injected with varying doses of alloxan (Ax) and nicotinamide (NA). The serum levels of glucose, insulin, and adiponectin were measured weekly up to 4 weeks. Elevated levels of glucose were observed in all groups on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, except in groups a and f (control). The serum insulin levels were significantly elevated in groups b and c on day 7, when compared with that in group f, whereas a decrease in the serum insulin levels was observed in groups d and e on days 21 and 28. The adiponectin levels showed inconsistencies on days 7 and 14. However, significant decrease in the adiponectin levels was observed on days 21 and 28. Histological section of the pancreas showed mild (group a), moderate (group b) to severe (groups c, d, and e) degenerative changes. Concomitant fatty changes in the liver and inflammatory infiltration of the kidney were markedly observed in all the treated groups, when compared to control. These results suggested that the use of selective combination of Ax120 + NA50 injection demonstrated type II diabetes mellitus in rats.