Changes In Beliefs Research Articles

Mediators of outcome in adolescent psychotherapy and their implications for theories and mechanisms of change: a systematic review.

Psychotherapeutic treatment of adolescents requires age-specific approaches and thus plausibly also involves different change mechanisms than adult psychotherapy. To guide further research and improve therapeutic outcomes for adolescents, we reviewed all RCTs investigating mechanisms of change in the psychological treatment of adolescents to identify the most promising age-, disorder- or treatment-specific mediators. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA), 106 studies were included that reported 252 statistical mediation tests assessed with 181 different measures. Most often studied and significant mediators were cognitive, followed by family-related, and behavioral variables. Several mediators were identified to be promising for future investigations: changes in negative thoughts, dysfunctional beliefs and metacognitive skills; family functioning and parenting skills; as well as successful engagement in therapy activities and increased impulse control. Symptom change during therapy was least often a mediator for other therapeutic changes. Relational and emotional mediators were largely understudied, whereas peer-influence appeared a promising mediator for intervention outcomes. Adolescence-specific mediators were most commonly investigated. Majority of studied mediators were not disorder-specific. There was a tendency to mainly test change mechanisms of specific theoretical models without considering other possible change theories. Further, virtually no studies fulfilled all criteria for rigorously investigating mediation and only nine were classified with an overall good study quality. While bearing in mind the current limitations in study designs, methodological rigor and reporting, there appears to be substantial evidence for transdiagnostic age-specific change models in the psychological treatment of adolescents. For future research, need for consensus on a core set of transdiagnostic and transtheoretical mediators and measures is highlighted. These should address likely core mechanisms of change, as well as take into account age-relevant developmental challenges and biological markers.

Climate change views examined through a behavioral medicine frame: are there potential target mechanisms for change beyond political ideology?

ABSTRACT The threat of climate change is associated with both profound health consequences and failures by many individuals to take preventive actions. Behavioral science research on health behavior engagement may serve as a lens through which to better understand attitudes associated with the threat of climate change. This study was designed to examine individual differences in attitudinal responses to climate change, understanding the degree to which these responses can be predicted by both political beliefs and more readily modified psychological factors commonly associated with health behavior engagement: locus of control, anxiety sensitivity, delay discounting, and intolerance of uncertainty. Participants (N = 234) were US adults (62% male; 57% Non-Hispanic White; 44% Democrat) who completed an online survey. Stepwise multiple linear regressions examined which variables provided non-redundant prediction in models of climate change beliefs and concerns. In addition to providing support for the role of political affiliation and related ideology in climate change views (9–23% variance), this study underscores the importance of a behavioral health frame in understanding climate change concerns and beliefs. Known risk factors for negative health behaviors – prominently, locus of control, anxiety sensitivity, and delay discounting – contributed strongly to the understanding of these views, accounting for 4–28% of variance. Our findings encourage greater attention to health behavior-related constructs for understanding attitudes relevant to climate change action.

Temporal sequencing of change in trauma-related beliefs and therapeutic alliance during prolonged exposure and sertraline for chronic PTSD

Objective: Changes in trauma-related beliefs and therapeutic alliance have been found to temporally precede symptom reduction; however, it is likely these processes do not act in isolation but rather in interactive ways. Methods: The present study examined the temporal relationships between negative posttraumatic cognitions (PTCI) and therapeutic alliance (WAI) in 142 patients who were part of a randomized trial comparing prolonged exposure (PE) to sertraline for chronic PTSD. Results: Using time-lagged mixed regression models, improvements in the therapeutic alliance predicted subsequent improvements in trauma-related beliefs (d = 0.59), an effect accounted for by between-patient variability (d = 0.64) compared to within-patient variability (d = .04) giving weaker support to the causal role of alliance on outcome. Belief change did not predict improvements in alliance and neither model was moderated by treatment type. Conclusion: Findings suggest alliance may not be an independent driver of cognition change and point to the need for additional study of the impact of patient characteristics on treatment processes.

Effect of Climate Change Belief and the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) on Eco-Tourism Attitudes of Tourists: Moderator Role of Green Self-Identity

This research has been conducted to determine the effect of tourists' beliefs of climate change on the NEP and ecotourism attitudes. In addition to this purpose, the moderator role of green self-identity in the effect of the NEP on ecological attitudes has also been examined. The research data were obtained from the tourists visiting the Alanya destination, which is one of the centers that attract the most tourists in Turkey. When the results of the research were examined, it could be determined that the belief in climate change is effective on all dimensions of the NEP, and similarly, all dimensions of the NEP have also affected the tourists' ecological attitude. Further, green self-identity has a moderator role in the effect of ecocentric and anthropocentric sub-dimensions on eco-tourism attitudes. As a consequence of the findings, a number of theoretical and practical implications have been developed for sector managers, destination management organizations, and academicians.

Cultural Literacy in Teaching English for Guiding

Cultural literacy is highly needed by those who deal with tourism area as the subject of the study. English for Guiding is one of the courses that belongs to Diploma 3 English of Ganesha University of Education and it deals with tourism. This study aims at discussing the need analysis of cultural literacy in teaching English for guiding in order to know about cultural components involved in the teaching process. This study is descriptive study which describe about the need of the students in cultural literacy. The data were gathered through questionnaires to gain the information about the cultural elements in cultural literacy that can support the students in learning English for Guiding and prepare them to become skillful in English proficiency as well as competent and knowledgable in contents. The data were gathered by using questionnaire in order to gain the information about the students’ need on the cultural literacy in lerning English for guiding. The finding shows that there are seven big cultural elements such as 1) symbols; 2) language; 3) norms; 4) rituals; 5) changing norms and belief; 6) values which provide the consideration of what is good and bad, desirable and undesirable; 7) artifacts. The implications of this research are hoped that in the future students will be able to be professional and competent through cultural literacyg.

Psychological interventions for generalized anxiety disorder: Effects and predictors in a naturalistic outpatient setting.

Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), metacognitive therapy (MCT), and methods to reduce intolerance of uncertainty (IU-CBT) in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, few studies have investigated these treatments under conditions of routine clinical care. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of psychotherapy for GAD in an outpatient setting and to identify factors influencing treatment outcome. Fifty-nine GAD patients received naturalistic CBT (including MCT and IU-CBT) in an outpatient clinic and postgraduate training center for psychotherapy. Patients completed self-report questionnaires at the beginning and end of therapy regarding the main outcome worry as well as metacognitions, intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and general psychopathology. Worry, negative metacognitions, intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and general psychopathology decreased significantly (p's < .001) with large effect sizes for all symptoms (d = 0.83-1.49). A reliable change in the main outcome worry was observed in 80% of patients, and recovery occurred in 23%. Higher worry scores at posttreatment were predicted by higher pretreatment scores, female sex, and less change in negative metacognitive beliefs during treatment. Naturalistic CBT for GAD appears to be effective in routine clinical care for worry as well as depressive symptoms, with particular benefits associated with altering negative metacognitions. However, a recovery rate of only 23% is lower than the rates reported in RCTs. Treatment needs to be improved, especially for patients with more severe GAD and for women.

Cultural and Linguistic Adaptations of Stop the Bleed in Multi-Ethnic Refugee Communities.

Stop the Bleed (STB), and other trainings that promote health education in basic trauma management techniques, is offered mostly in English and Spanish in the United States. Limited access to injury prevention training may contribute to inequities in health outcomes for individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP). Our study aims to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of STB training in 4 languages spoken in a super diverse refugee settlement community, Clarkston, GA. Written STB educational materials were culturally adapted, translated, and back translated into 4 languages: Arabic, Burmese, Somali, and Swahili. Four 90-minute in-person STB trainings were conducted by medical personnel with community-based interpreters at a central and familiar location in the Clarkston community. Pre- and post-tests were administered in participant's preferred language to evaluate change in knowledge and beliefs as well as the effectiveness of the training method. A total of 46 community members were trained in STB, the majority of which were women (63%). Participants demonstrated improvement in their knowledge, confidence, and comfort using STB techniques. Participants reported that 2 aspects of the training were particularly beneficial: the presence of language concordant interpreters from the community and small group hands on sessions that allowed for practicing STB techniques. Cultural and linguistic adaptation of STB training is a feasible, cost-effective, and effective method for disseminating life-saving information and trauma education to immigrant populations who have LEP. Expansion of community training and partnerships to support the needs of diverse communities is both necessary and urgent.

Measuring changes in mathematics teachers' belief systems

Although research in mathematics education has yielded a great number of results on mathematics teachers’ beliefs in recent decades, it is still an open question as to whether these teachers’ beliefs are stable or not. However, since mathematics teachers’ beliefs are perceived to be the default of their classroom practices, it is important to gain insight into these beliefs and into their development. In this paper, we contribute to this field of research by providing an approach designed to analyse a change in teachers’ belief systems. We study a sample of 20 prospective teachers during their first practical experience. We analyse the structure of teachers’ belief systems with interviews and a questionnaire set twice within one year. To analyse development of these teachers’ belief systems, we assigned the young teachers of the first and second survey to clusters that were developed in a former study and re-analysed for our purposes here. Our results show considerable changes in mathematics teachers’ central beliefs during their first practical experience. However, a general pattern of belief changes is not found.

Group cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: impact on psychiatric symptoms and insomnia severity in a psychiatric outpatient setting

ABSTRACT Objective Insomnia, even when comorbid with other diagnoses is an independent health issue that warrants treatment. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first-line treatment. Although the science is clear that CBT-I supports outcomes for those with mental ill health, the routine use of CBT-I in mental health contexts is rare. Implementation research on CBT-I in the psychiatric context is urgently needed. This study evaluated group CBT-I as routinely delivered in a psychiatric hospital service. Methods Adult outpatients (N = 76; M age = 50.20 years; female = 57; psychiatric comorbidity = 69.74%; using sleep medication = 76%) referred for insomnia treatment attended four sessions of group CBT-I. Standardised questionnaires were administered pre- and post-treatment. Results Intent-to-treat analysis revealed statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements with large effect sizes in insomnia severity (d = 2.5, r = 0.8), depression (d = 1.4, r = 0.5), anxiety (d = 1.2, r = 0.5) and stress (d = 1.2, r = 0.5) symptoms, quality of life (d = 1.4, r = 0.6), and functional impairment (d = 2.2, r = 0.7). Regression analyses indicated pre-post changes in dysfunctional beliefs about sleep accounted for significant variance in post-treatment insomnia severity. Conclusions Results supported feasibility of implementation and real-world effectiveness of CBT-I in a psychiatric setting. Cognitive models of insomnia, emphasising the role of unhelpful beliefs about sleep in insomnia treatment were supported. Future directions include the dissemination of CBT-Insomnia to improve its uptake in psychiatric care.

Fossil fuel divestment and public climate change policy preferences: an experimental test in three countries

ABSTRACT Divestment is a prominent strategy championed by activists to induce positive social change. For example, the current fossil fuel divestment movement includes over 1,500 institutions that control $40 trillion in assets. A primary pathway through which divestment is theorized to be effective is by influencing public beliefs and policy preferences, thus pressuring policymakers to take action. However, prior research only tests this argument via qualitative case studies. We assess the impact of exposure to information about fossil fuel divestment on public opinion through the use of national survey experiments in three major greenhouse gas emitters: the U.S., India, and South Africa. We find surprisingly little evidence that exposure to information about the fossil fuel divestment movement can increase public support for policies that address climate change. Our findings suggest that divestment movements may be less effective at changing beliefs and policy preferences than previously realized.

European Cancer Summit 2022 submission for Workforce NetworkInterprofessional education and training in cancer care – a scoping review

BackgroundOver the last decade, there has been increased interest to develop education and training initiatives to improve interprofessional collaboration and practice in the cancer care setting. There is a great variation on programmes and the teaching and learning methods used to implement interprofessional educational programmes. Moreover, there is a variation on the core competences guiding the development of the programmes. (1) Interprofessional health-care teams need to understand how to optimize the knowledge and skills of their members, share case management and provide better health-services to patients, families and the community. Educational and trainging interventions have demonstrated favorable results.The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to interprofessional education in cancer care. The purpose was to identify how interprofessional education has been defined and methodology underlying the implementation of such an approach. The review is part of EU funded INTERACT-Europe project. MethodsWe conducted scoping literature review searching in CINAHL, MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, PsycInfo and Scopus databases from 2012 till 2022. Studies were included if had a focus on interprofesional education, development of interprofessional collaboration and teamwork through interprofesional, teaching, learning and assessment methods of interprofessional education in oncology setting. ResultsTwenty-four studies out of one hundred and fort nine were included in the review. In the reviewed studies and literature reviews the main concepts were weakly defined. Concepts used were interprofessional education and collaboration, interprofessional learning, team training and interdisciplinary education. Out of twenty four papers only in five description/definition was provided. Inter-specialty training was not used as a concept. Teaching and learning methods applied included lectures, case studies, interactive workshops, audiovisual materials, simulation, and shadowing. ConclusionThe results of this review summarise previous research and will guide the future development of inter-specialty training in cancer care. Multiprofessional, online, and simulation-based communication skills training for healthcare professional trainees can lead to significant changes in motivational beliefs, which are essential to promoting self-regulated learning.To provide optimal eduaction and training, these programs should be evaluated and improved regularly, and evaluation outcomes should include pre- and post-course surveys with a blinded selfperceived competency measures.These findings suggest that interprofessional education and training may enrich the learning experience in multiple ways.

Religion and Climate Change Indifference: Linking the Sacred to the Social

This study seeks to identify the influence of religion on indifference toward anthropogenic climate change. This influence is conceptualized by adapting Durkheim&amp;#39;s classic sociological model where religion serves to integrate individuals into society using sacred beliefs. We test this theory by conceptualizing and estimating a path model where climate change indifference is regressed on religion and political ideology. The study data are five cross sections from the General Social Survey over 1993 to 2018, and the results indicate indirect and direct effects of religion on climate change indifference. Second, the effects vary across religious traditions and biblical belief sets, and in some cases are oppositional. The study results are discussed in terms of religious influences on salient social questions during prior periods of US history. Finally, we describe how indifference toward the threat of climate change results from a blending of politics and religion and reflects the specific concepts that integrate individuals into a community. These conceptions have become embedded within fundamental relationships concerning how individuals understand their existential connection to a community. Because religious concepts are socially influenced, and because communities are free to reinterpret belief systems, the current relation between religious belief and climate change indifference is subject to future revision and re-interpretation.

Growing importance of climate change beliefs for attitudes towards gas

Tense global politics, spikes in gas prices and increasingly urgent warnings about climate change raise questions over the future use of natural gas. UK longitudinal survey data reveal that beliefs about climate change increasingly reduced support for gas extraction between 2019 and 2022. Mounting public connections between climate and gas use suggest growing opportunities for climate communication to lower support for all fossil fuels, not just the more carbon-intensive oil and coal. Natural gas has been seen as a bridge in the move from fossil fuels to cleaner energy. This work presents UK longitudinal survey data showing climate change beliefs increasingly diminish public support for natural gas.

Change in interpersonal problems and metacognitive beliefs as predictors of improvement in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent worry and anxiety, often with a chronic course. We tested the role of two suggested underlying factors in GAD, interpersonal problems and negative metacognitive beliefs, as predictors of trait-worry and trait-anxiety. The sample consisted of 56 patients with a primary diagnosis of GAD from a randomized controlled trial. We first estimated the proportion of variance lying between the higher level of the data structure to account for potential therapists' effects. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted testing change in interpersonal problems and negative metacognitive beliefs as predictors of change in trait-worry and trait-anxiety following treatment. Change in depression and anxiety symptoms was controlled. Change in negative metacognitive beliefs was the strongest predictor of improvement of both trait-worry and trait-anxiety. Change in interpersonal problems was not a unique predictor of change in trait-worry but did make a significant and unique contribution to trait-anxiety. Negative metacognitive beliefs may be important targets to improve trait-worry and trait-anxiety in GAD. Interpersonal problems may be relevant for trait-anxiety but could also be a surface marker of higher order vulnerability factors. Implications for treatment are discussed.

How Does Anyone Change Belief about Anything?

The question of coming to faith, and leaving Christian faith, has become prominent in recent years, with much discussion of Christian “conversion” and “deconversion.” Some people seem to make sudden changes in their belief systems; are such changes fundamentally irrational, or can we understand them as the outcome of a rational (though perhaps tacit) thought process? In this paper, I present a model for how people change their minds about both minor and major beliefs, with elements from Thomas Kuhn’s model of “revolutions,” as well as input from the modern philosophy, psychology, and Christian theology. The main thesis of this paper is that people regularly go through revolutions of varying degrees of magnitude, which can be quite sudden, based on the buildup of tension due to lack of felt coherence in a previously-held view, compared to their perception of alternative views. Such a process is rational at its core.

Promoting Behaviors to Mitigate the Effects of Climate Change: Using the Extended Parallel Process Model at the Personal and Collective Level in China

ABSTRACT This study explored strategies to help mitigate the effects of climate change among members of the Chinese public by broadening the extended parallel process model (EPPM) to the personal and collective levels. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was designed to examine the effects of threat (personal vs. societal), efficacy (personal vs. collective), and climate change beliefs (high vs. low) on participants’ personal intention to help mitigate the effects of climate change. A total of 421 Chinese citizens participated in this experimental study. The results reveal significant main effects of threat, efficacy, and climate change beliefs on personal mitigation intentions. Moreover, individuals who perceived high personal threat and high collective efficacy toward climate change reported the highest intention to take personal actions to mitigate the effects of climate change, regardless of the participants’ levels of climate change beliefs.

“Matter of climate change” or “Matter of rapid urbanization”? Young people's concerns for the present and future urban water resources in Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area, Vietnam

Through an integrated empirical study in the Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan, we examined the effects of urban land use and climate change on water management, as well as young people's concerns about the issue. The results showed that between 1992 and 2019, the population increased from 3,272,000 to 8,993,082 residents, while urban settlements increased from 288 km2 to 958 km2, with a higher rate observed after the year 2000. Climatic analysis showed an average temperature increasing trend of about +0.27 °C/decade, with a significant increase up to +0.34 °C/decade observed after the year 2000, while precipitation did not show a significant trend.The study revealed young people perceived great changes in urban water bodies - polluted and encroached on by infrastructure over the last decades, and believed climate is changing, which poses risks to humans. The youth's perceptual experiences and beliefs are symmetric with the monitoring data. They are also concerned about future urban water resources. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling showed these concerns were shaped by the perceptual experience of rapid urbanization rather than climate change belief. The finding appeals to a holistic alternative for urban water management by improving the connections and integration with urban planning.

Impact of Social Media on Knowledge of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Bangladeshi University Students

This study aimed to examine the role and impact of social media on the knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh through disseminating actual changes in health safety, trust and belief of social media’s coverage statistics, isolation, and psychological numbness among students. This study used a cross-sectional design in which a quantitative approach was adopted. Data from an online survey were collected in a short period of time during the early stages of COVID-19 to determine the relationship between social media activity and knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic with accuracy. A total of 189 respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaires during the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladeshi university students. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and path analysis were performed. Out of 189 respondents, about 80% were aged between 16 and 25 years, of which nearly 60.33% were students. This study explored four factors—knowledge and health safety, trust in social media news, social distancing or quarantine, and psychological effect—using factor analysis. These four factors are also found to be positively associated in path analysis. Validation of the model was assessed, revealing that the path diagram with four latent exogenous variables fit well. Each factor coefficient was treated as a factor loading (β = 0.564 to 0.973). The results suggested that the measurement models using four elements were appropriate. The coefficient of determination was 0.98, indicating that the model provided an adequate explanation. Social media is transforming the dynamics of health issues, providing information and warnings about the adverse effects of COVID-19, having a positive impact on lockdown or quarantine, and promoting psychological wellness. This comprehensive study suggested that social media plays a positive role in enhancing knowledge about COVID-19 and other pandemic circumstances.

지적장애 자매가 있는 초임 특수교사의 교육신념의 변화에 대한 자문화기술지

Objectives The purpose of this study was: (a) to find out the changes in the educational beliefs of a beginning special education teacher influenced by a sister with intellectual disability; (b) and to discuss its meanings.&#x0D; Methods An autoethnography is a form of qualitative research that draws self-reflection by understanding and analyzing personal experiences in a sociocultural context. To explore the issue by offering an autoethnography, in which the researcher observed the changes of educational beliefs formed through the interactions between the culture of a family member who has a sister with intellectual disability and the culture of a beginning special education teacher. The researcher collected the data from her teacher’s dairy blog, personal journal, memories, social networking service, and references. The qualitative data were analyzed by constant comparison method, based on methods of emotion coding and values coding. The results were as follows.&#x0D; Results First, through experiences from home, school days, and teacher preparation programs before becoming a special education teacher, the researcher formed beliefs that a special education teacher should be a diligent teacher who does one's best for her students. Second, after becoming a special education teacher and having work experiences with students, colleagues, and school culture, the researcher got perplexed with the educational beliefs she had before teaching students with disabilities. Third, through her life and teaching experiences, the researcher's educational beliefs have changed from being a diligent teacher to a competent teacher in subjects, teaching methods, guidance, and school tasks.&#x0D; Conclusions Based on the main results, the researcher suggested implications and directions for future studies on the educational beliefs of special education teachers in various life contexts.

Deductive belief change

Deductive belief change