Absorption Changes Research Articles

Digestive and absorptive capacity and digesta microbiota throughout the gastrointestinal tract of nursery pigs from parents with divergent estimated breeding value for feed conversion ratio

This study investigated digestive and absorptive function changes and microbiota adaptations during weaning in nursery pigs from parents with divergent estimated breeding values for feed conversion ratio (EBV_FCR). The research aimed to investigate whether these changes differed between two groups: pigs from high EBV_FCR (low efficiency, LE) parents and pigs from low EBV_FCR (high efficiency, HE) parents. Furthermore, digesta samples from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and cecum were collected from 56-day-old post-weaned pigs and subjected to microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA gene profiling. Enzyme activity kinetics and gene expression analyses of nutrient transporters in various segments of the digestive tract showed no significant differences between the two groups. Tight junction proteins gene expression also showed no significant differences in the jejunum between the two groups. Microbiota analysis revealed consistent dominance of Firmicutes in the jejunum and ileum, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes prevalent in the cecum and colon across both groups. However, significant differences were observed at the genus level. Lactobacillus was predominant in the small intestine of HE pigs, while the large intestine of LE pigs harbored higher levels of Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Blautia compared to HE pigs. These differences suggest potential functional differences that warrant further investigation.

J-dimers of phthalocyanine analogues: structural characterization and their use for determination of association constants between ligands and the central cation

J-dimers of phthalocyanine analogues are disassembled by various coordinating ligands with distinct changes in absorption and emission spectra.

Comprehensive characterization of tobacco-induced changes in enamel surface topography.

Enamel translucency, essential for the aesthetic appeal of teeth, is primarily determined by its thickness, quality, and refractive index. Several factors, including age, genetics, diet, oral hygiene practices, fluoride exposure, and acidic challenges, can influence enamel translucency. Tobacco use, in particular, leads to significant alterations in enamel appearance by penetrating its micropores, causing yellowing and browning. Prolonged exposure to tobacco results in demineralization, increasing enamel porosity and reducing its translucency. Over time, this exposure leads to permanent discoloration and structural degradation, rendering teeth dull and opaque. To assess these changes, various methods such as visual examinations, digital photography, spectrophotometry, stylus profilometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are utilized. This study analyzed human enamel samples, including one unstained sample (Grade 0) and three tobacco-stained samples (Grades 1-3) according to Modified Lobene Stain Index (MLSI), to investigate the impact of tobacco exposure on enamel structure. The samples were thoroughly cleaned and dried to ensure accurate results. High-resolution AFM imaging was employed to assess surface roughness, porosity, and microstructural changes induced by tobacco staining. A stylus profilometer was used to trace the surface topography, providing detailed measurements of surface irregularities. Additionally, a spectrophotometer was utilized to evaluate the optical properties of the enamel, focusing on changes in translucency and light absorption due to tobacco exposure. AFM analysis revealed a clear progression of enamel surface roughness from Grade 0 to Grade 3. The Sa and Sq values increased significantly with the severity of tobacco staining, indicating greater surface degradation. The stylus profilometer data corroborated these findings, with rising Ra values as the degree of staining intensified, highlighting the topographical alterations caused by tobacco exposure. Spectrophotometric analysis further demonstrated a decrease in enamel reflectance and an increase in light absorption from mild to severe staining, underscoring the detrimental optical effects of tobacco on enamel. The combined use of AFM, stylus profilometry, and spectrophotometry provided a comprehensive assessment of the impact of tobacco staining on enamel translucency and surface roughness. The findings show that as staining severity increases, enamel translucency diminishes, and surface roughness worsens. These alterations not only affect the aesthetic appearance of teeth but also have potential implications for enamel functionality and long-term oral health.

Comparison of Degradation Differences in Typical Urban Wastewater Dissolved Organic Matter

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a class of organic mixtures commonly found in natural water bodies with complex structures and diverse sources, which are closely related to the structure and function of the water body environment. Given the declining quality and quantity of lake waters in China, studying the dynamic degradation/change processes of DOM in lakes is essential to understand and manage the ecological health of these water bodies. In this experiment, by conducting photocatalytic experiments of DOM, we analyzed and compared the changes of absorbance and DOC concentration of different kinds of urban wastewater water samples with time, and the results showed that the degradation efficiencies of DOC were in the order of domestic wastewater>farming wastewater>industrial wastewater from the largest to the smallest, and the degradation efficiencies of the light-absorbable substances at the wavelength of 254 nm were farming wastewater>industrial wastewater>domestic wastewater. This study not only explored the photo-degradation process of DOM in urban wastewater, but also provided a scientific basis for wastewater treatment and management, with a view to optimizing the wastewater treatment process, improving the level of water quality management and reducing the impact of harmful pollutants on the environment.

Photophysical behavior of meso-N-butylcarbazole-substituted BODIPY in different nano-scale organized media.

The present work focuses on the photophysical behavior of meso-N-butylcarbazole-substituted BODIPY (CBZ-BDP) in different organized media towards exploring the possible use of the dye as a molecular sensor and imaging agent. The molecule shows an appreciable change in absorption and emission spectra at 75% water-acetonitrile mixture compared to pure acetonitrile. In water-acetonitrile mixture, it displays aggregate-induced emission (AIE) bands. New emission peaks are observed at 560nm and 630nm, corresponding to LE (locally excited) and ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) states of CBZ-BDP aggregates. The fluorescence anisotropy studies of CBZ-BDP in glycerol medium show its better sensitivity towards the microenvironment. CBZ-BDP was used to probe various microheterogeneous systems like bile salts, pluronics, and lipid bilayer systems in aqueous medium. The dye displays sensitive variation in emission intensity and fluorescence anisotropy in sodium cholate (NaC) bile salt in aqueous medium as a function of the bile salt concentration. The molecule detects the temperature-induced phase transitions in pluronic P123 and F127, as well as 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)and 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid bilayer systems in aqueous medium. These studies strongly suggest that CBZ-BDP can be used as an efficient fluorescent probe in sensing the micro-environmental changes in bile salts, pluronics, and lipid bilayers in aqueous medium. The imaging studies of CBZ-BDP-embedded Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) were carried out. The molecule stains the lipid bilayers and displays bright-green fluorescent images, suggesting its potential in lipid bilayer imaging.

Spatial-temporal analysis of carbon benefit and land use for low-carbon development strategies in Shandong Province, China

Abstract Assessing the carbon sequestration capacity of regional ecosystems is essential for achieving carbon neutrality goals. However, existing research often fails to comprehensively evaluate the spatial-temporal dynamic changes of ecosystem carbon emissions and absorption. This study introduces a Carbon Benefit Index (CBI) to assess carbon neutrality potential and classifies Shandong's 16 cities into four regions based on their carbon storage and emissions profiles. We conducted an in-depth analysis of ecosystem carbon benefits in Shandong Province from 2000 to 2020 using the multimodel random forest ensemble method, which enhances the accuracy of carbon sink simulations across terrestrial ecosystems. Our results showed that from 2000 to 2020, Shandong’s carbon emissions increased by 1.45×10⁸ tons (a 203.8% rise), while carbon storage decreased by 3.40×10⁷ tons (a 2.05% decline). Compared to previous studies, our findings underscore the significance of both above-ground and below-ground carbon storage. Grey correlation analysis of land use, anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, and ecosystem carbon storage revealed that cultivated and forest lands were most significantly correlated with carbon storage, whereas built-up areas were most closely linked to carbon emissions. The CBI analysis and classification of the 16 cities into four categories highlights the spatial-temporal heterogeneous of the carbon efficiency, and diverse roles cities play in the province's overall carbon balance, informing city-specific, targeted carbon reduction strategies. The study emphasizes the need for spatially differentiated, comprehensive carbon accounting to improve carbon efficiency. Based on these findings, we propose tailored low-carbon improvement strategies for different regions. This research not only contributes to existing literature by incorporating below-ground carbon storage but also provides valuable insights for policy and land management, with practical implications for promoting sustainable development and advancing efforts toward carbon neutrality.

Effects of aged microplastics on paddy soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions under laboratory aerobic conditions

ABSTRACT Microplastics (MPs) formed after changes in chemical or physical properties may alter soil properties, which in turn may affect microbial activities and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, few studies have focused on the effects of aged MPs changes on soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of MPs with different aging times on soil GHG emissions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Low-density polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) were treated with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for 0–2 weeks. Soil was incubated with PE or PLA 1% (w/w) concentration at 60% water holding capacity (WHC) for 35 days. Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Results showed that CO2 and N2O emissions were higher (p < 0.05) in MPs-amended treatments than those without MPs and increased with MPs age. The addition of virgin PE did not affect soil DOC content, whereas aged PE and all PLA additions significantly increased soil DOC content on day 0, probably because UV irradiation caused the degradation of MPs to smaller molecules. In addition, aged MPs addition altered DOC spectral characteristics on day 7, possibly because aged PE and PLA promote microbial decomposition of organic matter by altering soil properties. Changes in soil DOC content and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) by aged PE and PLA probably promoted the emissions of CO2 and N2O compared to virgin MPs or soil only. Our study revealed that aged PE and PLA promote GHG emissions from soil by changing DOC contents and qualities.

Abiotic stress responses in pulses: Impact of drought and high temperature

Pulses, a vital food crop in India, play a significant role in nutritional security and agriculture. Despite India's prominence in global pulse production, achieving self-sufficiency in pulse production is challenged by escalating drought and rising temperatures. This review examines the responses of pulse crops to drought and high temperatures, highlighting vulnerabilities that affect seed germination, growth, biomass and reproductive traits. Drought and heat stress adversely impact seed germination, vigor and biomass accumulation while altering root and shoot characteristics. Physiological responses, including changes in photosynthesis, nutrient absorption and oxidative damage are explored alongside the implications for root nodule development under water stress. Recent molecular studies identify specific genes and proteins linked to heat tolerance in various legumes, such as green gram, wild creole bean and chickpea. The roles of microRNAs and transcription factors in modulating heat stress responses are emphasized. Additionally, heat stress-induced differential gene expression in cowpea nodules and soybeans impacts flowering pathways and key regulatory genes. Understanding these complex interactions between environmental stressors and pulse crop physiology is crucial for developing resilient varieties and sustainable agricultural practices amid climate change-induced challenges. Future research should focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of drought and heat tolerance, particularly stress-responsive genes, transcription factors and microRNAs. Advances in gene editing and genomics will aid in creating resilient pulse varieties, while comparative studies can refine breeding strategies to enhance drought and heat tolerance, ultimately supporting sustainable pulse production.

Experimental investigation of laser texturing on surface roughness and wettability of PAHT CF15 fabricated by fused deposition modeling

AbstractFused deposition modeling (FDM) process has been emerged as an effective method for fabrication of different types of products without the need for expensive molds or material wasting subtractive processes. Polyamide composites possess higher mechanical properties, temperature resistance and inertness to many chemicals making them an attractive choice for many applications. This study focuses on the utilization of a nanosecond fiber laser texturing process as a post processing method for improving the surface finish and surface hydrophobicity of polyamide composite (PAHT CF15) produced through FDM process. PAHT CF15 is a high temperature resistant polyamide filament with 15% carbon fiber. These effects of texturing direction on surface finish and wettability of FDM printed PAHT CF15 samples were evaluated by texturing in two mutually perpendicular directions namely longitudinal and transverse. Experiments were also performed to determine the effect of laser power and scanning speed by varying the power at four levels, that is 20, 30, 40, and 50 W and scanning speed at two levels, that is 2000 and 4000 mm/s. Moisture absorption test of the textured surfaces were performed in an incubator at controlled temperature and relative humidity condition. A defocused laser beam was utilized to melt the upper surface of the 3D printed material in order to bring the changes at the surface level without causing surface ablation. It was observed that high speed laser processing can bring about the significant changes in surface finish, wettability and moisture absorption of the FDM printed parts.Highlights PAHT CF15 composites possess excellent mechanical properties. FDM printed PAHT CF15 parts have poor surface finish and low contact angles. Fiber lasers were employed to improve surface roughness. Wettability of textured surfaces was decreased by a maximum of 46%.

Full Conjugation in a Polymer with Non‐conjugated Piperazine‐2,5‐dione Units via Energy‐minimized Lactam‐to‐Lactim Tautomerization Enables Water‐gated Transistor Fluoride Sensors

AbstractPiperazine‐2,5‐dione (glycine anhydride, GA) has recently emerged as a valuable precursor for high‐performance π‐conjugated polymer semiconductors in organic electronics. We utilized GA to design a novel bisindolin‐dihydropiperazine (IDHP)‐based conjugated polymer, PIDHPTT, for aqueous chemical sensing. In the isatin‐flanked monomer, GA exists as a non‐conjugated lactam (DHP‐NH) but converts to a conjugated lactim (DHP‐OH) form within the polymer. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that this conversion is driven by energy minimization via extended π‐conjugation. Neighboring DHP units in the lactim form facilitate this process through π‐bridges, demonstrating a vinylogous effect, which has previously only been observed in small molecules. This is the first study to report such a long‐range vinylogous effect in a polymer due to the collective synergy of numerous functional groups. The OH groups in the lactim DHP interact more strongly with fluoride ions than other halides. PIDHPTT exhibits significant changes in optical absorption, electrochemical impedance, and charge transport in response to fluoride ions, which differ from responses to other halides. A water‐gated organic field‐effect transistor based on PIDHPTT shows excellent sensitivity and selectivity for fluoride ions, demonstrating the potential of this polymer design for chemical sensing applications.

Full Conjugation in a Polymer with Non-conjugated Piperazine-2,5-dione Units via Energy-minimized Lactam-to-Lactim Tautomerization Enables Water-gated Transistor Fluoride Sensors.

Piperazine-2,5-dione (glycine anhydride, GA) has recently emerged as a valuable precursor for high-performance π-conjugated polymer semiconductors in organic electronics. We utilized GA to design a novel bisindolin-dihydropiperazine (IDHP)-based conjugated polymer, PIDHPTT, for aqueous chemical sensing. In the isatin-flanked monomer, GA exists as a non-conjugated lactam (DHP-NH) but converts to a conjugated lactim (DHP-OH) form within the polymer. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that this conversion is driven by energy minimization via extended π-conjugation. Neighboring DHP units in the lactim form facilitate this process through π-bridges, demonstrating a vinylogous effect, which has previously only been observed in small molecules. This is the first study to report such a long-range vinylogous effect in a polymer due to the collective synergy of numerous functional groups. The OH groups in the lactim DHP interact more strongly with fluoride ions than other halides. PIDHPTT exhibits significant changes in optical absorption, electrochemical impedance, and charge transport in response to fluoride ions, which differ from responses to other halides. A water-gated organic field-effect transistor based on PIDHPTT shows excellent sensitivity and selectivity for fluoride ions, demonstrating the potential of this polymer design for chemical sensing applications.

Compact Time-Domain Diffuse Optics System Based on CMOS Technologies for Fast Acquisitions of Heartbeat-Induced Absorption Changes

Compact Time-Domain Diffuse Optics System Based on CMOS Technologies for Fast Acquisitions of Heartbeat-Induced Absorption Changes

PBPK modelling for the evaluation of drug-drug interaction between meropenem and valproic acid.

The present study aimed to quantitatively investigate the potential drug-drug interaction (DDI) mechanism between meropenem (MEPM) and valproic acid (VPA). In the present study, we firstly developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of MEPM and VPA. The verified PBPK model was then used to quantitatively investigate the potential DDI between MEPM and VPA. The effect of genetic polymorphisms of acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH) on DDI was also evaluated. In our simulation, the plasma concentration of hydrolysate of VPAG decreased to 63% when combined with MEPM. Total plasma concentration of VPA before carbapenem use was 53.61 mg/L, whereas it was 45.42 mg/L during carbapenem use. The inhibition of hydrolysis of VPAG by MEPM alone could not result in a rapid and substantial decrease in the plasma concentration of VPA. Parameter sensitivity analysis showed that the changes of absorption played an important role in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of VPA, whereas area under the plasma concentration-time profile (AUC) was more susceptible to elimination changes. In addition, a decrease in APEH activity had little impact on the plasma pharmacokinetics of VPA. The DDI between MEPM and VPA might be a comprehensive result of multiple factors. On the basis of our simulation, interval medication of MEPM injection and VPA immediate release tablet at 4-6h timed interval was recommended, or intravenous administration of VPA solution was preferred when combination regimen was necessary in a clinical setting.

A C3‐Symmetric Structurally Twisted Molecular Architecture: Mechano‐/Fluorochromic Behavior and Selective Multiphase Detection of Pd(II)

AbstractTriaminoguanidinium (TG)‐based C3‐symmetric‐like molecular architectures with diverse donors and acceptors are well established as organic molecular materials for promising stimuli‐responsive and metal sensing‐based applications. However, the mechanofluorochromic (MFC) response was unremarkable upon applying external mechanical stress. Even though some show MFC features, there was no optical shift under ambient light. In this paper, we developed a novel C3‐symmetric molecule, TAC3, containing the TG core linked with conformationally twisted thiophene‐linked anthracenyl terminals. Three conformationally deformed hands in TAC3 respond against external mechanical stimuli with a redshifted absorption and emission, easily detectable through the naked eye. Although MFC features were reported before for such C3‐symmetric molecules, the change in absorbance was not identified. In addition, TAC3 could selectively detect Pd2+ through extreme emission quenching (green to black). The mechanochromism and sensing outcomes are elucidated by the experimental and theoretical support. Compared to the previous reports, the notable 2 : 3 (metal: ligand) binding due to geometric restriction creating a specific pocket size for Pd+2 is unusual for this system. The onsite application on Pd2+ detection and measurable MFC features are demonstrated to validate the potential of this C3‐symmetric molecule in advanced optoelectronic applications such as security writing and Pd2+ ion detection.

Antioxidants Recognition Colorimetric Sensor Array Based on Multicolor System

ABSTRACTA colorimetric sensor array with three identification signals has been developed to visually recognize five antioxidants based on CuFe Prussian blue analogs nanocubes (CuFe PBA NCs) and 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The CuFe PBA NCs can oxidize TMB to produce three ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption peaks at different wavelengths (370, 450, and 650 nm). Depending on the different reduction capacity of dopamine, cysteine, ascorbic acid, glutathione, and melatonin, the redox process can be inhibited to varying degrees, resulting in different changes in the signal generation of three identification elements. And in the presence of different antioxidants, the color of the solution also changes in different degrees. Five antioxidants (20 μM) can be identified by this colorimetric sensor array, and the identification accuracy was 100% for 40 unknown antioxidants. In addition, these antioxidants can also be quantified based on the regression equation between the concentration of the antioxidants and the absorbance change. The correlation coefficient is greater than 0.990, and the detection limit is less than 3.5 μM.

High-temperature solar energy absorption enhancement of mixed-phase core–shell spherical Al-based composite particles

This study focuses on the development of heat transfer/thermal energy storage particles for direct irradiation solid particle solar receivers to improve the efficiency by enhancing solar absorption, thermal stability, thermal storage property, and mechanical strength. A novel dry-mix extrusion technique was adopted to synthesize Al-based core–shell composite particles. The research shows that particles coated with 5.5 wt% mixed-phase metallic compounds maintain over 90 % solar absorptivity after 300 h at 1200°C, 600-1200°C thermal cycling, and wear tests, with an absorptivity change negligible (±2.20 %) and a mass loss of less than 0.053 g. The cost of the particles is below 1.5€/kg with good flowability, compressive strength up to 398.6 MPa, and an energy density as high as 2675.3 kJ/(m3·K). Monte-Carlo finite element numerical results found that the absorption efficiency of a composite particle curtain with a thickness of 0.02 m and a volume fraction of 0.05 increased by 169.6 % over the original ones. The particles can operate for extended periods at higher temperatures or harsh conditions to improve energy conversion efficiency, extend service life, and reduce maintenance requirements. It demonstrates the potential application value in the field of thermal energy absorption and storage, providing highly promising candidates for future high-temperature solar thermal applications.

In vivo detection of spectral reflectance changes associated with regulated heat dissipation mechanisms complements fluorescence quantum efficiency in early stress diagnosis.

Early stress detection of crops requires a thorough understanding of the signals showing the very first symptoms of the alterations in the photosynthetic light reactions. Detection of the activation of the regulated heat dissipation mechanism is crucial to complement passively induced fluorescence to resolve ambuiguities in energy partitioning. Using leaf spectroscopy, we evaluated the capability of pigment spectral unmixing to calculate the fluorescence quantum efficiency (FQE) and simultaneously retrieve fast absorption changes in a drought and nitrogen deficiency experiment with tomato. In addition, active fluorescence measurements and pigment analyses of xanthophylls, carotenes and chlorophylls were conducted. We observed notable responses in noninvasive proximal sensing-retrieved FQE values under stress, but as expected, these alone were not enough to identify the constraints in photosynthetic efficiency. Reflectance-based detection of the 535-nm peak absorption change was able to complement FQE and indicate the activation of regulated heat dissipation for both stress treatments under growing light conditions. However, further complexity in the light harvesting energy regulation needs to be accounted for when considering additional light stress. Our results underscore the potential of complementary in vivo quantitative spectroscopy-based products in the early and nondestructive stress diagnosis of plants, marking the path for further applications.

Clinical significance of determining the level of citrulline in children who have undergone intestinal resection during the neonatal period

Citrulline is an amino acid that is not found in protein and does not enter the body through food, enteral or parenteral nutrition. It is instead synthesized exclusively by enterocytes. Therefore, citrulline concentrations in the blood can reflect the process of biosynthesis in the intestines and are directly related to changes in the function of these cells.Purpose. The aim of the study was to assess citrulline levels in children who had undergone intestinal resection during the neonatal period.Material and methods. The study included 22 children with short bowel syndrome, diagnosed by a doctor (main group; average age 3.7 months). We also included 20 children who had undergone surgery to remove less than 50% of their intestine but did not have short bowel syndrome (comparison group; average age 3 months 1 day). The control group consisted of 23 healthy children who had never had surgery on their gastrointestinal tract and did not have any congenital malformations or clinical signs of enteropathy (average age 5 months 3 days). High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to measure the level of citrulline.Results. The average level of citrulline in the blood of children in the main group was 18 μmol/l (95% CI 10–22.8), in the comparison group – 17.5 μmol/l (95% CI 16–21), in the control group – 26 μmol/l (95% CI 22–3). Citrulline levels in patients who underwent surgery in the neonatal period were significantly different from those of children in the control group There were no differences in the content of citrulline between the main and comparison groups, depending on whether the colon was preserved or not and whether the ileocecal valve was present (p&gt;0.05).Conclusion. An increase in citrulline level in the blood of children receiving therapy with a glucagon-like peptide-2 analog indicates the possibility of using this marker to monitor changes in intestinal absorption associated with physiological or pharmacological adaptation of the intestine.

Tracking a Homeopathic Complex Formulation in the Watercourses of a Fire-Damaged State Park in Brazil.

In 2020, a 26,849-ha state park in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, had 30% of its area damaged by fire. A homeopathic complex formulation was applied at strategic point locations in the park's springs or watercourses, aiming to mitigate the fire damage to the flora and fauna as quickly as possible. The duration of the homeopathic signal at each point was assessed using an established solvatochromic dye technique. To evaluate the timing and the nature of the signal at each of nine point locations. We could thus identify the presence of any signal variations due to specified environmental features within the park. Water samples were harvested from each intervention point at different times, filtered, frozen, and sent to the laboratory, where they were prepared to 1cH using filtered 30% ethanol. Methylene violet was chosen among six dyes since it was found in preliminary tests that it could trace the homeopathic complex used. In addition to simple sample testing, samples were submitted to a static and unidirectional magnetic field of 2400 Gauss (240 mT) for 15 minutes immediately before reading, which enhanced the method's sensitivity. One-way analysis of variance/Tukey test was used to identify dye absorbance changes following the analysis of water samples from the watercourse system. A correlation matrix and the Spearman r test were employed to evaluate any correlation between tracking and the pre-existing anthropic interventions at harvesting points. In all cases, α = 0.05. Four tracking patterns using the sample magnetization process were observed in relation to water samples and their effect on methylene violet solutions: no response (P2, P4), early transitory response (P5, P6, P8), late response (P1, P9), and constant response (P3, P7). P2 and P4, which could not be tracked, were correlated with permanent local anthropic disturbance. Methylene violet was the best dye to track the homeopathic complex prepared specifically for this case. Tracking was facilitated by prior magnetic treatment of samples, but anthropic disturbances to the environment seem to interfere with it.

High Temperature Effects on Global Heritage Stone Resources: A Systematic Review

Throughout history, natural stone has been a crucial building material due to its strength, durability, and aesthetic qualities. Today, it continues to be a valuable resource, representing both a cultural heritage asset and a significant economic material. However, the increasing frequency of heat waves and fires driven by climate change poses a growing threat to stone building materials. This paper reviews the scientific attention given to the effects of high temperatures on Global Heritage Stone Resources (GHSRs), an international classification designed to enhance the recognition and status of building stones. Through a systematic SCOPUS search with refined filtering criteria, the study aims to quantify the existing research on these heritage stones. The search applied the standardized lithotype terms from GHSR publications to ensure consistency, followed by the exclusion of irrelevant terms when identified. Additionally, a relevance filter was applied to restrict the number of articles per lithotype and ensure that only the most pertinent studies were considered. Key findings from the literature reveal that exposure to high temperatures (ranging from 200 °C to 900 °C) significantly affected the studied GHSRs, leading to thermal micro-fissuring, increased porosity, and changes in water absorption, which compromise the mechanical properties of the stones. Moreover, these conditions can result in irreversible chemical transformations, exacerbating the deterioration of cultural heritage assets. The study emphasizes the critical need for research to better understand how these stone materials behave when exposed to high temperatures. It also provides a relevant framework for future investigations aimed at predicting and mitigating the effects of external threats such as fires.