Changes In Women Research Articles

Blood and nerves revisited: menopause and the privatization of the body in a Newfoundland postindustrial fishery.

Ethnographic data from a longitudinal, interpretive study of women's changing social and cultural constructions of menopause in a postindustrial, Newfoundland fishing village indicate that three major changes have taken place in the way women conceptualize female, reproductive life-cycle events and processes. First, folk idioms of nerves and blood that once linked soma, psyche, place, and tradition are now trivialized and have been superseded by biomedical models of menopause. Second, physicians, television, magazines, and school teachers have replaced the community's middle-aged women and the mutual communication of shared experience as major sources of information and advice on reproduction and aging. Third, women's bodies have become privatized, and bodily metaphors that once linked women in complex individual and collective assessments of shared, highly valued traditions and mutual judgment of moral character have lost their dominance in village life.

The influence of women's changing roles and status in Bangladesh's fertility transition: Evidence from a study of credit programs and contraceptive use

Multivariate analyses of data from a recent study in rural Bangladesh suggest that women's access to credit provided by two organizations, Grameen Bank and BRAC, augments use of contraception. This effect increases with the duration of the women's involvement in the credit programs. Although three of eight measures of women's empowerment have statistically significant effects on contraceptive use (women's economic security and contribution to family support, freedom of mobility, and relative freedom from domination by the family), these variables account for surprisingly little of the effect of credit on contraceptive use. The authors present qualitative data describing how the credit programs empower women, and speculate about other paths through which participation in them may influence contraceptive use.

PEDERSEN, Diana, Changing Women, Changing History. A Bibliography of the History of Women in Canada (Ottawa, Carleton University Press, 1996), 252 p. Deuxième édition.

PEDERSEN, Diana, Changing Women, Changing History. A Bibliography of the History of Women in Canada (Ottawa, Carleton University Press, 1996), 252 p. Deuxième édition.. Un article de la revue Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française (Volume 51, numéro 1, été 1997, p. 3-144) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

Adapting to capitalism: working women in the English economy, 1700-1850

Acknowledgements Map of Essex Prologue: Making Shift Introduction: Women Adapting to Capitalism De-industrialization and the Staple: the Worsted Industry Re-industrialization and the Fashion Trades Agriculture: the Sexual Division of Labour Shifts of Housewifery: Service as a Female Migration Experience The Economics of Body and Soul Epilogue: Continuity and Change in Women's Employment Bibliography Index

Organizing for Equality: The Evolution of Women's and Racial-Ethnic Organizations in America, 1955-1985.

Women and racial-ethnic minorities have had long histories of mobilizing for equality in U.S. society, but recent decades have witnessed an unprecedented expansion in the number and visibility of voluntary and activist organizations committed to challenging gender and racial-ethnic discrimination. What conditions have encouraged this growth? Going beyond more familiar accounts of social movement development, Debra Minkoff uses multivariate techniques to demonstrate that there is an ecology of organizational evolution that has shaped the formation and survival of national women's, African-American, Asian American, and Latino social and political organizations. Changes in the environment for action during the 1960s promoted the creation of a niche for women's and minority organizational activity, and this sector continued to expand even as the climate for social action became increasingly conservative during the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing on recent advances in both social movement and organizational theory and research, Minkoff offers an "organizational" analysis of the evolution of the women's and racial-ethnic social change sector since the mid-1950s. She provides an original synthesis of social movement and organizational theory, and unique analysis of the development of these women's and minority organizations from the civil rights era to the present.

Consistency or Change in Women's Politicization in South Korea

Using 1982 and 1990 survey data, this paper examines the extent to which the gender gap in politicization has persisted and/or changed in South Korea. The core emphasis of the paper is on whether economic development and generational turnover hove reduced gender inequality in some altitudes–psychological involvement, protest potential, system trust–that are important for political activity. The findings indicate that both economic development and generational shift have narrowed the gender gap in politicization over an eight‐year period. It should be emphasized, however, that the socio‐political structure has not caught up with Korean women's attitudinal changes, thus resulting in a phenomenon of “institutional lag.”

Walking in light, walking in darkness: The story of women's changing rhetorical space in early Methodism

Walking in light, walking in darkness: The story of women's changing rhetorical space in early Methodism

Dress as Social Policy: Change in Women's Dress in a Southwestern Turkish Village

"Dress as Social Policy: Change in Women's Dress in a Southwestern Turkish Village." Dress, 23(1), pp. 47–62

Women's work and women's worth: the leisure implications of women's changing employment patterns

This paper reviews the interrelationship of work and leisure in British women's lives. It focuses in particular on the practical and ideological significance of changes in women's patterns of labour market involvement. While women's gross employment levels have risen substantially over the last three decades, the scale and pattern of female employment is strongly differentiated across social groups. Most women's work involvement continues to be primarily shaped by the requirements of their family role, and to be strongly differentiated from male employment patterns. Among women with higher status jobs, however, a contrasting pattern is emerging. This paper considers whether the ‘advances’ of professional women are indicative of a general tide of change which can be expected to permeate to other sectors of the female population, and highlights structural factors in both work and family domains which are likely to inhibit this. It concludes that current trends in women's employment patterns both represent i...

Toward A Synthesis of Feminist and Demographic Perspectives on Fertility

In explaining fertility and reproduction and emerging patterns of childbearing, both demographers and feminists have centered their thinking on women's status (economic and social), women's changing roles and life experiences (increased labor force participation, increased availability of reproductive options, declining marriage rates in many parts of the industrialized world, and the centrality of women to development), and women as agents in micro- and macrolevel changes in family, fertility, and economic change. Although demography has recently begun to integrate feminist perspectives into fertility explanations, there is not yet a synthesis of feminist theoretical insights with demographic questions. Drawing from recent thinking on global and national political and policy challenges in the less and more developed worlds, to the epistemological shifts in knowledge of reproduction/mothering, to changes in the technologies of reproduction, this article moves toward an integration of feminist and demographic perspectives on fertility.

Women's changing economic roles with pastoral sedentarization: Varying strategies in alternate Rendille communities

The trend of pastoral sedentarization in Africa presents new economic opportunities to women through the sale of dairy products, agricultural produce, and labor. This study of Rendille of northern Kenya shows a variety of economic strategies pursued by women in nomadic pastoral, settled agro-pastoral, and town communities. Results of household budgets and interviews with married women indicate that urban centers attract both wealthier Rendille women selling milk and poorer women engaged in wage-labor and petty commodity trade; time allocation data shows that women living in towns work as strenuously as those in pastoral communities, while men in towns work less than in pastoral communities and less than women in both communities; and anthropometric data of women and children suggest that increases in women's income may have a beneficial effect on the nutrition and well-being of their children.

Implications of Gender Bias in the Family Business

The prevalence of biases toward females and some underlying perceptions in regard to gender within the context of the family business are explored in this article. The implications of gender bias for the well-being of family businesses are analyzed, with particular reference to the issue of succession planning. Women's changing professional and family roles are also examined.

Changes in Women's Majors from Entrance to Graduation at Women's and Coeducational Colleges

Using data on the anticipated and final majors of 1700 students at eight women's colleges and 818 female students at seven coed colleges, the author tests whether women at single-sex institutions were more likely than their counterparts at coed schools to remain in traditionally male-dominated subjects and whether they were more likely to shift from traditionally female-dominated subjects. Depending on how broadly “female-dominated majors” is defined, 40% to 75% of women at women's colleges who began in such majors shifted to neutral or male-dominated fields during their college careers, compared to only about 25% of women at coed schools. Approximately 22% of women at both types of school left male-dominated majors.

Changes in Women's Majors from Entrance to Graduation at Women's and Coeducational Colleges

Changes in Women's Majors from Entrance to Graduation at Women's and Coeducational Colleges

The influence of a work-oriented life style on residential location choice of couples

Numerically, the traditional family, with the man as breadwinner and the woman as homemaker, has decreased in importance. The dominant force behind this process is individualization and growth of real income (Lesthaeghe and Meekers, 1986). It went hand in hand with lower fertility, higher divorce rates, people staying single for a longer time, and growing female labour force participation. A major consequence of this process is the change in residential location needs. For instance, one of the triggers of gentrification is the rise of single households and childless dual-career households (Lipton, 1977; Hamnett, 1984; Dengschat, 1991). In gender studies it is often argued that suburban 2 environments are relatively unfriendly to working women. Most suburban areas were built in a period in which the dominant view prescribed a sharp division of labour in the household: the husband doing paid work elsewhere, the woman doing unpaid work at home. In short, this view led to the creation of suburbs, characterized by long commuting distances from the city center (where most employment was located), poor public transportation, and limited child-care facilities. A contradiction has grown between the changing gender relations and women's changing roles on the one hand and, on the other, the present form of the suburbs (England, 1991). Therefore, central cities are regarded as better environments for women compared with single-familydwelling suburbs (Rose, 1984). In cities, women have more access to facilities and a greater diversity of housing and services. According to Stapleton (1980), it is the changing allocation of time between domestic labour, paid labour, and leisure which leads to alterations in location needs. The fact that working women have better opportunities in central cities, and for that reason can be found more frequently in these environments, is not empirically corroborated in the Netherlands. There, many dual-career households are living in suburban areas (Kruythoff, 1993; Camstra, 1994). Factors which seem to influence residential environment choice are the equality of hours worked, level of education, having children, income, and stage in the life

The lay concept of the climacteric among middle-aged Danes

The lay concept of female and male climacteric was studied in a Danish general population cohort including 526 women and 439 men born in 1936, who completed a questionnaire in 1987. Differences between men's and women's ideas of male and female climacteric including personal experiences were demonstrated. With regard to the female climacteric, most women connected cessation of menstruation with hot flushes, whereas men focused mainly on negative psychologic changes. The existence of a male climacteric was accepted by 49% of the women and 26% of the men; however, only 7% of the men based their statement on personal experience. The male climacteric was mainly characterized by the psychologic problems identical to those men attributed to the female climacteric and the complaints women attributed to other women's change of life. Finally, the male climacteric was associated with decreasing sexual activity. This item was barely mentioned with regard to the female climacteric. The lay concept of the climacteric seem to imply psychologic changes that could not be explained by biologic changes, as well as more permanent changes related to the general ageing process. The risk of medicalization of a normal ageing process is underlined.

HIV Counseling, Testing Do Not Necessarily Change Women's Sexual Behavior

HIV Counseling, Testing Do Not Necessarily Change Women's Sexual Behavior

Adult Daughter Caregivers

As part of the discussion on resource allocation for the aged, it crucial to ask not only about who the family caregivers are and whether they need assistance, but also to ask how an understanding of the obligation to give care can contribute to a more just allocation. This work examines only one type of family caregiving--that of adult children to parents--focusing particularly on the experience of adult daughters as caregivers. l offer a conceptual analysis of the basis of filial obligations as a resource for dealing with some of the dilemmas experienced by these caregivers. The stereotype that the elderly the United States are abandoned by their families and warehoused nursing homes a myth.[1] Only 5 percent of the elderly the U.S. are institutionalized. Nine ten of the disabled elderly not nursing homes receive unpaid care from relatives and friends. Up to 7 million Americans are unpaid caregivers to the elderly, with the majority of caregivers being women.[2] Adult daughters and daughters-in-law not only provide the principal help to older people who care for disabled spouses but are also the primary caregivers to the more than 9 million widowed older people who are dependent.[3] The current average caregiver to the elderly forty-five years old, female, and married. Among children who are primary caregivers, daughters outnumber sons three to one.[4] Gender-Specific Filial Caregiving According to Elaine Brody, one of the most dominant and powerful shared themes of women's filial caregiving experience is their fundamental acceptance that parent care a woman's role. Brody goes on to say that in virtually every culture, the nurturing role belongs to women, no matter how it has come about.[5] The predominance of adult daughters and daughters-in-law as caregivers at the very least enforced sociological, cultural, and religious traditions. Parents are not equally esteemed all cultures, of course, and filial obligations for care may vary between duties to one's own or one's spouse's parents. Consider, for example, salient features of several influential Western (and one Eastern) traditions. Some traditions, like the Greek, honor the father above all; others, such as Islam, esteem the mother over the father. And still other cultures expect a daughter to honor both her parents equally (Judeo-Christian) or her in-laws after marriage (Imperial Chinese). So too, a woman's first duties as caregiver may be to her own parents (as the Christian and Jewish traditions), though she may also be to assist caring for her husband's parents. Or duties of filial care to her in-laws may supersede a woman's obligations to her own parents once she has married, as Classical Greece and Imperial China.[6] The focus of filial obligations the written historical texts on what sons owe to their parents, with emphasis on what sons owe to fathers. In the patriarchal traditions listed above, women marriage are necessary helpers to husbands fulfilling their filial obligations. Family caregivers are predominantly female because these societies assign the role to the feminine sphere. In Revolutionary America as well, filial duty was gender-specific, with sons to provide financial contributions and daughters to provide the hands-on care and nurture of aged parents. Women perceived their responsibility as both appropriate and necessary within the prescribed limits of woman's sphere.[7] Current data on the effects of women's changing roles and attitudes toward responsibility for care of elderly adults reflect significant generational differences concerning sharing of parent care and household tasks by men and women. In a study of three generations of women, the youngest generation was most favor of egalitarian gender roles.[8] Interestingly, the study revealed that those the youngest generation were strongly favor of family caregiving and yet at the same time they expected to work much longer than their mothers and grandmothers had to work when they were young women even though the grand-daughters to marry and to have as many children as their mothers and grandmothers. …

Diversity research in the United States Navy: An update

Researchers at the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (NPRDC) have investigated issues related to gender, racial, and ethnic diversity for over two decades. Rosenfeld, M.D. Thomas, Edwards, P.J. Thomas, and E.D. Thomas (1991) provided a comprehensive review of NPRDC diversity research conducted between 1970 and 1990. This article examines NPRDC diversity research conducted during the past 5 years and identifies future research issues. The present review is divided into four major topic areas and a final section of conclusions and future directions. The first section describes the Navywide and unit-specific programs to assess equal opportunity climate and sexual harassment. The second section summarizes research pertaining to issues raised by women's changing roles and their increased participation in the Navy. In the third section, the findings of Navy discipline studies shed light on the issue of higher disciplinary rates among minority personnel. Research on Hispanics is reviewed in the fourth section. Finally, in the Discussion and Conclusions section, potential future research emphases are identified.

Women's paid and unpaid labor: the work transfer in health care and retailing

List of Tables Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Changes in Women's Lives 1. From Paid to Unpaid Work 2. The Work Transfer in the Service Economy 3. Women's Work: Linking Separate Spheres Part II: The Retail Trade Industry 4. The Restructuring of Retailing 5. From Salesclerk to Cashier 6. The Clerkless Customer: Doing Away with Wasteful Labor Part III: The Health Services Industry 7. Capital and Labor: Restructuring Health Services 8. Changing Hospital Work 9. Changing Home Care 10. The Home as Workshop: Amateur Nursing--Medical Caregivers 11. Conclusions Appendix Notes References Index