Winds Of Change Research Articles

Benefits Availed and Constraints Faced by Beneficiaries of Jalasamrudhi, Project, Thiruvananthapuram

The study analysed the benefits availed and constraints faced by beneficiaries of Jalasamrudhi Project, Thiruvananthapuram. A systematic sampling technique was adopted for the data collection and information was collected from 80 beneficiaries of the project, thus making the total sample size 80. The farmers responded to the benefits availed and the constraints were ranked using Garrett ranking technique. The respondents benefitted from increase in ground water table level, market and non- market benefits. The major constraints faced by the beneficiaries were crop loss due to high speed wind, pests and climate change, followed by non-availability of inputs and non- availability of subsidy on time, lack of technical guidance. The primary suggestion from beneficiary farmers was to ensure continuity and follow-up, increase the project period from 5 to 10 years and ensure better infrastructure facilities to improve the effectiveness of the project.

Study on Non-Stationary Wind Speed Models and Wind Load Design Parameters Based on Data from the Beijing 325 m Meteorological Tower, 1991–2020

As the capital of China and a densely populated major city, the characteristics of Beijing’s near-surface wind field change significantly with the increase in the density of underlying urban structures. The high randomness of natural wind makes it extremely difficult to develop a universally applicable wind-resistant load design code based on topographic factors and architectural features. This article takes the wind speeds recorded at 15 different height levels within the urban area by the 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing from 1991 to 2020 as the research subject. It quantifies the wind speed trends at different heights and introduces time-varying functions to establish a non-stationary wind speed model based on the optimal model. Additionally, it compares the basic wind speeds and wind pressure height variation coefficients obtained from measurements with the standards. The results show that, during the past 30 years of urbanization, the near-surface wind speed in the Beijing area has shown a decreasing trend. The model incorporating time-varying functions exhibited the best fit and demonstrated good predictive capabilities, with its calculated basic wind speeds being relatively high. The wind pressure height variation coefficient values in Beijing are between Class C and Class D terrains, being closer to Class C at lower altitudes. The conclusion reveals that urbanization has a significant impact on wind speeds, primarily concentrated at lower height levels, and that the basic wind speeds calculated based on standards underestimate the actual conditions when this impact is not considered. Although the average wind speed’s wind profile index across the entire time series is mostly greater than the fixed value of 0.3 given by Class D, this represents an overestimated wind profile index for maximum wind speeds.

Did recent sea surface temperature warming reinforce the extreme East Asian summer monsoon precipitation in 2020?

We analyzed the possible effects of recent sea surface temperature (SST) warming on the extraordinary East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) precipitation in 2020 summer. The dynamic and thermodynamic impacts of SST are examined by conducting regional climate model experiments with observed SST and cold SST where the 22-year SST trend is removed. In the presence of warm SST, precipitation increases in low latitudes but decreases in the EASM region. This dipolar precipitation change pattern opposes the precipitation anomalies in 2020 summer, indicating that the extraordinary 2020 EASM precipitation is not likely driven by recent SST warming. The warm SST suppresses the western North Pacific subtropical high expansion and weakens the southwesterly from the South China Sea toward the EASM region. In terms of large-scale atmospheric circulations, SST-induced wind changes strengthen the local Walker circulation in the South China Sea and the Philippines and the local Hadley circulation across the EASM region. These support the reduced EASM rainfall in the control experiment compared to the cold SST experiment and imply that the precipitation reduction by dynamical effects could exceed the precipitation increase by thermodynamic effects in the EASM region under warm SST.

Last Interglacial subsurface warming on the Antarctic shelf triggered by reduced deep-ocean convection

The Antarctic ice-sheet could have contributed 3 to 5 m sea-level equivalent to the Last Interglacial sea-level highstand. Such an Antarctic ice-mass loss compared to pre-industrial requires a subsurface warming on the Antarctic shelf of ~ 3 °C according to ice-sheet modelling studies. Here we show that a substantial subsurface warming is simulated south of 60 °S in an equilibrium experiment of the Last Interglacial. It averages +1.2 °C at ~ 500 m depth from 70 °W to 160 °E, and it reaches +2.4 °C near the Lazarev Sea. Weaker deep-ocean convection due to reduced sea-ice formation is the primary driver of this warming. The associated changes in meridional density gradients and surface winds lead to a weakened Antarctic Circumpolar Current and strengthened Antarctic Slope Current, which further impact subsurface temperatures. A subsurface warming on the Antarctic shelf that could trigger ice-mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet can thus be obtained during warm periods from reduced sea-ice formation.

Variability and trends of near-surface wind speed over the Tibetan Plateau: The role played by the westerly and Asian monsoon

Near-surface wind speed exerts profound impacts on many environmental issues, while the long-term (≥60 years) trend and multidecadal variability in the wind speed and its underlying causes in global high-elevation and mountainous areas (e.g., Tibetan Plateau) remain largely unknown. Here, by examining homogenized wind speed data from 104 meteorological stations over the Tibetan Plateau for 1961–2020 and ERA5 reanalysis datasets, we investigated the variability and long-term trend in the near-surface wind speed and revealed the role played by the westerly and Asian monsoon. The results show that the homogenized annual wind speed displays a decreasing trend (−0.091 m s−1 per decade, p < 0.05), with the strongest in spring (−0.131 m s−1 per decade, p < 0.05), and the weakest in autumn (−0.071 m s−1 per decade, p < 0.05). There is a distinct multidecadal variability of wind speed, which manifested in an prominent increase in 1961–1970, a sustained decrease in 1970–2002, and a consistent increase in 2002–2020. The observed decadal variations are likely linked to large-scale atmospheric circulation, and the correlation analysis unveiled a more important role of westerly and East Asian winter monsoon in modulating near-surface wind changes over the Tibetan Plateau. The potential physical processes associated with westerly and Asian monsoon changes are in concordance with wind speed change, in terms of overall weakened horizontal air flow (i.e., geostrophic wind speed), declined vertical thermal and dynamic momentum transfer (i.e., atmospheric stratification thermal instability and vertical wind shear), and varied Tibetan Plateau vortices. This indicates that to varying degrees these processes may have contributed to the changes in near-surface wind speed over the Tibetan Plateau. This study has implications for wind power production and soil wind erosion prevention in the Tibetan Plateau.

Satellite Observations of the Influence of Energetic Electron Precipitation on the Mesosphere and Stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere

AbstractThe Earth’s atmosphere is influenced by energetic electrons coming from the magnetosphere. This energetic electron precipitation (EEP) is energized by the solar wind and directly affects in the high‐latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). EEP forms odd nitrogen (NOx) and hydrogen oxides (HOx) which destroy ozone. During winter EEP‐NOx descends to the stratosphere, establishing the indirect EEP effect. Several studies have found that EEP is related to changes in temperature and winds in the northern winter stratosphere. One of the most prominent effects of EEP is the influence on the northern polar vortex, a westerly wind system surrounding the winter pole in the middle atmosphere. Most studies of the EEP effect on dynamical features of the middle atmosphere have relied on either model simulations or reanalysis datasets which are mainly limited to stratospheric heights. We study here EEP effects on chemical and dynamical properties of the stratosphere and mesosphere in the northern hemisphere by using EOS Aura satellite’s measurements of atmospheric properties and POES satellites' measurements of precipitating electrons. We confirm earlier results showing that EEP decreases ozone and affects the temperature in the polar middle atmosphere and strengthens the stratospheric polar vortex. We show that EEP weakens the mesospheric polar vortex in late winter. This effect on polar vortex is partly due to changes in propagation and convergence of planetary waves. Accordingly, the EEP effect on the northern polar vortex depends on planetary waves not only in the stratosphere, as found in earlier studies, but also in the mesosphere.

Observation of vertical coupling during a major sudden stratospheric warming by ICON and GOLD: a case study of the 2020/2021 warming event

The response of the thermospheric daytime longitudinally averaged zonal and meridional winds and neutral temperature to the 2020/2021 major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is studied at low-to middle latitudes (0◦ - 40◦N) using observations by NASA’s ICON and GOLD satellites. The major SSW commenced on 1 January 2021 and lasted for several days. Results are compared with the non-SSW winter of 2019/2020 and pre-SSW period of December 2020. Major changes in winds and temperature are observed during the SSW. The northward and westward winds are enhanced in the thermosphere especially above ∼140 km during the warming event, while temperature around 150 km drops up to 50 K compared to the pre-SSW phase. Changes in the zonal and meridional winds are likely caused by the SSW-induced changes in the propagation and dissipation conditions of internal atmospheric waves. Changes in the horizontal circulation during the SSW can generate upwelling at low-latitudes, which can contribute to the adiabatic cooling of the low-latitude thermosphere. The observed changes during the major SSW are a manifestation of long-range vertical coupling in the atmosphere.

Fruit Crop Species with Agrivoltaic Systems: A Critical Review

As the world seeks alternatives to fossil fuels, agrivoltaics offer a promising solution by integrating solar panels with farming practices. This review examines three key agrivoltaic setups—static tilted, full-sun tracking, and agronomic tracking—dissecting their engineering features’ roles in optimizing both the electricity yield and the fruit productivity of some fruit crops. We emphasize the microclimatic modifications induced by agrivoltaic systems, mainly encompassing changes in solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and wind. The data collected in this survey reveal a strong spatial heterogeneity distribution over different locations and a significant influence on fruit crops’ growth, yield, and quality, with variations among species. Such findings on the overall performance recommend a 30% shading threshold to prevent substantial declines in fruit characteristics, i.e., fruit yield and quality. Shading conditions over this threshold influence the leaf morphophysiological characteristics, impacting the photosynthesis capacity and fruit dry matter accumulation. This emphasizes the importance of further investigation into spectral radiation quality and carbon assimilation kinetics as daily responses for different fruit species to be cultivated in such new environments. Starting from this point, this review underscores the need to extend studies on various fruit crops, particularly those cultivated in semi-arid horticultural regions (i.e., for saving water), and suggests the use of comprehensive and standardized indicators for comparability across studies. Finally, the authors conclude that engineering improvements, along with new research programs on agrivoltaic systems, could lead to agricultural, environmental, and economic sustainability, as well as their practical implementation and attractiveness to farmers in the coming years.

Spatiotemporal Variability of Extreme Precipitation Events and Associated Atmospheric Processes Over Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica

AbstractWe investigate the spatial and temporal variability of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) in the Dronning Maud Land (DML) sector of Antarctica using high‐resolution ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data. This study examines the spatial occurrence of EPEs across DML, focusing particularly on six locations spanning the coastal and interior parts of the area. The largest snowfall amounts are usually found on eastward‐facing slopes in the coastal zone. EPEs occur predominantly in north‐easterly to easterly flows, leading to enhanced precipitation on the windward side of the orographic features with a steep gradient. Wind during EPEs was found to be more directionally consistent in the coastal area than in the interior. An east‐west couplet of a mid‐tropospheric ridge and low‐pressure center is essential for steering warm moist maritime airmasses into the DML region before EPEs. Approximately 40% of EPEs result from atmospheric rivers (ARs), narrow bands of moist air originating at subtropical latitudes, which provide the greatest daily precipitation amounts. From 1979 to 2018, much of the DML experienced a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in the number of EPEs per year, along with increased precipitation from the EPEs. These trends were associated with significant changes in moisture availability and poleward meridional winds in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. The inter‐annual variability in the number of EPEs is primarily dictated by regional atmospheric variability, while the influence of the Southern Oscillation Index and Southern Annular Mode is limited.

Near-Future Projection of Sea Surface Winds in Northwest Pacific Ocean Based on a CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensemble

Information about wind variations and future wind conditions is essential for a monsoon domain such as the Northwest Pacific (NWP) region. This study utilizes 10 Generalized Circulation Models (GCM) from CMIP6 to evaluate near-future wind changes in the NWP under various climate warming scenarios. Evaluation against the ERA5 reanalysis dataset for the historical period 1985–2014 reveals a relatively small error with an average of no more than 1 m/s, particularly in the East Asian Marginal Seas (EAMS). Future projections (2026–2050) indicate intensified winds, with a 5–8% increase in the summer season in the EAMS, such as the Yellow Sea, East Sea, and East China Sea, while slight decreases are observed in the winter period. Climate mode influences show that winter El Niño tends to decrease wind speeds in the southern study domain, while intensifying winds are observed in the northern part, particularly under SSP5-8.5. Conversely, summer El Niño induces higher positive anomalous wind speeds in the EAMS, observed in SSP2-4.5. These conditions are likely linked to El Niño-induced SST anomalies. For the application of CMIP6 surface winds, the findings are essential for further investigations focusing on the oceanic consequences of anticipated wind changes such as the ocean wave climate, which can be studied through model simulations.

Biogeochemistry of greenhouse gases in coastal upwelling systems: Processes and sensitivity to global change

Major coastal upwelling systems are among the most productive marine ecosystems in the world. They contribute disproportionately to the cycling of carbon and nutrients in the ocean and influence marine biogeochemistry beyond their productive regions. Characterized by intense microbial respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic), major coastal upwelling systems are also hotspots for the production and outgassing of potent greenhouse gases (GHG) such as CO2, N2O, and CH4. Quantifying and understanding these roles in the context of a changing climate is therefore a subject of great interest. Here we provide a short synthesis of the current knowledge of the contributions of major coastal upwelling systems to the cycling of GHG. Despite variations within and among different systems, low-latitude coastal upwelling systems typically act as a net carbon source to the atmosphere, while those at higher latitudes function as weak sinks or remain neutral regarding atmospheric CO2. These systems also significantly contribute to oceanic N2O and CH4 emissions, although the extent of their contribution to the latter remains poorly constrained. We also overview recent and future changes to upwelling systems in the context of a warmer climate and discuss uncertainties and implications for GHG production. Although rapid coastal warming is anticipated in all major coastal upwelling systems, the future changes in upwelling-favorable winds and their implications within the context of increased stratification are uncertain. Finally, we examine the major challenges that impede our ability to accurately predict how major coastal upwelling systems will respond to future climate change, and present recommendations for future research to better capture ongoing changes and disentangle natural and forced variability.

Development and verification of a method to simulate non-stationary vehicle interior wind noise

As speeds and directions of the vehicle and wind change, the time-varying flow creates variations in wind noise, which can be referred to as non-stationary wind noise. To investigate people's perceptions of non-stationary wind noise inside the vehicle, a method to simulate the non-stationary wind noise is needed. Previously, a method was developed that used stationary wind noise recordings taken at several constant wind speeds and directions to form functions that relate the 1/3 octave sound pressure level with wind speed and direction. These functions are used to create time-varying filters based on provided time histories of wind speed and direction. To reduce the cost of taking many stationary measurements, an improved method was investigated. At each yaw angle, one speed sweep wind tunnel measurement was used to estimate the relationship between sound pressure level and wind speed. Two partially correlated white noise signals were then filtered to simulate binaural sounds that had a similar coherence structure between the left and right ear sounds to that observed in binaural measurements in the vehicle. The accuracy of the simulations was validated by comparing wind noise simulations to vehicle interior noise measured in the wind tunnel and on the road.

Wave Spectra Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Variability of Sea States under Distinct Typhoon Tracks in a Semienclosed Sea

Abstract The dynamics of typhoon-induced waves in semienclosed seas become an interesting topic with the increase of typhoon intensity. Based on the calibrated Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model, wave dynamics were investigated under distinct typhoon tracks [e.g., Matmo (2014), Rumbia (2018), and Lekima (2019)] in the Bohai Sea. Distributions of significant wave heights (SWHs) are affected by the typhoon wind fields and are directly related to the typhoon tracks. The classical JONSWAP wave spectra were adopted for the analysis of sea states (e.g., wind seas or swells) to further explain variations in wave heights. Results indicate that the dominant sea state with higher energy experiences significant spatiotemporal variability under distinct tracks. For typhoons passing through the central part of the Bohai Sea (e.g., Rumbia), high-energy waves are observed under swell-dominated and mixed sea states, which are subjected to the fetch limitation in the semienclosed sea and rapid changes in typhoon winds. The high energy waves induced by other typhoons passing along the edges of the Bohai Sea correspond to the wind-sea-dominated sea state. Spatiotemporal variability of the sea state exhibits a high correlation with its position relative to the typhoon center. Therefore, a reference frame based on the radius of the maximum wind speed was established to discuss the sea states in this semienclosed sea. Further investigations reveal that swells (wind seas) dominate the regions within the radius of the maximum wind speed (elsewhere), and the double-peaked wave spectra tend to appear in the left quadrants.

The Impact of Recent Climate Change on the Global Ocean Carbon Sink

AbstractIn recent decades, the ocean CO2 uptake has increased in response to rising atmospheric CO2. Yet, physical climate change also affects the ocean CO2 uptake, but magnitude and driving processes are poorly understood. Using a global ocean biogeochemistry model, we find that without climate change, the mean carbon uptake 2000–2019 would have been 13% higher and the trend 1958–2019 would have been 27% higher. Changes in wind are the dominant driver of the climate effect on CO2 uptake as they affect advective carbon transport and mixing, but the effect of warming increases over time. Roughly half of the globally integrated wind‐driven trend stems from the subpolar Southern Ocean and polar oceans in both hemispheres. Warming reduces the solubility of CO2 and acts rather homogeneously over the world oceans. However, the warming effect on pCO2 is dampened by limited exchange of surface and deep waters.

Application of LSTM neural network based UAV attitude control in attitude estimation

From now on, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies have become more mature, and UAV has been skillfully used in various regions under this mature technology. However, during UAV flight, they often encounter interference from external factors such as airflow, wind and temperature changes, which pose challenges to their stability and flight accuracy. This paper proposes an algorithm what is based on LSTM (Long, Short-Term Memory network), aiming that the flight attitude is affected when it is subject to external interference, while still ensuring the robustness of its flight performance in this state. In this paper, the optimization method of anti-jamming adaptive adjustment based on LSTM. In the meantime, a UAV dynamic model and neural network control based on dynamic modeling are established. Then article established the LSTM rule and designed the PID controller of LSTM. And to prove the effectiveness of the designed PID controller by pilot experiments with Matlab / simulated link simulation and flight experiments. Finally, step size response, autonomous tracking, robustness and anti-interference were tested by experimental simulations.

Influences of downward transport and photochemistry on surface ozone over East Antarctica during austral summer: in situ observations and model simulations

Abstract. Studies of atmospheric trace gases in remote, pristine environments are critical for assessing the accuracy of climate models and advancing our understanding of natural processes and global changes. We investigated the surface ozone (O3) variability over East Antarctica during the austral summer of 2015–2017 by combining surface and balloon-borne measurements at the Indian station Bharati (69.4∘ S, 76.2∘ E, ∼ 35 m above mean sea level) with EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) atmospheric chemistry–climate model simulations. The model reproduced the observed surface O3 level (18.8 ± 2.3 nmol mol−1) with negligible bias and captured much of the variability (R = 0.5). Model-simulated tropospheric O3 profiles were in reasonable agreement with balloon-borne measurements (mean bias: 2–12 nmol mol−1). Our analysis of a stratospheric tracer in the model showed that about 41 %–51 % of surface O3 over the entire Antarctic region was of stratospheric origin. Events of enhanced O3 (∼ 4–10 nmol mol−1) were investigated by combining O3 vertical profiles and air mass back trajectories, which revealed the rapid descent of O3-rich air towards the surface. The photochemical loss of O3 through its photolysis (followed by H2O + O(1D)) and reaction with hydroperoxyl radicals (O3 + HO2) dominated over production from precursor gases (NO + HO2 and NO + CH3O2) resulting in overall net O3 loss during the austral summer. Interestingly, the east coastal region, including the Bharati station, tends to act as a stronger chemical sink of O3 (∼ 190 pmol mol−1 d−1) than adjacent land and ocean regions (by ∼ 100 pmol mol−1 d−1). This is attributed to reverse latitudinal gradients between H2O and O(1D), whereby O3 loss through photolysis (H2O + O(1D)) reaches a maximum over the east coast. Further, the net photochemical loss at the surface is counterbalanced by downward O3 fluxes, maintaining the observed O3 levels. The O3 diurnal variability of ∼ 1.5 nmol mol−1 was a manifestation of combined effects of mesoscale wind changes and up- and downdrafts, in addition to the net photochemical loss. The study provides valuable insights into the intertwined dynamical and chemical processes governing the O3 levels and variability over East Antarctica.

Transient Response of Southern Ocean Ecosystems During Heinrich Stadials

AbstractAntarctic ice core records suggest that atmospheric CO2 increased by 15–20 ppm during Heinrich stadials (HS). These periods of abrupt CO2 increase are associated with a significant weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and a warming at high southern latitudes. As such, modeling studies have explored the link between changes in AMOC, high southern latitude climate and atmospheric CO2. While proxy records suggest that the aeolian iron input to the Southern Ocean decreased significantly during HS, the potential impact on CO2 of reduced iron input combined with oceanic circulation changes has not been studied in detail. Here, we quantify the respective and combined impacts of reduced iron fertilization and AMOC weakening on CO2 by performing numerical experiments with an Earth system model under boundary conditions representing 40,000 years before present (ka). Our study indicates that reduced iron input can contribute up to 6 ppm increase in CO2 during an idealized Heinrich stadial. This is caused by a 5% reduction in nutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean, leading to reduced export production and increased carbon outgassing from the Southern Ocean. An AMOC weakening under 40ka conditions and without changes in surface winds leads to a ∼0.5 ppm CO2 increase. The combined impact of AMOC shutdown and weakened iron fertilization is almost linear, leading to a total CO2 increase of 7 ppm. Therefore, this study highlights the need of including changes in aeolian iron input when studying the processes leading to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration during HS.

Controlling Factors of the Seasonal Variation of the Latitudinal Location of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest

AbstractThe latitudinal location of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crest has seasonal variation, and there are disagreements on the interpretation of such seasonal characteristic in previous studies. Some studies suggested that this seasonal characteristic is determined by the seasonal characteristic of the equatorial electric field. Others suggested that this seasonal characteristic is determined by the seasonal changes of the thermospheric wind. The current paper uses Total Electron Content (TEC) data and the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) to analyze the seasonal variation of the northern EIA crest in the eastern Asian sector under low solar activity. Our results show that the monthly averaged latitudinal location of the northern EIA crest has a good linear relationship (r = 0.74) with the monthly averaged Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) intensity, which is a commonly used proxy of the eastward electric field. However, TIEGCM simulations with and without F‐region wind indicate that such a relationship might be attributed to wind effects. Additionally, the linear relationship between the EEJ intensity and the northern‐southern EIA crest distance is not significant (r = 0.47) in the eastern Asian sector. Our results suggest that a good correspondence between the eastward electric field and the latitudinal location of the EIA crest is not assured annually, as the seasonally varying F‐region wind significantly influences EIA evolution.

Quality of power energy from wind power plant

The aim of this paper is to measure the quality of power coming from the wind power plant to the electrical distribution network. The quality of electrical energy includes many parameters but the main thesis target is to measure a harmonic frequency of current. I used the program Matlab for the simulation of the connection between the wind power plant and the electrical network. I simulated startup of the wind turbine and changes of wind flowing. Obtained data were plotted on graphs which show harmonic frequencies of current based on these changes.

Dynamic Modeling of Coastal Compound Flooding Hazards Due to Tides, Extratropical Storms, Waves, and Sea-Level Rise: A Case Study in the Salish Sea, Washington (USA)

The Puget Sound Coastal Storm Modeling System (PS-CoSMoS) is a tool designed to dynamically downscale future climate scenarios (i.e., projected changes in wind and pressure fields and temperature) to compute regional water levels, waves, and compound flooding over large geographic areas (100 s of kilometers) at high spatial resolutions (1 m) pertinent to coastal hazard assessments and planning. This research focuses on advancing robust and computationally efficient approaches to resolving the coastal compound flooding components for complex, estuary environments and their application to the Puget Sound region of Washington State (USA) and the greater Salish Sea. The modeling system provides coastal planners with projections of storm hazards and flood exposure for recurring flood events, spanning the annual to 1-percent annual chance of flooding, necessary to manage public safety and the prioritization and cost-efficient protection of critical infrastructure and valued ecosystems. The tool is applied and validated for Whatcom County, Washington, and includes a cross-shore profile model (XBeach) and overland flooding model (SFINCS) and is nested in a regional tide–surge model and wave model. Despite uncertainties in boundary conditions, hindcast simulations performed with the coupled model system accurately identified areas that were flooded during a recent storm in 2018. Flood hazards and risks are expected to increase exponentially as the sea level rises in the study area of 210 km of shoreline. With 1 m of sea-level rise, annual flood extents are projected to increase from 13 to 33 km2 (5 and 13% of low-lying Whatcom County) and flood risk (defined in USD) is projected to increase fifteenfold (from 14 to USD 206 million). PS-CoSMoS, like its prior iteration in California (CoSMoS), provides valuable coastal hazard projections to help communities plan for the impacts of sea-level rise and storms.