Changes In Visceral Organs Research Articles

In Vivo Safety of New Coating for Biodegradable Magnesium Implants.

Biodegradable Magnesium (Mg) implants are promising alternatives to permanent metallic prosthesis. To improve the biocompatibility and with the aim of degradation control, we provided Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) of pure Mg implant in silicate-based solution with NaOH (S1 250 V) and Ca(OH)2 (S2 300 V). Despite the well-structured surface, S1 250 V implants induced enormous innate immunity reaction with the prevalence of neutrophils (MPO+) and M1-macrophages (CD68+), causing secondary alteration and massive necrosis in the peri-implant area in a week. This reaction was also accompanied by systemic changes in visceral organs affecting animals' survival after seven days of the experiment. In contrast, S2 300 V implantation was associated with focal lymphohistiocytic infiltration and granulation tissue formation, defining a more favorable outcome. This reaction was associated with the prevalence of M2-macrophages (CD163+) and high density of αSMA+ myofibroblasts, implying a resolution of inflammation and effective tissue repair at the site of the implantation. At 30 days, no remnants of S2 300 V implants were found, suggesting complete resorption with minor histological changes in peri-implant tissues. In conclusion, Ca(OH)2-contained silicate-based solution allows generating biocompatible coating reducing toxicity and immunogenicity with appropriate degradation properties that make it a promising candidate for medical applications.

Pathological and molecular studies on elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus haemorrhagic disease among captive and free-range Asian elephants in India.

In the present research pathology and molecular diagnosis of elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus-haemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) among Asian elephants was studied. Out of 76 cases, 20 were positive for EEHV infection in PANPOL and POL1 based semi-nested PCR. Out of 20 samples, 10 samples were fatal cases of EEHV-HD while 10 were of either subclinical or latent infection. Acute onset haemorrhagic disease with EEHV-HD had anorexia, facial and neck swelling, cyanotic buccal mucosa and tongue, nasal and ocular discharge, and colic. The hallmark of gross finding in all cases were severe haemorrhagic lesions in the internal organs viz. cyanosis of tongue with multifocal petechial haemorrhages, diffuse epicardial and endocardial haemorrhages, swollen liver (rounded edges) with parenchymal haemorrhages, serosal and mucosal haemorrhages in gastrointestinal tract, congested kidneys with corticomedullary haemorrhages, highly congested meninges, and brain capillaries with haemorrhages. Microscopic findings in all the cases had severe vascular changes in the visceral organs. Microthrombi was present in the vasculature of tongue, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. The endothelial lining of most of the blood vessels were swollen with apoptotic changes. Amphophilic to basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in the endothelial cells. Immunostaining using anti-EEHV DNAPOL hyperimmune sera revealed intense positive signals in the endothelium of blood vessels and their walls. Quantification of viral load in necropsy tissue samples revealed highest in the heart (7.4×106/μg of sample) and least in the brain (9×103/μg of sample). The PCR amplicons from EEHV1 specific genes (POL1(U38) and TER were subjected to partial genome sequencing which had 99.9% similarity with the EEHV1A subtype. It was concluded that Asian elephants in India are latently infected for EEHV1 and in all the fatal EEHV-HD cases, EEHV1A subtype was the causative agent with characteristic pathomorphological changes in visceral organs.

Preclinical Assessment of Ursolic Acid Loaded into Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis.

Ursolic acid, a triterpene produced by plants, displayed leishmanicidal activity in vitro and in vivo; however, the low solubility of this triterpene limits its efficacy. To increase the activity of ursolic acid (UA), this triterpene was entrapped in nanostructured lipid carriers (UA-NLC), physical-chemical parameters were estimated, the toxicity was assayed in healthy golden hamsters, and the efficacy of UA-NLC was studied in experimental visceral leishmanisis. UA-NLC exhibited a spherical shape with a smooth surface with a size of 266 nm. UA-NLC displayed low polydispersity (PDI = 0.18) and good colloidal stability (−29.26 mV). Hamsters treated with UA-NLC did not present morphological changes in visceral organs, and the levels of AST, ALT, urea and creatinine were normal. Animals infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and treated with UA-NLC showed lower parasitism than the infected controls, animals treated with UA or Amphotericin B (AmB). The therapeutic activity of UA-NLC was associated with the increase in a protective immune response, and it was associated with a high degree of spleen and liver preservation, and the normalization of hepatic and renal functions. These data indicate that the use of lipid nanoparticles as UA carriers can be an interesting strategy for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Immune responses and protective efficacy of diet supplementation with selenium nanoparticles against cadmium toxicity in Oreochromis niloticus

The present study aims to determine the effects of dietary selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on growth, immune response and histopathological alterations induced by sublethal cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). It was carried out through two phases: in the first phase, fish were divided into two groups: a control group fed a basal diet and a treated group fed Se-NP-supplemented diet at 1 mg/kg for four weeks. Growth indices, innate immunological parameters and gene expression of interleukin (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), catalase (CAT) and insulin growth factor (IGF-1) were measured. In the second phase, fish were subdivided into four groups: G1, control, G2 was fed a control diet and exposed to Cd (5 mg/L water), G3 was fed Se-NPs-supplemented diet and G4 was fed Se-NPs-supplemented diet and exposed to Cd (5 mg/L water). Tissue samples were collected for histopathological investigation and measuring of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione reduced (GSH) activity 10 days post-Cd exposure. Dietary Se-NPs increased phagocytic and lysozyme activities in the 2nd week, whereas the phagocytic index and growth indices were increased in the 4th week. IGF-1 was upregulated after 2 weeks, and TNF-α, IL-1β and CAT genes upregulated after 4 weeks. Cd caused gill hyperplasia and degenerative changes in visceral organs, elevation in MDA and attenuation in GSH activity. However, in G4 group, the histopathological alterations and antioxidant enzyme were alleviated. Thus, we conclude that dietary Se-NPs improve the growth, immunity and antioxidant power of O. niloticus and alleviate the pathological disorders induced by Cd toxicity.

A histopathological study of visceral organs in death due to burns

Burns is a burning problem perhaps ever since human being existence particularly, from its use of fire. Now-a-days due to increasing industrialization and urbanization, we are facing this problem in greater magnitude. Earlier studies described burns as a silent epidemic. Besides causing death in some cases, it is the cause of lifelong disfigurement, deformity and disability of the body. Major burn-injury is also the cause of psychological disturbance and financial loss to the individual/ victim and also the family and society at large. Our aim is to examine histopathology in different organ and skin affected due to burn.A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over a period from February 1988 to November 1989. Study of cytomorphological changes in visceral organs particularly brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and adrenal in cases of death due to burns, received at autopsy section of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology department, Government Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra.In our study, burn due to domestic accidents found in 83.80%. The inflammatory material that was instrumental in causing burn injury was found as kerosene in 90(69.23%), cloths worn (flames) in 35 (26.92%) cases, diesel in 2 cases (01.53%), gasoline, petrol scalding in 1 (0.76%) case each; we found that burn were caused by inflammable liquids in 71.20% cases. Based on history and dying declaration, nature of burn injury was assumed as accidental in 110 (84.62%) cases, suicidal in 19 (14.06%) cases and homicidal in 1 (00.76%) cases.Present study shows that most of the cases died within 7 days of sustaining burns. Microscopic examination of visceral organs such as brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and adrenal were carried out and morphological changes were observed in each organ. Microscopic observations were recorded and analyzed keeping in view the time sequence after burn incidence. Congestion of various organs was seen in all cases which died within first 24hours.

Gross pathological diagnosis of pygomelia in association with other anomalies in a 3-week old Chick-layer

Malformations may be found in chickens with or without fatal consequences depending upon the nature of such anomalies and their ability to interfere with the normal physiology of affected birds. The present report aimed to document a case of polymelia in general, and pygomelia in particular, in association with other anomalies in a 3-week old Chick-layer. A post-mortem examination was carried out on the Chick-layer immediately following death from wild rat’s attack in a make-shift metal isolation pen while awaiting clinical examination. Although the Chick-layer looked slightly smaller than its peers on the average, it was in a fair body condition. The Chick-layer had a pasted vent. It also had a pair of legs attached to the pelvis beneath the left side of its coccygeal vertebrae, which displaced the cloaca laterally to its right. We did not observe visible gross morphological changes in visceral organs. However, the Chick-layer had a dilated and impacted rectum/cloaca with three ceca. Based on the available literature, this is the first report of pygomelia with these peculiar types of associated cecal and rectal anomalies in a Chick-layer. The continuous documentation of the various forms of this condition with their associated anomalies will enrich our knowledge base in the subject matter for a better understanding of the triggers, pathogenesis, management, and the prevention/control measures against these developmental anomalies in affected birds.

75 Assessment of allometric changes of visceral organs in pigs from birth to 10 kg bodyweight at 14 days post-weaning

Abstract Visceral organs (VO) play a crucial role in nutrient metabolism needed for growth and development. Although many studies have documented selected VO growth during early development or around the time of weaning, few studies have documented complete VO growth from birth through the post-weaning (PW) period. The objective of this study was to assess allometric changes of VO growth from birth through d 14 PW. Crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to slaughter (n = 6, 3 male and 3 female) for tissue collection at birth (pre-suckle), 1 and 7 days after birth, at weaning (20.0 ± 1.3 d), and days 1, 2, 5, 7, and 14 PW. Pigs were fed a common PW diet formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) estimates. Body weight (BW) and VO were collected and measured (Table 1). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using GLM procedure of SAS with linear and quadratic effects of age determined by contrast statements. BW, absolute small intestine length (SIL), and absolute large intestine length (LIL) increased (linear, P < 0.001) with age. Absolute stomach, liver, pancreas, and total VO weight (including the previously mentioned organs in addition to heart, lungs, kidneys, and spleen) increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.0001) with pig age and BW. Relative weight (relative to BW) for stomach (0.52 - 0.82%, respectively), liver (2.99 - 3.17%, respectively), pancreas (0.14 - 0.22 %, respectively), and total VO weight (9.95 - 17.64%, respectively) also increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.0008) over time (d 0 - 14 PW). The SIL relative to total intestinal length (83.79 - 82.14%, respectively) and relative LIL (16.21 - 17.86, respectively) did not change (P > 0.05) from birth to d 14 PW. In conclusion, the weight of the assessed VO increased hyperallometrically from birth to d 14 PW.

Histopathological findings in Dalmatian pelicans (Pelecanus crispus) naturally infected with avian influenza subtype A H5N1 in Bulgaria

The aim of this study is to estimate the histopathological changes in visceral organs of naturally infected with the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype A H5N1 dalmatian pelicans in Bulgaria. The identified gross lesions are: haemorrhagic small intestine, sparse content in gizzard and proventriculus, well defined hyperemia of the tracheal mucosa associated with petechiae, as well as meningeal and brain congestion. The infected birds exhibited the following histopathological changes: edema of the tracheal mucosa with loss of mucosal glands, mild to moderate congestion with focal necrosis and multifocal non suppurative encephalitis and gliosis, mononuclear infiltration in the cecum, and diffuse mononuclear infiltration in the submucosa of the small intestine. The virus was detected by virus isolation (VI) and RT-PCR from tissue samples (lung, trachea, small intestine, brain, proventriculus, cloaca) from the infected birds.

Pathology and colonization of internal organs after experimental infection of broiler chickens with <em>Salmonella</em> Gallinarum through oral or intraperitoneal routes

This paper describes pathological changes and the frequency of isolation of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (O: 9, 12) from internal organs in broiler chicks experimentally infected through oral or intraperitoneal routes. The experiment was conducted on 110 one-week-old chicks divided into three groups: the CR group (30 chicks) was kept uninfected and served as control, the OR group (40 chicks) was inoculated orally with Salmonella Gallinarum (109 organisms/ml), and the IP group (40 chicks) was infected intraperitoneally with Salmonella Gallinarum (109 organisms/ml). Three birds from each group (dead or sacrificed) were observed at 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days postinfection for evaluation of gross and histopathological changes in visceral organs, and for frequency of isolation of Salmonella Gallinarum from internal organs. Gross and histopathological changes were compared between infected groups by measuring mean lesion scores. The gross and histopathological changes in visceral organs, although similar in both infected groups, were more severe and observed at earlier stages of infection and in more birds in the IP group. There was however no significantdifference between the two infected groups in the frequency of isolation of Salmonella Gallinarum from internal organs, even in fecal sheddings. It was therefore concluded that the intraperitoneal route should be primarily considered for inducing Salmonella Gallinarum infection in experimental trials.

Prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease by CCR5 blockade combined with cyclosporine A in a murine model.

One characteristic feature of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is lymphocytes' trafficking and recruitment to target tissues, and CCR5 plays a key role in the process. Thus, blockade of lymphocytes' chemotaxis may attenuate GVHD. We tested the effects of CCR5 blockade using an established murine model. The mean survival time, body weight change, and clinical GVHD scores were assessed. Concentrations of cytokines and chemokines, the CCR5, CXCR3, and CCR7 expressions on T lymphocytes, and histological changes of visceral organs were also evaluated. Additionally, we assessed the immunophenotype of infiltration cells in liver and intestine. Mice undergoing total body irradiation and allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) developed typical GVHD. MVC increased CCR5 expression whereas CCR7 and CXCR3 expression were unaffected. MVC also increased plasma levels of the ligands of CCR5. A combination of MVC with CsA significantly alleviated the degree of visceral injuries and prolonged survival time. MVC has a synergistic effect with CsA. It can attenuate the severity of GVHD and increase survival rate of mice in our murine model. This may offer a novel therapeutic perspective for clinical GVHD after allo-HSCT.

Neurophysiologic Basis of Back-Shu and Huatuo-Jiaji Points

Acupuncture, a method of traditional Chinese medicine that uses Back-Shu and Huatuo-Jiaji points, is especially effective for treating diseases of the visceral organs. Applying acupuncture on Back-Shu points affects visceral organs in many ways. For example, it dilates the bronchus, affects the heartbeat, stomach motility, urinary bladder contractions and so on. Acupuncture's effects can be explained as viscero-cutaneous, cutaneo-visceral, cutaneo-muscular, and viscero-muscular reflexes. Segmental dispersion of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems is related to the location of Back-Shu points. Changes in visceral organs caused by application of acupuncture can be explained as modulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Hemodynamic changes in visceral organs following closed head trauma in rats

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract dysfunction is well documented following head injury. Our study sought to determine whether head injury causes an immediate impairment of the splanchnic circulation which may contribute to later GI sequelae. Three groups of eight rats each received either no closed head trauma (CHT) (group 1) or CHT (groups 2 and 3) immediately following baseline measurements at time 0. The primary measures of interest - individual organ blood flows and cardiac output (radioactive microspheres), and individual organ and systemic vascular resistances - were determined in the control group, at 5 min after CHT in group 2, and at 15 min after CHT in group 3. CHT caused no significant change in portal venous inflow (flows were 2.40+/-0.36, 2.38+/-0.54, and 2.33+/-0.62 ml min(-1) 100g(-1)bw, mean+/-S.D., in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Individual organ and total hepatic blood flow, cardiac index, splanchnic, portal, and total peripheral resistance, and mean arterial or portal venous pressure also did not differ significantly among groups. We found no significant changes in splanchnic circulation immediately after CHT in this rat model. Our results do not support the hypothesis that the splanchnic circulation is impaired immediately after head injury and that splanchnic blood flow impairment immediately after head injury may contribute to post-head injury GI dysfunction.

Limits to sustained energy intake. VIII. Resting metabolic rate and organ morphology of laboratory mice lactating at thermoneutrality.

We have previously shown that the food intake and milk production of MF1 laboratory mice lactating at 30 degrees C, 21 degrees C and 8 degrees C increase as temperature declines. These data suggest that mice are not limited peripherally by the capacity of the mammary glands to produce milk but are limited by the capacity of the animal to dissipate body heat generated as a by-product of food processing and milk production. Here, we measure resting metabolic rate (RMR; prior to breeding and at peak lactation) and organ morphology (at peak lactation) in MF1 mice exposed to 30 degrees C (thermoneutrality) and compare these traits with the same parameters measured previously in mice at 21 degrees C and 8 degrees C. The masses of visceral organs primarily responsible for energy flux (heart, lungs, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys) increased as temperature declined. The masses of all these organs differed between mice exposed to 8 degrees C and 21 degrees C, whereas only the masses of heart, liver and kidneys differed between mice at 21 degrees C and 30 degrees C. The increases in organ masses were paralleled by increases in RMR at peak lactation above the levels measured prior to breeding, with mice at 8 degrees C and 21 degrees C having significantly higher increases in RMR than mice at 30 degrees C (29.6 kJ day(-1), 25.5 kJ day(-1) and 8.1 kJ day(-1), respectively). The observed changes in visceral organs and RMR are consistent with both the heat dissipation and peripheral limit hypotheses. However, mice exposed to 8 degrees C had substantially larger mammary glands than mice at 21 degrees C or 30 degrees C (2.450 g, 1.115 g and 0.956 g dry mass, respectively), which argues against the peripheral limitation hypothesis and is consistent with the heat dissipation limit hypothesis. In addition, cold exposure resulted in greater masses of brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, pelage and tail. We discuss these changes in the context of the potential thermoregulatory benefits from use of the heat generated as a by-product of milk synthesis.

The progression of behavioral and pathological effects of the parasite Toxocara canis in the mouse

Toxocara canis, the parasitic roundworm of the dog may infect aberrant hosts including mice and humans. The present study examined the behavioral and pathological changes at each of three postintubation periods (Period 1: 8–10 days, 2: 49–51 days, and 3: 84–86 days postintubation, respectively) in independent groups of mice intubated with 1000 eggs of T. canis. Eight-ten days after intubation Toxocara infected animals typically showed depressed levels of activity relative to saline-intubated controls. The scope and severity of behavioral changes were attenuated when different mice were tested 49–51 days after infection, and then became more severe when the third set of animals was tested 84–86 days after intubation. While brain pathology increased over the three periods, visceral organs showed marked pathology 8–10 days after intubation followed by a decrease in severity. These data suggest that Toxocara associated pathological changes in visceral organs and in the brain have behavioral consequences in mice. Given the similarity in migratory pathways of this parasite in rodents and humans, and the findings of T. canis larvae in human brain tissue, the results of this animal study may have implications concerning the possible etiology of behavioral disorders for children who have a known history of pica for dirt.

鼠癩の感作赤血球凝集反応に就て

The present paper describes the results of hemagglutination test with tuberculinsensitized red cells on the sera of the white rats inoculated with the rat leprosy bacilli.1) Experiment A. Fifteen of 16 infected animals showed positive reaction, with the hemagglutination titres being from 1: 4 to 1:128.2) Experiment B. In the early stages of the infection, all the sera of inoculated animals demonstrated negative reactions. Only the two animals became positive 6 months after inoculation.3) Hemagglutination titres seem not to correlate with the weight of superficial leproma, but to the grade of leprous changes of visceral organs.

Cutaneo-Visceral Vasomotor Reflexes in the Cat

The use of localized cutaneous stimulation in the treatment of visceral and other deeply located lesions has been based mainly on empirical considerations. Certain investigators, particularly Boas and Freude and Ruhmann, advanced data which support the assumption that localized cutaneous stimulation by means of warm applications results in vasodilatation in the corresponding segments of the gastro-intestinal tract. Certain data also support the assumption that localized cooling of the skin results in vasoconstriction in the viscera in the corresponding segments. There is no general agreement regarding the vascular reactions in the viscera elicited by localized cutaneous stimulation or the mechanisms through which such reactions are brought about. The present series of experiments has been carried out to determine more accurately than has been indicated by previous studies whether appreciable circulatory changes in visceral organs can be brought about by loocalized cutaneous stimulation and whether the changes which occur represent direct effects of the stimulation employed or reflex phenomena. Decerebrate preparations of the cat have been used in order to avoid the vitiating effects of anesthesia. The stimulating agents employed have been warm and cold applications and vacuum cups applied to the skin of the back and lateral surfaces of the trunk from which the hair had been removed. The circulatory changes brought about in the stomach and intestine were observed with the viscus exposed through a midventral incision, and recorded by means of photography and plethysmograph records. Moderate cooling of the skin of the back or lateral surface by means of cold applications from the fifth or sixth thoracic segment caudalward consistently resulted in vasoconstriction in the stomach and intestine. Moderate warming of the skin in the same areas by means of warm applications at approximately 45°C consistently resulted in vasodilatation in the stomach and intestine.