Changes In Testicles Research Articles

Morphological changes in testicles of patients with idiopathic infertility after novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19)

Introduction. SARS-CoV-2 causes several negative processes in the body and complicates the course of chronic somatic diseases, causing dysfunction and having a negative effect on many organs and systems of the body, including organs of the reproductive system.Objective. To study morphological changes in testicles of patients who have undergone a new coronavirus infection.Materials and methods. Objects of morphological research were testicular tissues obtained by intraoperative biopsy under intravenous anesthesia served. Material sampling was carried out in 12 patients aged 25–29 years with idiopathic infertility who underwent COVID-19. Patients showed ultrasound signs of fibrosis in the testicles, which were absent before infection with SARS-CoV-2. The biopsy was performed 12 months after COVID-19.Results. In all observations, changes were observed that are characteristic of the inflammatory process, nonbacterial autoimmune genesis. Histio-lymphocytic infiltration of testicular tissue with destruction of single tubules and parenchyma atrophy, combined with varying degrees of sclerosis, was verified.Conclusion. In testicular biopsy specimens from patients who have undergone COVID-19, an autoimmune inflammatory process is recorded, manifested by lymphocytic infiltration of testicular tissue, which was combined with varying degrees of sclerosis.

Influence of Chronic Ethanol Intoxication on Hemodynamics in Testicles and Spermatogenesis in Middle-Aged Males

Diseases of testicles are an important social problem because according to WHO data, the male factor is about 45% in the structure of sterile marriage. Among many pathogenic factors distorting spermatogenic and endocrine function of testicles, acute and chronic circulatory disorders in them play a great role. Recent studies showed that one of the causes of male infertility is chronic ethanol intoxication causing distorted hemomicrocirculation in testicles, so determining the character of cytologic changes in them in these circumstances remains relevant.
 Objects and methods. In the study, we used 14 histological micropreparations from testicular biopsy specimens from middle-aged infertile males (22-35 years) with chronic alcoholism in anamnesis,. In some biopsy specimens, ultrastructural changes in testicles were studied under the electronic microscope, testicular hemodynamics in infertile males was examined with ultrasound.
 Results. In middle-aged infertile males with chronic alcoholism, the volume of testicles decreases compared to normal. The arterial blood flow rate in them decreases significantly. The diameter of tortuous looped seminiferous tubules decreases compared to normal. Their membrane is thickened; the layers of spermatogenic epithelial cells are reduced. The volume of interstitial endocrinocytes decreases compared to normal. Testosterone level in blood decreases too.
 Ultrastructural changes in testicles are manifested with irregular thickness and curving of spermatogenic epithelial basal membrane, vacuolization of myoid cellular, supporting epitheliocytes, and interstitial endocrinocyte cytoplasm with reduced mitochondrial cristae and tubules in the endoplasmic reticulum. In ejaculate of infertile males, sperm concentration decreases to (30.65±1.70) million/ml compared to (75.80±4.20) million/ml, the number of pathologic forms of spermatozoids increases twice, the number of spermatozoids with progressive movement decreases.

Ethephon causes reproductive malfunction in adult male mice: Histological and biochemical evidence.

Ethephon (C2H6ClO3P; ETP), an organophosphorus pesticide regulating plant growth, is widely used for early ripening of fruits and vegetables in agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ETP on histomorphometrical and biochemical parameters in mouse testicular tissue. In this study, 90 adult male mice were randomly divided into six equal groups (n = 15). The ETP was administered orally at different doses (120, 240 and 480 mg kg-1) daily for 35 days. Untreated control, sham (received only normal saline) and neostigmine bromide-treated (positive control; 0.10 mg kg-1 orally; once per week) groups were also considered. Following 35 days, animals were euthanized and testicle and serum samples were taken. Accordingly, blood and serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as histomorphometrical changes of testicles were investigated. The ETP-administered animals represented a significant reduction in AChE, TAC and catalase levels and remarkable increment in MDA content. A marked reduction was also seen in the germinal epithelium height, connective tissue thickness, seminiferous tubules diameter and Leydig cell number as well as spermiogenesis and Sertoli cell indices in ETP-treated mice compared to control ones. Similar findings were found in neostigmine bromide-treated animals. In conclusion, the ETP significantly affects the serum and blood anti-oxidant statuses and results in severe histological damages both at germ and somatic cell levels, suggesting its hematotoxic and reprotoxic characteristic.

Effect of moderate-intensity exercise training on GDNF signaling pathway in testicles of rats after experimental diabetes type 1 induction

AimsThe spermatogenesis failure is reported as the main complication for diabetes and the moderate-intensity exercise (EX) is shown to ameliorate the diabetes-induced impairments both at spermatogenesis and sperm levels. Thus, the current study was done to investigate the possible effect of EX in the sole and simultaneous form with insulin on the network between Sertoli and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) by focusing on niche factor Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). MethodsFor this purpose, 30 mature male Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced groups. Then the T1D-induced animals were subdivided to sedentary T1D-induced (ST1D), EX + T1D, insulin (INS) + T1D and EX + INS + T1D groups. The general histological changes of testicles, mRNA and protein contents of GDNF and its special receptors gfrα1 and c-RET were evaluated and compared between groups. ResultsEX in the sole and simultaneous form with INS significantly (p < 0.05) diminished the T1D-induced histological damages, amplified the GDNF expression, and enhanced the gfrα1 and c-RET mRNA and protein contents compared to ST1D group. ConclusionIn conclusion, the EX in the sole form promotes spermatogenesis by up-regulating the GDNF signaling system. Moreover, EX remarkably amplifies the insulin-induced ameliorative effect on spermatogenesis.

Dynamics of the functional activity changes in rats testicles under conditions of dosage spermatic cord stenosis

Infertility in marriage is an important medical, biological, social and demographic problem. Inguinal hernioplasty is objectively considered as a factor of male infertility in 9.8% of cases. Under these pathological conditions, the structural elements of the spermatic cord are compressed those appears the circulatory disturbances in testicle. Disorders of reproductive function often occur precisely because of hemodynamic disorders, which are considered one of the leading pathogenetic factors in the development of male infertility. Purpose — to establish peculiarities of testicles vessels and tissues remodeling under dosed spermatic cord stenosis conditions and during the reperfusion period. The experiments have been carried out on 78 non-linear white male rats, weighting 180–200 grams which were fed due to a standard diet of vivarium. All the animals were divided into four groups: one control group and three experimental ones. The control group included six intact animals. All the other comprised the experimental group which was divided into three series six animals per each depending on the terms of observation. The animals with the model of dosed stenosis of funiculus comprised first experimental group; the animals with the model of dosed stenosis and one-moment decompression, starting from the third day of the experiment comprised the second group; to the third group we referred the animals with the model of dosed stenosis of the funiculus which have undergone decompression with the correction of reperfusion changes due to the method proposed by us, starting from the third day. During the experiment it was established that after one-time decompression of the spermatic cord that was under the experimental stenosis conditions, apereas destructive changes in testicles parenchyma and decreases the functional activity of the organ. Despite that the compression factor has been removed and the blood flow in arteries and veins has been fully restored, there was no improvement in the hemodynamics of the testicle. The use of the dosage decompression method of the spermatic cord helps to improve the hemodynamic conditions of the organ during the reperfusion period. In this case, the detected changes of the testicle’s parenchyma and its intra-organ vessels were less pronounced than during stenosis of the spermatic cord and its one-time decompression. The functional activity of the testicles with use of the reperfusion changes correction, was slightly violated, the spermatogenesis index has been increased and the mature forms of spermatozoa were present in the seminiferous tubules. Thus, the usage of the proposed method of the spermatic cord decompression allows us to obtain positive dynamics in testicles blood vessels remodeling in reperfusion period.

Effects of varicocele on testicles: Value of strain elastography: A prospective controlled study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural changes in testicles of the patients with varicocele by strain elastography (SE) and to identify the relationship between semen analysis and hormone levels considering SE results. The patients were separated into two groups as varicocele and control, according to their physical examination and the scrotal colour duplex ultrasonography results. All patients underwent examination by hormonal profile, semen analysis, colour duplex ultrasonography and sonoelastography. Testicular volume, resistive index (RI) of intratesticular arterial flow, strain rate and varicocele measurements were recorded. The left testicle strain ratios (SR) median value was 0.18 (0.15-0.26) in the varicocele group and 0.25 (0.19-0.28) in the control group (p<0.001). The median RI value was 0.59 (0.52-0.64) in the varicocele group and 0.52 (0.5-0.59) in the control group (p<0.001). No difference was found considering volume between the right and left testicles in either group. These results showed that elastography could be useful to detect the damage caused by varicocele on testicles in early period. However, studies with more patients would help to increase elastography's value and reliability.

The experimental and postmortem morphological characteristic of the chronic action of alcohol on the testicles

The objective of the present study was to analyze the dynamics of the morphological changes that manifest themselves in the testicles of mature rats exposed to chronic alcohol intoxication over a period up to 6 months and to compare them with the analogous changes in the testicles of men who had had the long history of alcohol dependence and died with the pronounced symptoms of alcohol intoxication. The study has demonstrated the strong resemblance between the changes in the testes of men and animals including such as the dystrophic alteration of the spermatogenic epithelium, diffuse overgrowth of the connective tissue, well apparent signs of disturbed blood circulation, and suppression of spermatogenesis. However, these morphological changes in human testicles were more pronounced than in the rat gonads. In certain cases they underwent further fibrous transformation with the formation of well apparent hyalinosis foci. It is worthwhile to note that such morphological changes in the humans were not the specific consequences of the excessive alcohol consumption but reflected the collective influence of various toxic agents, with alcohol being one of the leading intoxicants.

The recommendations on diagnostics and treatment of male hypogonadism (deficit of testosterone). The project

Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the body doesn’t produce enough testosterone which results in its low serum level in combination with characteristic clinical symptoms and/or signs (see the description below) that can be observed in the patients presenting with pathological changes in testicles and/or hypophysis, such as Kleinfelter’s syndrome, and in men with idiopathic metabolic or iatrogenic disorders leading to androgen deficiency. The present recommendations does not cover the entire set of pathological conditions responsible for the development of hypogonadism (deficit of testosterone); rather, they are focused on its clinical variants that account for the majority of the cases of male hypogonadism.

Contralateral biopsy in the management of testicular cancer: what we have learned and what we need to improve

Contralateral biopsy in the management of testicular cancer: what we have learned and what we need to improve

Backgrounds of origin and character of structural changes in testicles of coalminers of Donbass region

Introduction. For the verification of Chernobyl factor that influences the structure of testicles of Chernobyl accident liquidators that reside in Donbass region it is necessary to establish pre-existing morphological changes due to harmful work conditions in coal mines. The analytical survey of existing literature indicates the lack of actual data on this question.Purpose – to establish mechanisms of changes in morphological and functional states of testicles of coal miners by complex of qualitative and quantitative histological and immunohistochemical studies for further development of differential diagnostic criteria of verification of the Chernobyl impact factor on liquidators of CNPP accident.Material and methods. Testicles withdrawn during forensic medical examination of 57 persons (control group – 30, miners - 27) at ages of 35-45 were taken as the material. Pathohistological research was conducted according to standard methodology. Mice monoclonal antibodies were used to CD34, collаgen type IV, PCNA, chromogranin A and synaptophysine (DAKO). The preparations were studied under Olympus AX70 (Japan) microscope with the use of AnalySIS Pro 3.2 program (SoftImaging Firm, Germany). The morphometric estimation of parenchyma and stroma condition included the determination of 29 parameters in testicles.The results of the research. A comparative morphological study of testicular tissue of the miner group allows us to ascertain the presence of expressed dystrophic and atrophic processes in parenchyma, which correlates with the intensity and partial depletion of function of the interstitial tissue of testes, worsening of microcirculation, expressed development of venous stasis. Against the background of growing average size and proportions of stroma this leads to the increased ratio of vascular and tubular, vascular and epithelial, stromal and parenchymal components. Consequence of malfunctioning in sperm maturation is the increase in the number of spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells, reducing the number and proportions of spermatids.Identified changes must be taken into account when studying the structure of testicular tissue of liquidators, which have in their anamnesis indications of underground labour experience in a mine not less than 5 years. This will allow evaluating the patterns of morphogenesis objectively and developing appropriate differential diagnostic criteria of verification of Chernobyl impact factor. The restrictions of the use of the given method are defined by expressed mosaic of the revealed changes. High values of coefficients testify this. 8 of the 29 analyzed parameters didn’t have statistically significant differences.Conclusions. Advanced study in the field of differential diagnostics and objective verification of morphological changes in the testicular tissue as the result of different pathological effects, including Chernobyl factor, should be considered as the creation of mathematical model of the structure and morphogenesis of such a complex biological system as testicle.

Histopathological changes in testicles and uterus of rats with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

PURPOSE: The aim of this article was to determine the features of pathomorphological changes in testicles and uterus of rats associated with thyroid hormone (TH) levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental dysfunction of thyroid gland was induced in rats by daily administration of thyroxin in a dose of 50 μg/100 g (hyperthyroidism) and mercazolil in a dose of 5 μg/100g (hypothyroidism). Thyroid and sex hormone profiles were determined. Microscopy and morphometry of testicles in males and uterus in females were performed. The quantity of spermatids and spermatozoa as well as total number of spermatogenic cells was calculated. RESULTS: Hypothyroidism reduced TH concentrations in female rats and increased sex hormones while hyperthyroidism augmented TH and sex hormone levels. In hypothyroid male rats, a decreased TH and unchanged testosterone levels were found out while in hyperthyroid ones there were increased TH and decreased testosterone levels. There was a gender difference in terms of TH changes in hyperthyroidism, i.e. T3 and T4 elevation was more outlined in male than in female rats. The most significant histopathological changes were established in the uterus of hyperthyroid female rats and presented with signs of an acute vascular insufficiency, inflammation, hypertension and fibrosis. Hypothyroidism exerted a crucial effect on pathomorphological changes in rat testicles consisting in atrophy of spermatogenic epithelium, vascular insufficiency, hypertension and fibrosis as well. CONCLUSION: TH level significantly influences on the pathomorphological changes in the male and female reproductive system. Scripta Scientifica Medica 2013; 45(4): 77-83.

PECULIAR VARIATIONS OF THE INCRETORAL AND SPERMATOGENIC TESTICLE FUNCTION IN HYPOTHYROIDISM-AFFECTED MEN TREATED WITH L-THYROXIN

The present study has been aimed at determining levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxin, free and total testosterone in blood, spermatogram parameters in 20 reproductive men afflicted with primary hypothyroidism prior, following 1 and 3 months of L-thyroxin treatment. Upon completion of 3-month therapy average testosterone values were found to increase profoundly in blood. The spermatozoon amount in 1ml of ejaculate, the percentage of their active and viable forms raised considerably either. It has been revealed that these positive changes in testicles of patients with hypothyroidism take place with regard to the thyroid status compensation.

Effects of compound preparation of Cordyceps sinensis and Tripterygium hypoglaucum on survival time of pigskin after allogeneic transplantation

To investigate the effects of compound preparation of Cordyceps sinensis and Tripterygium hypoglaucum (CSTHC) on survival time of grafted pigskin after allogeneic transplantation and its mechanism. The pigskin was treated with CSTHC solution before allogeneic transplantation, and CSTHC ointment was applied for external use on the grafted pigskin after skin transplantation. Cyclosporine A (CsA) and normal saline were served as control. The survival time, the appearance and the histomorphological changes of the grafted pigskin were observed. The histomorphological changes of testicles in pigs were also examined. The CD4 and CD8 expressions in the grafted pigskins were measured by immunohistochemical method. The white blood cell count in peripheral blood and the liver and renal functions were also examined. The survival time of the grafted pigskin in the CSTHC-treated group was (28.50+/-3.26)d, which was much longer as compared with (10.60+/-1.52)d in the untreated group (P<0.01). The survival time of the grafted pigskin in the CsA-treated group was (28.33+/-3.50)d, and there was no remarkable difference in the survival time of the grafted pigskin between the CsA-treated group and the CSTHC-treated group. The expressions of CD4 and CD8 were lower in the CSTHC-treated group than those in the untreated group on the 7th and 14th day after skin graft (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the indices between the CSTHC-treated group and the CsA-treated group. The WBC count was higher in the untreated group than that in the CSTHC-treated group or CsA-treated group on the 7th day after skin graft (P<0.05). CSTHC can prolong the survival time of allogeneic grafted pigskin. Its mechanism of inhibiting the immunological rejection may relate to decreasing the expressions of CD4(+) and CD8(+) in the grafted pigskin and reducing the local inflammatory reaction.

Morphological changes in genesial system of men: medico-legal aspects

With the purpose of perfection of examination the character of structural changes in testicles and prostate is investigated; the comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of cellular reactions of persons with chronic somatopathies (rheumatic disease, idiopathic hypertensia) and chronic household intoxications (alcoholic illness, narcomania) is carried out. The work is carried out on 50 corpses of male persons, 18–35 years old, who died of chronic drunkenness (13 observations), narcomania (20), idiopathic hypertensia (9), and rheumatic disease (8). The suppression of testicles was characterized by disturbances of spermatogenesis at a level of the cell population, characteristic for a zero and first degree of spermatogenesis activity especially expressed in chronic narcotic intoxication. The damage to a prostate was stacked in a picture of a chronic relapsing prostatitis and chronic indurative prostatitis with the outcome of cirrhosis of prostata, being most typical for chronic alcohol intoxication. Morpho-functional investigation of a prostate and testicles affected by chronic somatopathies and chronic household intoxications, both qualitative and quantitative, testify to reduction of function of activity of these organs (hormonal imbalances, mail sterility, sex frustration). Thus, the persons suspected of violent actions of a sexual nature should be examined in order to reveal both erectile dysfunctions and disruption of spermatogenesis.

Decreased blood flow and defective energy metabolism in the varicocele-bearing testicles of rats.

This study was designed to elucidate the hemodynamic and energetic changes of testicles in experimental varicocele. Partial ligation of the left renal vein was performed in 10 Sprague-Dawley rats to induce dilatation of the internal spermatic vein, and sham operation was performed in the other 10 age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats used as controls. Blood pressure and rectal temperature were maintained at a constant level. Testicular blood flow was detected by laser Doppler flowmeter on the day before surgery and 4 weeks after surgery, respectively. Concentrations of various adenine nucleotides were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found a significant decrease from 10.2 +/- 1.5 to 7.4 +/- 1.8 mlLD/min/100 g (p < 0.005) in testicular blood flow after inducing varicocele in the rats. The energy charge of adenine nucleotides of the varicocele-bearing rats was 0.62 +/- 0.07 which was significantly lower than the 0.73 +/- 0.02 of the control group (p < 0.005). These observations have, thus, led us to propose the hypothesis that impaired spermatogenesis may result from defective energy metabolism in the varicocele-bearing testicles of rats.