Role In Social Change Research Articles

Loss of driver license after stroke: The lived experiences of older men

Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate the lived experience of older men who stop driving after a stroke and how they adapt to life without driving. Background: Stroke survivors who cease driving, and men in particular, may experience reduced participation in activities, changes in social roles and increased dependency. Method: A phenomenological hermeneutical study with in-depth interviews of six men who have experienced stroke. The data analysis involved a text-interpretation procedure. Findings: Three main themes were identified: (i) driving as an integral part of life and the basis for work and leisure activities; (ii) relief and punishment, representing diverse experiences of driving cessation; and (iii) becoming independent and active without a car - a difficult transition. Conclusion: Driving cessation can be experienced as an obstacle to the goals of rehabilitation that requires adaptation. The rehabilitation process should include use of public transportation, with the aim of increasing participation in various activities.

Do hidratante ao sapatinho de cristal: A relação da mulher com o consumo de produtos usados no autocuidado

This study aimed to analyze the female self-care practices along with the consumption of products-oriented to this purpose. In this regard, six women, between 28 and 37 years old, with children and higher education concluded or in progress, Santa Maria – RS inhabitants, were interviewed. The data collected was structured through content analysis. The results showed that self-care and consumption are considered when focusing on health and hygiene, also, sometimes their children cares are put as priority. Despite social female role changes, the woman continues to be the protagonist in the self-care act.

Resident's Perceptions of the Role of Tourism in Social Changes of Rural Areas (Case Study: Ziarat Village of Gorgan County)

Resident's Perceptions of the Role of Tourism in Social Changes of Rural Areas (Case Study: Ziarat Village of Gorgan County)

Casamentos de longa duração na literatura científica

Este estudo teve por objetivo apresentar uma revisao integrativa da literatura cientifica acerca dos processos de construcao e transformacao da conjugalidade na contemporaneidade, com destaque para os casamentos de longa duracao. A revisao foi realizada nas bases LILACS, PePSIC e SciELO, no periodo de 2009 a 2015. Foram recuperados 18 artigos a partir dos criterios de inclusao preestabelecidos. Os resultados mostram que, dos artigos recuperados, 15 sao estudos empiricos que utilizaram enfoques quantitativos e qualitativos. Verificou-se que nao ha consenso em relacao a definicao do casamento de longa duracao, e sao escassos os estudos especificos sobre esse arranjo conjugal. Destaca-se que tal dificuldade nao se restringe a duracao de um casamento em anos, mas perpassa a propria concepcao de relacionamento conjugal que compartilhamos na contemporaneidade, caracterizado pela coexistencia de caracteristicas tradicionais e modernas, e pela diversidade nos modos de vivenciar a conjugalidade. Essas transformacoes tem sido atribuidas as mudancas do papel social da mulher e do relacionamento amoroso como pedra angular do casamento. As unioes conjugais passaram a ser entendidas como uma escolha individual baseada no amor, na amizade e no companheirismo. Torna-se necessario investigar os casamentos de longa duracao para melhor compreender os processos recentes de transformacao da conjugalidade. Palavras-chave: conjugalidade, relacoes conjugais, casamento.

Social psychiatry in a rapidly changing world

Many societies around the world are experiencing a period of unprecedented change in traditional social roles and customs. Globalisation has contributed to materialism and a me-first individualism that heightens awareness of income inequality that itself is one of the most robust markers of unhappiness in society. Ever increasing urbanisation has driven an erosion of large ‘joint’ family arrangements to be replaced by smaller and relatively isolated nuclear families and single parent living. Mass migration has unmasked deep seated fear and prejudice towards the outsider in society. These global changes are fertile ground for the social conditions that have long been known to be risks for mental illness – poverty, poor quality child care, social isolation and the active discrimination and exclusion of the alien, the physically disabled and mentally ill. While there is little we can do to reverse global change, there is much a social psychiatrist can do to mitigate the effect, ensuring his/her voice is added to other calls for reducing discriminatory practice, promoting evidence-based social interventions such as parenting advice and peer support and ensuring that the success of a treatment is measured not just in terms of symptomatic improvement but in whether it results in an outcome that is valued by the patient.

Comparison of sexual activity and life satisfaction in women with intended and unintended pregnancies

Comparison of sexual activity and life satisfaction in women with intended and unintended pregnancies

Para beneficiar la plata: mano de obra, papel, y posición social en una refinería de plata durante el primer siglo del imperialismo español en el pueblo de Porco

Before the Spanish conquest, the town of Porco, in the Department of Potosi in modern-day Bolivia, was the site of one of the most important Inca mining projects. During the viceregal period it became the focus of the first Spanish silver mining operations of the in the Andes. This region offers an excellent opportunity for historical archeology to ask questions about the relationship between the states that organized such mining projects and the workers who exploited the ore. Such an undertaking grants us a better understanding of the dynamics that had a profound impact on the origins of the modern Andean economy. This article presents ethnohistorical and archaeological evidence in order to discuss the organization of colonial labor categories, and the development of the changing social roles and status of skilled workers associated with the south-central Andean mining industry. In doing so, I trace the regional transitions in labor from the Inca to Spanish empires. Excavations at the colonial site of Ferro Ingenio, a silver refinery in the San Juan Valley, southwest of the village of Porco, shed new light on labor in the first century of Spanish colonialism and how skilled indigenous workers negotiated their positions within colonial society.

Social roles among recruits in Switzerland: Do social roles relate to alcohol use and does role change have an impact?

IntroductionYoung men are likely to report high levels of alcohol use. Previous studies found a reduction in alcohol use when adopting adult social roles. This study examines the frequency of parenthood, partnership and stable employment among young men in Switzerland. It tests whether the alcohol use of those with adult social roles differs from those without and whether changes in social roles relate to changes in alcohol use. MethodsData was available from 5025 men (20.0years) at baseline (August 2010 to November 2011) and 15months later. Changes in social roles and their impact on alcohol use were examined in multiple regression models. ResultsAt baseline, 15.8% had a job and 4.9% a stable partner, and 1.5% had a child or were expecting one (30.5%, 6.1% and 2.2% at follow-up). Having a partner was associated with a significant decrease in annual frequency of drinking and weekly risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD) at follow-up. A higher number of social roles at follow-up was associated with a significant decrease in weekly RSOD. Apart from a significant decrease in weekly RSOD among those remaining in a stable partnership, role development was not found to have significant effects on alcohol use between baseline and follow-up. ConclusionsIn Switzerland, an early engagement in permanent social roles is uncommon. Nevertheless, holding single or multiple social roles was commonly associated with reduced alcohol use, although not always significantly so. In western European countries, the engagement in adult social roles is postponed to later ages.

Experiences of patients prior to operation with recurrent glioma based on the Corbin and Strauss chronic illness trajectory framework: a qualitative study

Objective To understand the experiences of patients prior to operation with recurrent glioma based on the Corbin and Strauss chronic illness trajectory framework. Methods Fourteen patients participated in the semi-structure interviews. Data were analyzed with Colaizzi's phenomenological procedure. Results Based on the Corbin and Strauss chronic illness trajectory framework, experiences of patients prior to operation with recurrent glioma were extracted. (1) Illness-related work including severe symptoms of illness and lack of knowledge of illness. (2) Biographical work including loss of biography and identity of self. (3) Everyday life work including change of social roles, complicated mood combined negative experience and positive experience, heavy economic burden. Conclusions Nursing staff should attach importance to experiences of patients, and provide targeted interventions for successful operations and recovery of physical and spiritual healing. Key words: The Corbin and Strauss chronic illness trajectory framework; Recurrent; Prior to operation; Glioma; Qualitative study

Supporting Embedded Public Workers: Avoiding the Discrepancy between Public Representations and Educational Realities

Over the course of the last few decades, there has been a powerful movement among colleges and universities that advocates for the commitment to positive civic engagement with local and global communities. From helping students comprehend how their majors can be used to improve society, to creating an educated and civic-minded electorate, the benefits of integrating public service into higher education are unquantifiable (Butin and Saud 2013, 89-90). Also, in ideal situations, local and global communities are receiving an immense amount of support from students. Thus, most institutions of higher education have been supportive of this movement, recognizing that their faculty and students can play a critical role in social change. For example, various service-learning curriculums have been developed and implemented by faculty members around the country, and they have now incorporated service work into a variety of disciplines. Some other initiatives include the development of university centers fully devoted to establishing partnerships between students and local community organizations (Center for Civic Engagement and Public Service 2015). Among other methods, this is one way universities have focused on encouraging students to perform volunteer work. However, while many universities have successfully inspired students to take on a civically engaged role in their communities, some universities have not been able to fully adapt to the movement of civic engagement. The reason for this short-coming is that despite their accomplishments in committing students to public service, some of these universities, as entire institutions, have failed to recognize, understand, and embrace core engagement principles.

Psychosocial consequences of living with breathlessness due to advanced disease.

Breathlessness is one of the most important symptoms of patients with advanced life-limiting disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, cancer, or pulmonary fibrosis. Breathlessness has major implications for patients as well as their family caregivers. The present review provides an overview of recent knowledge concerning the psychological and social consequences of breathlessness, including behavioural responses to breathlessness, and the impact of breathlessness on the family caregiver. Breathlessness results in avoidance of exertion and deterioration of functional status. Functional impairment leads to care dependency and social limitations, resulting in a change in social role. Anxiety is an emotional response to breathlessness, but also increases the perception of breathlessness. Family caregivers of patients have to cope with changes in daily life, witnessing breathlessness and adapt to new and challenging role as family caregiver. The consequences of living with breathlessness are multidimensional and arise in all aspects of daily life of patients, their family caregivers and their social environment. Multidimensional treatment programmes should become widely available to support patients with advanced disease and their family caregivers in coping with the functional, psychological and social consequences of living with breathlessness.

The Rise of Chinese Internet Language: Product and Agent of Globalization from Below

Abstract As globalization presses on in China a market economy and democracy have been developed, and ordinary people obtained opportunities at many levels. One of them is their tangible access to media networks, computer facilities, online technologies, and global information exchange, which leads to the rise and expansion of Chinese Internet Language (CIL). Drawing on theoretical perspectives from globalization research, such as globalization and transformation (Steger 2009), as well as globalization and language (Fairclough 2006, 2009), this study intends to examine the emerging CIL and its role in social change. Taking a globalization and language approach, this study seeks to answer questions such as: What characterizes the CIL? How does the CIL reflect the changing social conditions in contemporary China? And how does the cyber community generate new public discourse that drives the changing China? Data used for this study are from three major sources: (1) The corpus-based annual national reports entitled The Language Situation in China《中国语言生活状况报告》Zhongguo Yuyan Shenghuo Zhuangkuang Baogao from 2005 to 2013 (English version in Volumes 1 and 2 of Language Policies and Practices in China, Yuming Li and Wei Li, 2013, 2014), (2) the Semi-Annual Report on International Development in China by CNNIC (China Internet Network Information Center), and (3) recent Chinese publications, online or printed. Collectively, the data indicate that, with globalization rapidly changing and seriously challenging China, its social conditions and people’s life chances are radically changing, which are measured, evaluated, and reflected on by the language use of grassroots people that is marked with innovations, catch words, and novel forms. Officially branded as low standard and crude, CIL binds together a Chinese-speaking cyber community that generates new public discourse as the pushing hand and uncompromising challenger of the social change “from below.”

A manifesto on the preservation of sexual function in women and girls with cancer

Malignancies that affect females who survive cancer commonly originate in, invade, and/or metastasize to the sexual organs, including the ovaries, uterine corpus, uterine cervix, vagina, vulva, fallopian tubes, anus, rectum, breast(s), and brain. Females comprise most of the population (in number and proportion) with cancers that directly affect the sexual organs. Most females in the age groups most commonly affected by cancer are sexually active in the year before diagnosis, which includes most menopausal women who have a partner. Among female cancer survivors, the vast majority have cancers that are treated with local or systemic therapies that result in removal, compromise, or destruction of the sexual organs. Additionally, female cancer survivors often experience abrupt or premature onset of menopause, either directly with surgery, radiation, or other treatments or indirectly through disruption of female sex hormone or other neuroendocrine physiology. For many female patients, cancer treatment has short-term and long-lasting effects on other aspects of physical, psychological, and social functioning that can interfere with normal sexual function; these effects include pain, depression, and anxiety; fatigue and sleep disruption; changes in weight and body image; scars, loss of normal skin sensation, and other skin changes; changes in bodily odors; ostomies and loss of normal bowel and bladder function; lymphedema, and strained intimate partnerships and other changes in social roles. In spite of these facts, female patients who are treated for cancer receive insufficient counseling, support, or treatment to preserve or regain sexual function after cancer treatment.

Loneliness, Depression and Sociability in Old Age

The elderly population is large in general and growing due to advancement of health care education. These people are faced with numerous physical, psychological and social role changes that challenge their sense of self and capacity to live happily. Many people experience loneliness and depression in old age, either as a result of living alone or due to lack of close family ties and reduced connections with their culture of origin, which results in an inability to actively participate in the community activities. With advancing age, it is inevitable that people lose connection with their friendship networks and that they find it more difficult to initiate new friendships and to belong to new networks. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationships among depression, loneliness and sociability in elderly people. This study was carried out on 55 elderly people (both men and women). The tools used were Beck Depression Inventory, UCLA Loneliness Scale and Sociability Scale by Eysenck. Results revealed a significant relationship between depression and loneliness. Most of the elderly people were found to be average in the dimension of sociability and preferred remaining engaged in social interactions. The implications of the study are discussed in the article.

International Trends in Recreational and Wellness Tourism

These days the various forms of health tourism are gaining an enhanced role in world tourism and this is also true of the economic performance of some countries. In the last decade, health tourism featuring an on-going development saw a dynamic development primarily in the area of wellness tourism at both national and international levels. The countries with the most significant wellness supplies and tourist movement are located in the first place in Europe (mostly in German-speaking and Mediterranean countries), North America and Southeast Asia (Kiss K. - Török I. 2001, Rátz T. 2004). The general trends such as the enhancement of individualization, demographic transformations, changes in women's social roles, spiritualization, the appreciation of healthy lifestyles have created the social background of the demand for wellness services and products (Friedl H. 2007, Zsigmond E. 2007).As for experts in various areas of science, the wellness market, due to social transformations and the favourable economic performance of the sector, is likely to become one of the fastest developing touristic and economic sectors (Ardell D. 1985, Nefiodov L. 1996, Horx, M. 2001, Scholz, J. 2003, Pilzer, P. 2007). The fact, however, that the various countries are unable to fully exploit the potentials hidden in natural endowments is not exclusively a problem in Hungary; moreover, it leads to the uniformity of supply and endangers the sustainability of natural assets. In the coming decades well-to-do, ageing but at the same time active age groups aspiring for a higher quality of life, particularly in North America, Scandinavia and Western Europe may represent a huge potential for wellness tourism. Regarding wellness data there are no uniform measurement systems, i.e. terminological differences in various countries hinder the comparison of data on recreation and wellness. Both the sector and the customers need more information, data and resources to make wellness services competitive and trustworthy. For this reason, this study seeks to introduce the international and national trends in tourism, including recreational tourism and also to draw up a general picture of the international wellness market.

“Tengo Famiglia”: The Family as a Metaphor of Corruption in Italy

Abstract In this article I will pursue two goals: the first is to outline how the family works as a metaphor in public discourses on corruption; the second is to consider some aspects in social anthropology that have influenced the creation of theoretical paradigms on corruption through the analytical filter of kinship. The final idea of this article is that the metaphor of the family, although not new in the context of corruption, serves to create cognitive schemas of reference that simplify and banalise the debate on corruption, by diverting attention from its true nature. The persistence of the importance of the metaphor of “I have a family” may imply new forms and meanings of corruption in Italy, including the importance of the mechanisms of social exchange, the practice of building symbolic relationships and the change in social roles and power within these dynamics and transactions.

Resilience of Gendered Spheres in Translational Migration: A Comparison of Two Cultures

Sheba George's ethnographic study used participant-observation methods, purposive sampling, and an insider's transnational journey to examine changes in family and social roles that result when nurses from Kerala, India, immigrate to the United States ahead of their husbands. The author concludes that the economic and political gain immigration affords nurses does not translate into enhanced social status for their family in India nor for their husbands in the U.S. when they undergo a gender role transferal from primary breadwinner to homemaker whilst their wives pursue their nursing careers. In a key observation, the author emphasizes that this role transferal also caused shifts in gender structure within the U.S. Kerali community. The purpose of this paper is to offer a review of George's examination of resilience of patriarchal cultural mores and gender roles of Kerali "nurse husbands" in the U.S. and to cross-culturally compare their resilience to that of Puerto Rican men who were born and raised in Puerto Rico before migrating to the US mainland. This comparison is born of George's experience as a first-generation Kerali American and that of this reviewer as a first-generation Puerto Rican American.

Pergeseran Peranan Laki-Laki dalam Masyarakat Minangkabau

Among the Minangkabau people who practice a matrilineal kinship system, occurs a change in mens's social role, i.e. from a role as an uncle (mamak) to a father or husband. This change is caused by various factors, such as religion, education, migration (merantau), and economics. Further, it leads to another change in the Minangkabau's common law, i.e. in the marriage and heredity properties. A problem, however, still exists in the kinship law. The author raises a question whether a change in men's role may influence the Minangkabau's perspective towards the matrilineal kinship system as a basis for their kinship law.

Institutionalisation of knowledge transfer on sexual behaviour in the times of AIDS: a case study from a village community in north-central Namibia

This paper concentrates on the changes in knowledge transfer in northern Namibia with respect to sexual norms, behavioural advice and sexual health information. The research was conducted in a small village community in Ohangwena region, where over 100 semi-structured and structured interviews were held with a sample of 67 community members and 50 professionals dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. The results of the research indicate the change in social roles in family and community dynamics, especially between generations, and thus a change in trust, respect and responsibility attached to information sharing. This further exerts pressure on the classification, choice, adaptation and transmission of information at both the individual and family level. Secondly, and partly as a consequence of this, the levels of indigenous, community level information from elders to youth and the level of institutionalised information sharing leave space for variations in behavioural norms. The research contributes to the discussion on problems in information sharing, knowledge transfer and adaptation of behavioural advice in HIV/ AIDS work.

THE MRC COMMAND TRIAL: RESULTS OF A MULTI-CENTRE, RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF COGNITIVE THERAPY TO PREVENT HARMFUL COMPLIANCE WITH COMMAND HALLUCINATIONS

Although several reviews show that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for patients with chronic psychosis, the effects of CBT on patients with a first-episode psychosis are less clear. Patients undergoing a first-episode psychosis are unique in that not only are they struggling with the symptoms of the disease, but also the realization of the diagnosis. Understanding how the disease will impact their lives with respect to changes in social goals, roles, and status can also lead to depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. The main aim of the present study is to describe two clinical cases in order to demonstrate the application of CBT in first-episode psychosis patients in an early stage of their psychosis. The two cases are individuals who were in an ongoing CBT trial for first-episode psychosis patients with symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Individual case formulations based on these symptoms were developed. Psychoeducation, normalizing, evaluation of negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional schematic beliefs, and focusing on the negative consequences of safety behavior were the main treatment targets in attempting to improve the patients’ symptoms and functioning. Both patients showed improvement in depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and general functioning. The cases described suggest that treatment designed to target depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in patients with first-episode psychosis could have potential beneficial effects; specific studies of this approach are recommended.