Changes In Social Norms Research Articles

Contagious Dishonesty: Corruption Scandals and Supermarket Theft

Is dishonest behavior contagious? We answer this question by studying whether corruption scandals affect the propensity of supermarket customers to steal while using a self-service checkout system. Crucially, this system provides shoppers with the opportunity to engage in dishonest behavior by under-reporting the value of their shopping cart. Exploiting data from random audits on shoppers, we show that the probability of a shopper underreporting increases by 16% after a local corruption scandal is made public. The effect starts immediately and is particularly strong during the first four days after the story breaks. This effect is not driven by any change in material incentives or social norms. Rather, we show that it is due to a reduction in the self-imposed moral cost of stealing and is mainly concentrated among taxpayers.

Exploring the Cultural Mechanics of Social Inequality and Global Cultural Interdependence

This article illustrates the role that General Studies courses in the Humanities can play in educating students about the complex dynamics by which cultural production may reflect, support, or change social structures, issues, and norms, through the specific examples of two English courses offered for General Studies credit at MSU Denver: “Monsters and Monstrosity” and “Vampire Films.” Grounded in a cultural-criticism approach to textual analysis, the courses read monsters as symbolic keys to the cultures that produce them. The terrifying and repulsive qualities of monsters invariably operate on the boundary between self and other. As an abject Other, the monster serves to reinforce our sense of what is different/non-normative/threatening, and the stamp of monstrosity legitimizes cultural bias, often perpetuating social marginalization and inequality.

Rebuild Trust or Stigmatize Unfair Practices: How Can Consumer Protection Institutions Shape Pro-social Attitudes of Banks

Background: One of the problems visible on the financial market is the crisis of social trust institutions. Consumers of financial services should be protected, but inadequate protection has negative consequences for consumers themselves, but also for the functioning and stability of the market.Research objectives: The aim of the study was to examine whether by analysing consumer decision making mechanisms, a path towards improving mutual trust between consumers and financial service providers can be identified.Research design and methods: Based on the data obtained in the CAWI survey, an analysis of social preferences and protection of consumers of financial services (in the light of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour) was carried out on a group of 200 respondents.Results: Social norms are the main determinant of consumer behaviour in the financial market, and therefore consumer norms need to be changed. Social norms can be changed by attitudes, but the process is long and requires the efforts of all market participants. Although the road to rebuilding trust by changing social norms seems long, the direction looks right.Conclusions: Institutional protection (understood both as requirements for banks and consumer financial education and rights) is not sufficient to ensure effective protection of consumers of financial services. An important pillar of this protection is also trust between consumers and financial institutions. This trust should be built on both sides and linked to a change in acceptable social norms.

‘The body is difficult’: reproductive navigation through sociality and corporeality in rural Burundi

The route from family planning intentions to practices is not linear, it is contingent on different social factors including the preferences of individuals and couples, their gendered positions and bargaining power, the wider political, economic and social context, and also physical and bodily circumstances. We used qualitative data collected in rural Burundi between 2013 and 2016 to explore how these diverse factors influence reproductive navigation in a context framed by uncertainty and changing social norms. We describe representations of bodily (pre)dispositions for fertility and reproduction, such as the ‘natural’ capacity for birth spacing or the bodily capacity to use ‘natural’ (having a regular cycle) and ‘modern’ methods (not having negative side effects) that contribute collectively to an understanding of ‘the body is difficult’. We found that despite these bodily constraints, women enact embodied agency to ensure livelihoods and social status, thus framing their reproductive intentions and practices. In the context of Burundi where corporeality is key to gendered social belonging, family planning programmes fail to respond to the needs and concerns of women and their embodied reproductive experiences.

The Relationship between Social Norms, Avoidance, Future Orientation, and Willingness to Engage in Climate Change Advocacy Communications.

This study examined factors associated with willingness to engage in communication behaviors related to climate change advocacy. Data were collected as part of an online, longitudinal US study beginning in March 2020. Outcomes included willingness to post materials online, contact state legislators, and talk with peers about climate change. Covariates included climate change-related social norms, avoidance of climate change information, and perceptions of the future impact of climate change. A minority of the 586 respondents (23%) reported regular conversations about climate change, while approximately half of the respondents reported willingness to discuss climate change with peers (58%), post materials online (47%), and contact state legislators (46%). Strong predictors of willingness to engage in each climate change communications behaviors included climate change social norms, not avoiding climate change information, and believing that climate change will have a negative impact on the future. Findings indicate the importance of designing programs to foster increased climate change communications in order to promote community-level climate change advocacy norms.

Identifying the women most vulnerable to intimate partner violence: A decision tree analysis from 48 low and middle-income countries.

BackgroundPrimary prevention strategies are needed to reduce high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The effectiveness of population-based approaches may be improved by adding initiatives targeted at the most vulnerable groups and tailored to context-specificities.MethodsWe applied a decision-tree approach to identify subgroups of women at higher risk of IPV in 48 LMICs and in all countries combined. Data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey carried out between 2010 and 2019 with available information on IPV and sociodemographic indicators was used. To create the trees, we selected 15 recognized risk factors for IPV in the literature which had a potential for targeting interventions. Exposure to IPV was defined as having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV in the past 12 months.FindingsIn the pooled decision tree, witnessing IPV during childhood, a low or medium empowerment level and alcohol use by the partner were the strongest markers of IPV vulnerability. IPV prevalence amongst the most vulnerable women was 43% compared to 21% in the overall sample. This high-risk group included women who witnessed IPV during childhood and had lower empowerment levels. These were 12% of the population and 1 in 4 women who experienced IPV in the selected LMICs. Across the individual national trees, subnational regions emerged as the most frequent markers of IPV occurrence.InterpretationStarting with well-known predictors of IPV, the decision-tree approach provides important insights about subpopulations of women where IPV prevalence is high. This information can help designing targeted interventions. For a large proportion of women who experienced IPV, however, no particular risk factors were identified, emphasizing the need for population wide approaches conducted in parallel, including changing social norms, strengthening laws and policies supporting gender equality and women´s rights as well as guaranteeing women´s access to justice systems and comprehensive health services.FundingBill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant INV-010051/OPP1199234), 10.13039/100010269Wellcome Trust (Grant Number: 101815/Z/13/Z) and Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (ABRASCO).

Contextualizing the Impacts of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: An Evidence from Social and Environmental Perspective

COVID-19 has spotted profound concerns over time in Bangladesh as the country is known as a developing country though it has lower HDI. This densely populated country is facing various fundamental problems caused by the spreading of Coronavirus. One of the most difficult challenges is to ensure social distancing, while the environmental impacts of COVID-19 wastages need foresight to be taken care of. Another environmental impact of COVID-19 is rather positively accepted that the pollution rate dropped greatly for a while due to lockdown, but it was knowingly temporary as people tend to not follow the pandemic situation. Social distancing and health protective instructions are moderately followed by different classes of people from different socio-economic levels. Changes in social norms and family rituals to avoid the infection are noticeable. The importance of digitalization has increased during this pandemic; people are being dependent on various social media and digital communication apps for education, work and social belongingness. Telecommunication and digital media sectors are contributing to build awareness about Coronavirus among people. Due to the economic impact, Bangladesh is undergoing a social transition. Skyrocketing unemployment, limited sources of daily supplies, problems in digital schooling of children, lack of social security, emergency aids for the vulnerable possess great concerns. Initially the Government distributed 0.2 million PPE to the doctors and medical staff, but the management of these PPE wastages are neglected which possesses great health and environmental threats. Air pollution in major cities was deducted to a great level which did not happen for many decades whereas demand for proper water supply has increased. Many organizations are working alongside the Bangladesh Government for ensuring social distancing as well as distributing relief aids to the vulnerable group. Local authorities and voluntary workers are trying to deliver essential supplies in the lockdown areas. People now are conscious about cleanliness and management of wastages which boosted environmental benefits.

Social Norms Change and Tobacco Use: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions.

Tobacco use kills more than eight million individuals each year, and results in substantial economic and human capital loss across nations. While effective supply-side solutions to tobacco control exist, these approaches are less effective at promoting cessation among heavy smokers, and less feasible to implement in countries with weaker tobacco control policy environments. Thus, effective demand-side solutions are needed. Shifting social norms around tobacco use is one such promising approach. To this end, a systematic review and meta-analysis of social norms intervention studies to influence tobacco use will be conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidance. Tobacco intervention studies with at least two time points that explicitly mention social norms or social influence as part of an intervention or set of measured variables will be included. Literature sources will comprise PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Trial Registry, as well as several grey literature sources. Two reviewers will independently screen studies, and risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 and ROBINS-I tools. The primary outcomes will be change in tobacco use and change in social norms. A random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted for both outcomes. Sources of heterogeneity will be explored using meta-regression with key covariates. Non-reporting biases will be explored using funnel plots. PROSPERO: CRD42021251535.

Iron and folic acid consumption and changing social norms: cluster randomized field trial, Odisha, India.

ObjectiveTo assess whether improvements in social norms related to iron and folic acid consumption are associated with increased iron and folic acid consumption.MethodsIn a cluster randomized trial in Odisha, India, we implemented an intervention to improve descriptive norms (people’s perceptions about how many other people take iron and folic acid), injunctive norms (social pressures people feel to take iron and folic acid) and collective norms (actual levels of iron and folic acid consumption). We assessed changes in these norms and self-reported iron and folic acid consumption in control and intervention arms after 6 months (September 2019–February 2020). We collected data from control (n = 2048) and intervention (n = 2060) arms at baseline and follow-up (n = 1966 and n = 1987, respectively).FindingsAt follow-up, mean scores in self-reported iron and folic acid consumption in the control arm had decreased from 0.39 to 0.31 (21% decrease; not significant). In the intervention arm, mean scores increased from 0.39 to 1.62 (315% increase; P < 0.001). The difference between the two arms was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Each of the three norms also improved at significantly higher rates in the intervention than in the control arm (P < 0.001 for each norm). Changes in descriptive and collective norms (but not injunctive norms) were associated with changes in self-reported iron and folic acid consumption (P < 0.001 for both norms).ConclusionOur results show that social norms can be improved and that these improvements are associated with positive behavioural changes. A social norms-based approach may help promote iron and folic acid consumption in India.

“I Smoked That Cigarette, and It Calmed Me Down”: A Qualitative Analysis of Intrapersonal, Social, and Environmental Factors Influencing Decisions to Smoke Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness

Approximately 70% of youth experiencing homelessness smoke cigarettes; many try to quit and are interested in formal smoking cessation programs. The purpose of this study was to describe the intrapersonal, social, and environmental contexts associated with the most recent smoking experience among youth experiencing homelessness and (2) identify differences in contextual factors by age and willingness to quit. Thirty-six youth experiencing homelessness aged 14-24 years and who reported current smoking were recruited from a drop-in center in a Midwestern city. Semi-structured in-person interviews were analyzed to understand smoking behaviors. Two-thirds of participants reported stress and nicotine dependence as primary reasons for smoking, and older youth (aged 18-24 years) reported smoking to de-escalate negative emotions associated with stressful events. For 25% of participants, and especially older youth, smoking was described as part of a routine. Over 80% of participants smoked outside at the homeless drop-in center or the places they lived. Social prompts from drop-in center peers regularly preempted smoking. Younger youth (aged 14-17 years) reported smoking socially while older youth were more likely to smoke alone. For youth experiencing homelessness, smoking is integrated into daily life and is often used to manage stress associated with homelessness and engage socially with homeless peers. Multicomponent interventions to reduce structural stressors specific to homelessness, change social smoking norms (environmental and social context), and address stress management and nicotine dependence (intrapersonal context) are needed to support smoking cessation among youth experiencing homelessness. Youth experiencing homelessness overwhelmingly described how daily stressors associated with homelessness and nicotine dependence preceded recent smoking. Older youth (aged 18-24 years) also reported smoking as "routine", which likely underscores nicotine dependence in this group. Younger youth (aged 14-17 years) described social smoking. Researchers must develop optimized multilevel interventions to support youth experiencing homelessness who want to quit smoking. Interventions directly targeting social determinants of stress (e.g., poverty, housing instability, food insecurity) and linkages to supportive services are needed. Complementary strategies to address stress coping and nicotine dependence (intrapersonal context) and social smoking norms (social and environmental context) are also necessitated.

STRESSORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGE IN ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL ATTRIBUTES DUE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON MEDICAL STUDENTS

OBJECTIVE: To identify the stressors related to academic online teaching and the change in social norms during the pandemic and to assess their psychological impact on the medical students. METHODS: A web based, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Hazrat Bari Imam Sarkar Medical and Dental College, Islamabad Pakistan over a period of 4 months using an Online questionnaire via Google forms based on Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS21) scale comprising of 21 questions which address the depression, anxiety, and stress related questions. The modified questionnaire also contained open ended questions along with a short questionnaire based on 3 points Likert scale. RESULTS: Total of 305 subjects participated. Mean (±SD) severity score for Depression, anxiety and stress was 2.02± 1.3, 1.76±1.25 and 1.66±1.15 respectively. Highly significant positive correlation was observed between depression and stress score of subjects and history of COVID-19 infection in an acquaintance (r=0.179, p=&lt;0.01) and (0.132, p=&lt;0.001) respectively; between depression and stress score of subjects and history of acquaintance who expired due to COVID-19 (r=0.198, p&lt;0.01) and s (r=0.25, p&lt;0.01) respectively; distraction during online classes and depression and stress score (r=0.233, p&lt;0.01) and (r=0.236, p&lt;0.01) respectively and worry about effect on clinical skills due to teaching through online sessions and depression (r=0.161,p&lt;0.01) . CONCLUSION: The stressors related to change in the academic activities and social norms due to SARS-CoV-2 has had significant psychological impact on the mental health of students which requires attention and formal counselling.

Promoting Energy-Efficient Behavior by Depicting Social Norms in a Recommender Interface

How can recommender interfaces help users to adopt new behaviors? In the behavioral change literature, social norms and other nudges are studied to understand how people can be convinced to take action (e.g., towel re-use is boosted when stating that “75% of hotel guests” do so), but most of these nudges are not personalized. In contrast, recommender systems know what to recommend in a personalized way, but not much human-computer interaction ( HCI ) research has considered how personalized advice should be presented to help users to change their current habits. We examine the value of depicting normative messages (e.g., “75% of users do X”), based on actual user data, in a personalized energy recommender interface called “Saving Aid.” In a study among 207 smart thermostat owners, we compared three different normative explanations (“Global.” “Similar,” and “Experienced” norm rates) to a non-social baseline (“kWh savings”). Although none of the norms increased the total number of chosen measures directly, we show that depicting high peer adoption rates alongside energy-saving measures increased the likelihood that they would be chosen from a list of recommendations. In addition, we show that depicting social norms positively affects a user’s evaluation of a recommender interface.

Key ways to legitimize diet shifts that favor plant instead of animal protein sources

A shift to a more healthy and sustainable diet (as recommended by the EAT Lancet Commission report) is currently hampered by persistent choices for meat. This paper puts forward the view that proposals for a diet shift will fall short without broad social legitimation by a change in social norms favoring plant instead of animal protein sources. Using psychological and linguistic perspectives, the paper aims to improve understanding of legitimation related to authority, moral evaluation, rationality, and story logic. Each category is examined with a view to how it may support (or oppose) the reordering of protein sources necessary for a diet shift. Key strategies are a further revision of the existing national authority-based dietary guidelines, using the diversity of rationality-based legitimations to support them, avoiding polarization of moral-based ideologies and being cautious of myths, micro-myths and stories.

Disorder in ADHD and ASD Post-COVID-19

A diagnosis of either attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) identifies an individual as unable to attend expectedly and appropriately, particularly in school settings. Until the COVID-19 pandemic, what defined the expected and the appropriate was considerate, close physical contact among people. In understanding that aerosol droplets from vocalization cause the transmission of the COVID-19 virus, what is acceptable contact has now shifted to distancing oneself from people and communicating in a way that eliminates vocal spray. The norms for socialization diametrically changed as a consequence of the pandemic. Yet, there has been no concurrent reassessment of the meaning of “disorder” related to ADHD and ASD within the school setting. A diagnosis of ADHD and/or ASD often brings with it an expectation for special education. Therefore, it is important that changes in social norms be recognized as they define the meaning of “disorder”. Investigated here is in what way each diagnosis demonstrates disorder in response to the imposed COVID-19 restrictions and how this can be anticipated to affect the schooling of those with ADHD and ASD during the pandemic.

We gain a lot…but what are we losing? A critical reflection on the implications of digital design technologies

PurposeHighly sophisticated digital technologies have distanced architects and designers from intimate and immediate hand-drawing practices. Meanwhile the changes they rapidly bring come with undetected changes in cultural and social norms regarding the built environment. The growing dependence on computers calls for a more holistic, socially inclusive and place-responsive design practice. This paper aims to shed light on what we are losing in the design process as we rapidly transition to communicate architecture using digital media. The authors contemplate the paradigms in which the human body and physical objects still play an important role in today's design environment.Design/methodology/approachThe paper looks at current trends in developing and establishing “computer imaging” within architectural education, and the architectural profession through parametric design and the area of sustainability. In order to reveal novel and hybrid ways of architectural image-making, it also looks into art forms that already experiment with bodily practices in design by taking an artisanal animation project as a case study.FindingsThe renewed longing for craft, haptic environments, tactile experiences and hand-crafted artifacts and artworks that engage the senses can be exemplified with the success of the documentary Last Dance on the Main, an animated film on the endangered layers of human presence in one of Montreal's downtown neighborhoods. The open possibilities for creative hybridizations between the handmade and the digital in architecture practice and education are exposed.Originality/valueThe influence of film on the perception and consequent design of cities is well documented. There is little literature, however, on how the materiality and process of artisanal film animation can provide alternative, if not additional, insights on how to communicate various aspects of the built environment, particularly those rooted in the human body. Furthermore, handmade film explores a broader understanding of sustainability, which includes considerations for social and cultural contexts.

Gendered Social Norms Change in Water Governance Structures Through Community Facilitation: Evaluation of the UPWARD Intervention in Tanzania.

Background: In rural Tanzania, women and girls disproportionately bear the burden of water scarcity. Gendered social norms on the acceptability of women’s participation in the public sphere limit their decision-making power within local water governance structures. The UPWARD (Uplifting Women’s Participation in Water-Related Decision-Making) intervention sought to understand how a community-based gendered social norms approach using organized diffusion can lead to changes in the gendered social norms impacting women's participation in water-related governance structures. Methods: As part of WARIDI, a 5-years integrated water resource management (IWRM) program, a gendered-social norms change (GSNC) activity (UPWARD: Uplifting Women’s Participation in Water-Related Decision-Making) was implemented in two villages in Iringa and Kilombero districts. Encouraging organized diffusion, UPWARD promoted gender-equitable norms among a critical mass of community members. WARIDI identified and trained a Community Facilitation Team (CFT) of three women and men to lead a series of education and empowerment sessions in two communities. The intervention reached >300 individuals directly (∼10% of total village population). Changes in social norms were assessed through social norms analysis plots (SNAP) delivered in focus group discussions (FGDs) of 8–12 participants. Results: At baseline, most participants reported that women’s involvement in water-related decision-making was restricted to household decisions. Men viewed themselves as primary decision-makers in water governance. Women who spoke in village meetings experienced sanctions for disrespect and outspokenness; their husbands were teased for being “controlled.” At endline, participants reported fewer instances of ridicule towards women’s participation. Women expressed a greater sense of solidarity with each other; men reported greater respect for men whose wives contribute. The intervention’s effects appeared more pronounced in areas with greater cultural heterogeneity, suggesting norm change may be harder to affect where norms are tighter. Conclusion: UPWARD provides evidence that gendered social norms change programs can have identifiable impacts on women’s participation in water-related decision-making over a short time. While other interventions have used larger, multi-level strategies to affect gender norms, UPWARD has shown that community mobilization with brief (∼4 months) but concentrated engagement with communities can promote changes in social norms that persist at least 6 months after intervention’s end.

〈利他〉から〈利己〉へ:―日本の開発協力政策を枠づける社会規範の転換過程―

〈利他〉から〈利己〉へ:―日本の開発協力政策を枠づける社会規範の転換過程―

Early union, \u2018disgrasya\u2019, and prior adversity and disadvantage: pathways to adolescent pregnancy among Filipino youth

BackgroundFew studies explore what it means to be an adolescent parent in the Philippines from the young parents’ perspective. This study sought to improve understanding of how adolescent mothers and young fathers experienced pregnancy in Palawan, Philippines.MethodsWe conducted narrative analysis of 27 semi-structured interviews with 15 Filipino young parents.FindingsOur findings point to three pathways to adolescent pregnancy differentiated by life circumstances and perceived self-efficacy: through early unions, through ‘disgrasya’ (accident) in romantic relationships, and when pregnancy is directly related to adversity and disadvantage. Some young people adopted agentic narratives and had intended pregnancies within early unions. Young people who had unintended pregnancies in romantic relationships recounted constrained choice narratives, taking responsibility for their decisions while emphasising external factors’ influence on their decision-making. Other young mothers described the ways that prior adversity and disadvantage gave rise to unfavourable circumstances—including sexual violence—that led to unintended pregnancy but shared narratives showing how they had reclaimed agency in their lives.ConclusionOur findings highlight the need to (1) address underlying poverty and structural inequalities that limit Filipino young people’s life choices and contribute to their pathways to adolescent pregnancy; (2) provide Filipino young people with access to essential sexual and reproductive health information, services, and supplies; and (3) change social norms to rectify gender-based power imbalances and sexual violence.

The IWill MCW Campaign: Individual Actions to Advance Gender Equity.

Advancing equity for women remains an urgent and complex problem at academic health centers. Attempts to mitigate gender gaps have ranged widely and have been both slow to occur and limited in effect. Recognizing the limitations of previously attempted solutions and fueled by the #MeToo and #TimesUp movements, the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) stepped outside known approaches (e.g., women's leadership plans and programming) to design and implement a strategic campaign that promotes gender equity through fostering change in systems and social norms. This campaign, IWill MCW (launched in 2019), emphasizes the power of individual responsibility for positive change. The IWill MCW campaign employs a 2-pronged approach. The first is the creation of personal call-to-action public pledges focused on 5 aspects of gender equity, along with the provision of supportive resources to reinforce positive change. The second is the use of those pledges to raise awareness of gender inequity in academic medicine by fostering meaningful dialogue meant to alter mental models of equity, relationships, and power dynamics. In the initial 6-week phase of the IWill MCW campaign, leaders reached out to all MCW faculty (2,002), staff (4,522), and learners (1,483) at multiple campuses. This outreach resulted in nearly 1,400 pledges, including 30% (n = 420) from men. The effort also engaged over 90% (n = 101) of members of MCW senior leadership teams. The feedback from the initial campaign has been positive. Lessons learned include realizing the importance of public pledges, engaging male allies, and following up. The authors suggest that the IWill MCW campaign provides a model for academic health centers to advance gender equity and shape an environment in which people of all genders can thrive.

Safer spaces: The impact of a reduction in road fatalities on the life expectancy of South Africans

In this paper we determine the burden on society of fatalities resulting from road traffic injuries (RTIs) in South Africa. We express the burden in terms of reduced life expectancy and years of potential life lost (YPLL). Our main data source is the Injury Mortality Survey (IMS), a retrospective descriptive study carried out in South Africa. Using the mortality rates by sex and age from the IMS we calculate actual life expectancy at birth. In our counterfactual analysis we assume a 15 % reduction in road fatalities per year over a period of 10 years. A comparison of the estimated actual and counterfactual life expectancies suggests that the average gain in life expectancy at birth would be 0.58 years. Since the overwhelming majority of road traffic fatalities are male (75.7 %), there is a considerable gender difference. Men would gain on average 0.85 years while women would gain 0.30 years in life expectancy, closing the gender gap in life expectancy by about 14 %. We then discuss how a reduction in RTIs could be achieved. South Africa’s legislation addresses several of the important aspects of road safety (e.g. seat belt use, drink driving restrictions, speed limits, infrastructure improvements), however, enforcement is relatively weak and should be improved. There are a raft of measures that have been well researched in other countries, most interventions aim to modify the behaviour of road users and have been found to be cost effective. In addition to stricter enforcement, evidence from social science suggests that compliance could be increased through a change in social norms regarding road usage.