Changing Security Environment Research Articles

Chile’s Peacekeeping and the Post-UN Intervention Scenario in Haiti

The defence and foreign policy communities in the Global South should learn from the lessons of security governance that followed the 13-year United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). To better inform the academic and policy debate, this article extrapolates ideas from the case study of Chile, one of the ‘big four’ Latin American peacekeeping providers in Haiti, along with Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The article examines Chile’s finished compromise with the MINUSTAH in order to shed light on conflict intervention strategies and its peace operations in Colombia and the Central African Republic. It argues that military policies for peace intervention purposes should undergo a critical reassessment in light of the state steering away from the past use of long-term brute force. Today’s changing security environment favours a set of different human security policies that have become more prevalent for peacekeeping policymaking. Engaging in scenarios of war and peace thus demands a more focused, experienced and tactical use of military and diplomatic resources than governments in the developing countries currently possess.

Changing Security Environment in Northeast Asia and South Korea’s Security Dilemma

Changing Security Environment in Northeast Asia and South Korea’s Security Dilemma

변화하는 한반도 환경하에서의 우리 국민의 통일인식 분석: 현대적 성차, 국가 자부심, 통일효용 인식

변화하는 한반도 환경하에서의 우리 국민의 통일인식 분석: 현대적 성차, 국가 자부심, 통일효용 인식

SOCIAL ADAPTATION AS AN ELEMENT OF SOCIAL POLICY

Dynamic changes in security environment pose serious challenges to military servicemen, discharged for one or another reason from military service, and their families. With transferring from the military to the civil sociumin their conditions of life, occur some essential changes, affecting various aspects of life: geography of the service and residence, living conditions, nature of activity, social status, level of claims to a new life, prospects for further development, circle of socialization, etc.

Between NATO and a hard place: defence spending debate in Germany and Czechia

ABSTRACTDefence spending has become a primary issue in the context of NATO. The question of fair burden-sharing and development of new capabilities in reaction to the changing security environment led NATO members to aim to spend 2% of GDP on defence by 2024. While some allies have managed to reach the level quickly, others seem not to be able or willing to do so. We know little, however, how the international commitment is reflected and referred to in individual member states. This article shows how size played a role when the 2% pledge was discussed in domestic politics, even if the resulting policy may be very similar. Based on expert and political debates in Germany and Czechia, it demonstrates that external expectations and the question of status play a crucial part in the small state’s reasoning whereas it is mainly internal drivers that shape the big state’s decisions.

Preparing for future security challenges with practitioner research

<i>Mid-sized countries face a changing security environment, and cannot be certain that the knowledge and practices of the past will serve the future. The officers, professors, and researchers in defence universities are the custodians of military sciences that must adapt to these changing situations. Practitioner research should be modelled and encouraged in defence universities as a vehicle for advancing military sciences to meet new challenges. Previous practitioner research in higher and adult education has highlighted the need for experiential learning in other professions. The authors report on practitioner research by professors at pre-commission military academies to improve cadets’ understanding of peace and conflict. Military and police education is often experience-based, but there are few reports of practitioner research on its effectiveness, nor of combining peace and conflict education with out-of-classroom experiences. Legitimation Code Theory provides tools for understanding different teaching approaches. Comparing four cases of practitioner research on experiential learning the authors present models for practitioner research on teaching peace and conflict through out-of-classroom experiences, and conclude with means of evaluating learning experiences by pre-commission cadets, drawing on legitimation code theory. This is increasingly important for military academies striving to meet academic standards, but also to preserve professional values and young officer motivation to confront new challenges.</i>

Current Defence Policy and Modernisation Goals of the Croatian Armed Forces

The internal and external security environment of Croatia has changed gradually since the declaration of independence in 1991. In the beginning, as in a post-war country, hard security played a vital role in the security policy documents, as reflected in the National Security Strategy (NSS) of 2002. With the accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 2009 and to the European Union (EU) in 2013, multilateral cooperation and collective defence had been prioritised and the new NSS from 2017 was designed to mirror this approach. The changed security environment spurred a reformed approach to defence matters and resulted in increased participation in international peace operations under EU, NATO and UN auspices. Furthermore, as a NATO member, Croatia needs to be ready to answer challenges threatening the collective security of the organisation, such as cyber threats ranging from fake news and foreign electoral intervention to cyberattacks. The first part of this analysis shows what path Croatia has taken after the declaration of independence, which is followed by introducing the current goals of Croatian security policy. Finally, international peace operations, defence spending trends and the capability development priorities of the Croatian Armed Forces are discussed.

Changes in Security Environment Following Crimes of Leaking the Republic of KOREA's Industrial Technologies and Directions for Introducing DETECTIVE System

Changes in Security Environment Following Crimes of Leaking the Republic of KOREA's Industrial Technologies and Directions for Introducing DETECTIVE System

Challenges in the Baltic Sea region: geopolitics, insecurity and identity

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the changing security environment in the Baltic Sea region and reviews the patterns of cooperation and conflict since the end of the Cold War. The exploration starts from the concerns voiced by analysts since 2014 that the Baltic Sea could become the scene for a military confrontation with Russia. The article reviews the scholarly debates and examines the insights gained from past developments in the region. It underlines the utility of cooperation to address emerging security challenges and highlights the drivers of insecurity and threat perceptions, revealing the importance of changes in the sense of identity and belonging across the region. The article situates the contributions to the Forum: The Return of Geopolitics to the Baltic Sea Region in the context of the lessons that can be drawn from the shifts and changes that have taken place in the region in the last three decades.

ASEAN’s Evolving Institutional Strategy: Managing Great Power Politics in South China Sea Disputes

This article argues that a change in institutional strategy enables The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to manage its great power relations and prevent their abrupt political intrusion into the region by providing the policy options of pursuing institutional balancing, bandwagoning, hedging, or co-option. ASEAN’s strategy is not only to choose optimal policy under a changing security environment, but also to create an institutional division of labour by proliferating ASEAN-led institutions to ensure, as far as possible, regional autonomy and Member States’ security. Changes in ASEAN’s institutional strategy occur when its Member States expect a change in the regional distribution of power. However, due to constraints created by the existing institutional design it is difficult to make any drastic alteration to the institutional strategy unless a radical change in the regional power configuration occurs. This article examines the cases of East Asia Summit and ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM)/ADMM-Plus during the period 2005–2016, the comparison of which illuminates the causes and processes of their strategy change and helps to deepen our understanding of the roles of regional security institutions.

Soldiers of Arabia: Explaining Compulsory Military Service in the Gulf

Since the 1960s many democracies and prosperous authoritarian states have abolished national military service but in recent years that trend has been reversed in several European states — owing primarily to the changing security environment — and, more surprisingly, in Arabia. Three Gulf Cooperation Council states, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates recently introduced conscription for their armed forces. Although this development may be explained in part by emerging external security challenges, this paper argues that the primary explanatory factors are intraneous: socioeconomic reasons, military-strategic motives, and political considerations. The article contends that the most important objective of the Gulf governments that introduced conscription is nation-building, that is, to deepen the relationship between citizens and the state.

Security Strategies of Small States in a Changing World

Abstract How are small states adjusting to a changing security environment and managing tensions with greater powers in their neighbourhood? Much of the recent literature on small states spends a great deal of time examining challenges to small states and their security policies. Scholars offer several strategies that small states can employ to adjust to a changing security landscape. Small states have two broad options – to focus on their own defence posture, trying to keep their autonomy and stay neutral, or use different cooperative schemes – bandwagon with larger powers, form alliances against dominant powers, or seek shelter and develop hedging strategies. This article reviews survival strategies employed by small states and provides a basis to better understand the behaviour of small states in today’s contested security environment.

Evaluation of the Nutrition of the Bulgarian Army Military Personnel During the Preparation for Participation in Expeditionary Operations

Abstract The development of the military art and of the rapidly changing security environment, define the developing and the formation of new capabilities for their management. The increasing importance of the Expeditionary Forces of NATO demands the developing of the national legislation, connected with the nutrition of the Bulgarian Army military personnel, participating in expeditionary operations. In response to the tasks, delegated to the armed forces during their participation in expeditionary operations, the provision of the units with food becomes a priority logistic capability. The research is focused on the applicability of a new nutrition model in the Bulgarian Army, in compliance with the national and the physiological nutrition standards, with the resources security and with the specificity of the expeditionary operations, requiring a special expenditure of physical and neurological-psychological energy from the military personnel.

European Security Policy at the End of the Post‐Cold War Era

From today's viewpoint, 2016 may well represent the end of the post‐Cold War era and the general assumptions that are associated with it. These include the beliefs that the United States remains a European power, guaranteeing the territorial integrity of its European NATO allies, that liberal democracy represents the political system widely seen as the only legitimate normative reference point, and that the future of the European Union will be defined by continued integration into an ‘ever closer Union’. These assumptions have been shaken to the core.

(Research of the Motivation for Management Activities of Cadets in the Course of Their Military Professional Training)

Bulgarian Abstract: В условията на усъвършенстване на въоръжените сили на Република България, въвеждането в експлоатация на нова военна техника и въоръжение, оптимизиране на организационно-щатната структура на военните формирования, нарастват и изискванията към качеството на подготовка на курсантите от Висшите военни училища. Випускниците на Национален военен университет „Васил Левски“ е необходимо да бъдат подготвени за изпълнение на техните функционални задължения и да имат положителна мотивация за постоянно повишение на професионалната квалификацията, за усъвършенстване на военнопрофесионалната си дейност в съответствие с динамично променящата се среда на сигурност и за решаване на многопластови задачи. Готовността на бъдещите офицери за подобна дейност се основава на придобиването на задълбочени военнопрофесионални знания и умения и на формирането на подходящи нива на мотивация за управленска дейност. Като бъдещи офицери настоящите курсанти трябва да познават потребностите на подчинените си, да могат да използват и прилагат различни мотивационни методи, с оглед повишаване нивото на собствена мотивация и мотивация на техните подчинени, и с цел достигане на високо професионално представяне. Във връзка с успешното усвояване на професията офицер би следвало да се изяснят кои са основните фактори мотиватори, подтикващи индивида към дейност, как те се постигат в хода на обучението и каква е ролята на личното усилие за индивидуалното и колективно представяне на обучаемите. Обект на изследването е военнопрофесионалната подготовка на бъдещите логистични офицери, а предмет на изследването е формирането на мотивация за постигане на положителни резултати и за избягване на неуспехи и на страха от провал в хода на тяхната военнопрофесионална подготовка. Цел на изследването е да се разкрият състоянието на мотивация за постигане на положителни резултати и на мотивация за избягване на неуспехи и на страха от провал при военнопрофесионалната подготовка за осъществяване на управленска дейност от бъдещите логистични офицери, English Abstract: At the terms of improvement of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria, the commissioning of new military equipment and armaments, optimize the organizational structure of military units, and increase the quality requirements for training of cadets of higher military schools. The graduates from the Vasil Levski National Military University is necessary to prepared to fulfill their functional duties and have positive motivation for continuous improvement of professional qualifications, for improvement of military professional activities in accordance with dynamically changing security environment and for solving the multi tasks. The readiness of the future officers for such activities is based on the acquiring of depth military professional knowledge and skills and the formation of appropriate levels of motivation for management activities. As future officers present cadets should know the needs of their subordinates, they can use and apply different motivational techniques to increase the their own level of motivation and the motivation of their subordinates, and in order to reach highly professional competences. In connection with the successful implementation of the profession officer” should clarify what are the main motivating factors encouraging individuals to work, how they are achieved in the course of training and the role of personal effort for the individual and collective training. Object of the survey is a military professional training of future logistics officers and the subject of the survey is the formation of motivation to achieve positive results and avoiding failures and the fear of failure in the course of their military professional training. Aim of the survey is to reveal the condition of motivation to achieve positive results and motivation of avoiding failure and the fear of failure in military professional training for the implementation of management activities of future logistics officers.

Evaluation of the Nutrition of the Bulgarian Army Military Personnel During the Preparation for Participation in Expeditionary Operations

The development of the military art and of the rapidly changing security environment, define the developing and the formation of new capabilities for their management. The increasing importance of the Expeditionary Forces of NATO demands the developing of the national legislation, connected with the nutrition of the Bulgarian Army military personnel, participating in expeditionary operations. In response to the tasks, delegated to the armed forces during their participation in expeditionary operations, the provision of the units with food becomes a priority logistic capability. The research is focused on the applicability of a new nutrition model in the Bulgarian Army, in compliance with the national and the physiological nutrition standards, with the resources security and with the specificity of the expeditionary operations, requiring a special expenditure of physical and neurological-psychological energy from the military personnel.

Analysing security subcomplexes in a changing Middle East—the role of non-Arab state actors and non-state actors

AbstractThis article presents a theoretical framework for a collection of articles (“special issue”), which aims at discussing the role of non-Arab state actors and non-state actors in a changing Middle East. The articles in the collection offer perspectives that have been overlooked in recent research, namely those focusing on the role of non-Arab state actors and non-state actors in connection with the changing security environment in the region. Furthermore, these articles discuss how changes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are appearing in different and shifting contexts in the creation of new local, sub-regional, or regional security subcomplexes in which Arab states, non-Arab states and non-state actors enter into new conflicts, alliances and other political relations with and against each other. The role of international actors interfering in the region is also analyzed in the context of the changing Middle East.

UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 AND THE ROLE OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE

UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 AND THE ROLE OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Public Security in the Polish Law on State of Emergency

This article presents the essential issues in the provisions of the law relating to public security in force in the Republic of Poland which are used in conditions of extraordinary internal threats that cannot be dealt with using ordinary legal tools. The considerations are based on an analysis of the legally regulated obligations of the state as a political organisation to society for securing the conditions for its survival in a changing security environment. This serves to present the basic issues of public security and the rules for the use of the State instruments for states of emergency. The rest of this article presents the relationship between issues of public security and a state of emergency. In this part of the article it is essential to discuss the circumstances that must exist to be able to employ specific legal measures in the conditions of threats to the constitutional order of the State and threats affecting the security of the citizens or of public order (including those caused by terrorist activities). Consequently, it discusses the impact of the rigours of a state of emergency in relation to the potential for limiting the escalation of these threats. The final part of the article also presents other instruments, apart from the state of emergency which, in the Polish legal system, can be used in the fight against threats which endanger public security and that are related to prohibited activities in cyberspace.

REGIONAL COOPERATION OF UKRAINE–OSCE in a changing SECURITY ENVIRONMENT In Central East European region

Розглянуто діяльність України в рамках Організації з безпеки та співробітництва у Європі у контексті змін безпекового середовища Центрально-східноєвропейського регіону. Проаналізовано головні зовнішньополітичні заходи України на шляху підвищення ефективності задіяних Організацією механізмів для врегулювання російсько-українського збройного конфлікту на Сході України. Проілюстровано та проаналізовано діяльність Спеціальної моніторингової місії ОБСЄ та визначено її роль у процесах врегулювання конфлікту. Ключові слова: Організація з безпеки та співробітництва у Європі; Спеціальна моніторингова місія ОБСЄ; Україна; російсько-український конфлікт. REGIONAL COOPERATION OF UKRAINE–OSCE in a changing SECURITY ENVIRONMENT In Central East European region Activities of Ukraine–OSCE in the context of changes in security environment of Central and Eastern European region are considered. The main foreign policy actions towards Ukraine engaged by the efficiency of mechanisms for the settlement of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine are analyzed. The activities of the Special OSCE monitoring mission are illustrated. The role of Special OSCE monitoring mission in the conflict is defined. Key words: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; Special monitoring mission of the OSCE; Ukraine; Russian-Ukrainian conflict.