Changes In Reproductive Organs Research Articles

Advanced maternal age (AMA) and pregnancy: a feasible but problematic event.

This narrative review aimed to summarize all adverse outcomes of pregnancy in advanced maternal age (AMA) to assess the age of the mother as a potentially crucial risk factor. AMA refers to women older than 35 years. While expectations and the role of women in society have undergone significant changes today, the biology of aging remains unchanged. Various pathologic changes occur in the human body with age, including chronic noncommunicable diseases, as well as notable changes in reproductive organs, that significantly affect fertility. Despite substantial advancements in technology and medicine, pregnancy in AMA remains a formidable challenge. Although there are some advantages to postponing childbirth, they primarily relate to maternal maturity and economic stability. However, regrettably, there are also many adverse aspects of pregnancy at advanced ages. These include complications affecting both the mother and the fetus. Pregnants in AMA were more prone to suffer from gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and eclampsia during pregnancy compared to younger women. In addition, miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies were more prevalent. Delivery was more frequently completed via cesarean section, and postpartum complications and maternal mortality were also higher. Unfortunately, there were also complications concerning the fetus, such as chromosomal abnormalities, premature birth, low birth weight, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, and stillbirth.

Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Flavonoid Extract on Estrogen Receptor Alpha Expression in Ovariectomized Mice

Menopause signifies the cessation of ovarian function, presenting significant health challenges for women globally. Hormonal shifts during menopause impact various systems, including cardiovascular and reproductive health. Changes in reproductive organs increase susceptibility to health issues, necessitating effective management strategies. This study used a true experimental method with a randomized post-test-only control group design to investigate the potential of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract, which contains flavonoids, to modulate Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERa) expression in menopausal mice. Following ovariectomy (OVX), mice treated with flavonoid showed increased ERa expression, with the highest expression observed at a dose of P2 (7.5 mg/mice/day), approaching those in non-OVX control (K-) with a percentage difference of 29.82%. Compared to the OVX control group (K+), the percentage increase was 2387.74%. Therefore, the P2 dose is considered the optimum dose. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of 43.3% between flavonoid dosage and ERa expression (p < 0.05). These findings suggest flavonoids as promising natural Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) for managing menopausal symptoms and reducing endometrial disease risk with ERa modulation. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of flavonoids, including molecular pathways such as ligand binding and transcription, interactions with other hormones like progesterone, long-term effects, and potential clinical applications. To initiate clinical trials, the author established the P1 dose (3.75 mg/mice/day), which demonstrated expression levels approaching the effects produced by P2. Overall, flavonoids offer potential therapeutic benefits in addressing menopausal health concerns, with the identified optimal dosage providing valuable guidance for future studies and clinical interventions.

Rhodamine B, an organic environmental pollutant induces reproductive toxicity in parental and teratogenicity in F1 generation in vivo

This study investigated the reproductive toxicity of rhodamine B in zebrafish and its transgenerational effects on the F1 generation. In silico toxicity predictions revealed high toxicity of rhodamine B, mainly targeting pathways associated with the reproductive and endocrine systems. In vivo experiments on zebrafish demonstrated that rhodamine B exposure at a concentration of 1.5 mg/L led to significant impairments in fecundity parameters, particularly affecting females. Histopathological analysis revealed distinct changes in reproductive organs, further confirming the reproductive toxicity of rhodamine B, with females being more susceptible than males. Gene expression studies indicated significant suppression of genes crucial for ovulation in rhodamine B-treated female fish, highlighting hormonal imbalance as a potential mechanism of reproductive toxicity. Furthermore, bioaccumulation studies showed the presence of rhodamine B in both adult fish gonads and F1 generation samples, suggesting transgenerational transfer of the dye. Embryotoxicity studies on F1 generation larvae demonstrated reduced survival rates, lower hatching rates, and increased malformations in groups exposed to rhodamine B. Moreover, rhodamine B induced oxidative stress in F1 generation larvae, as evidenced by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and altered antioxidant enzyme activity. Neurotoxicity assessments revealed reduced acetylcholinesterase activity, indicating potential neurological impairments in F1 generation larvae. Additionally, locomotory defects and skeletal abnormalities were observed in F1 generation larvae exposed to rhodamine B. This study provides comprehensive evidence of the reproductive toxicity of rhodamine B in adult zebrafish and its transgenerational effects on the F1 generation.

Rodents on a high-fat diet born to mothers with gestational diabetes exhibit sex-specific lipidomic changes in reproductive organs.

Maternal gestatonal diabetes mellitus (GDM) and offspring high-fat diet (HFD) have been shown to have sex-specific detrimental effects on the health of the offspring. Maternal GDM combined with an offspring HFD alters the lipidomic profiles of offspring reproductive organs with sex hormones and increases insulin signaling, resulting in offspring obesity and diabetes. The pre-pregnancy maternal GDM mice model is established by feeding maternal C57BL/6 mice and their offspring are fed with either a HFD or a low-fat diet (LFD). Testis, ovary and liver are collected from offspring at 20 weeks of age. The lipidomic profiles of the testis and ovary are characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Male offspring following a HFD have elevated body weight. In reproductive organs and hormones, male offspring from GDM mothers have decreased testes weights and testosterone levels, while female offspring from GDM mothers show increased ovary weights and estrogen levels. Maternal GDM aggravates the effects of an offspring HFD in male offspring on the AKT pathway, while increasing the risk of developing inflammation when expose to a HFD in female offspring liver. Testes are prone to the effect of maternal GDM, whereas ovarian metabolite profiles are upregulated in maternal GDM and downregulated in offspring following an HFD. Maternal GDM and an offspring HFD have different metabolic effects on offspring reproductive organs, and PUFAs may protect against detrimental outcomes in the offspring, such as obesity and diabetes.

Rodents on a High-Fat Diet Born to Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Exhibited Sex- Specific Lipidomic Changes in Reproductive Organs, Hormonal Imbalances and Insulin Resistance

Background: Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and offspring high-fat diet (HFD) have shown to have sex-specific detrimental effects on the health of offspring. Methods: A maternal GDM mice model was established by feeding maternal C57BL/6 mice HFD and then their offspring were exposed to either HFD or low-fat diet. Testes, ovaries, liver and gonadal adipose tissue were collected from offspring at 20 weeks, and their reproductive lipidomic profiles were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Findings: Male offspring following HFD had a substantially elevated body weight. In reproductive organs and hormones, male offspring from GDM mothers had decreased testes weights and testosterone levels, while female offspring from GDM mothers had increased ovary weights and estrogen levels. AKT pathway were increased in the offspring liver and gonadal adipose tissue of those fed with HFD. The fatty acid profiling showed that testes were prone to the effect of maternal GDM, whereas ovarian metabolite profiles were upregulated in maternal GDM and downregulated in offspring following HFD. Eicosapentaenoic acid were attenuated in both maternal serum and offspring testes under the impact of maternal GDM and in offspring following HFD. Interpretation: Maternal GDM and offspring HFD have different metabolic effects on offspring reproductive organs, and PUFAs may protect against detrimental outcomes in offspring such as obesity. Funding: the National Natural Science Foundation of China, The 111 Project, The National Key Research and Development Program of Reproductive Health & Major Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Chongqing Health Commission, Kuanren Talents Programs, and Chongqing Science & Technology Commission. Declaration of Interest: Andi Wang, Xinyang Yu, Zhu Chen, Yinyin Xia, Chang Chen, Hongbo Qi, Philip N. Baker, Richard Saffery, Ting-Li Han and Hua Zhang declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval: All WT C57BL/6 mice in this study were purchased from the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University. All animal experiments complied with the ARRIVE guidelines and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Batch number: 2020-41).

Physiological and proteomic analysis reveals the impact of boron deficiency and surplus on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) reproductive organs

Boron (B), an essential element for increasing seed yield and germinability in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), plays a vital role in its reproductive processes. However, effects of B stress on physiological and proteomic changes in reproductive organs related to alfalfa seed yield and germinability are poorly understood. In order to gain a better insight into B response or tolerance mechanisms, field trials were designed for B deficiency (0 mg B L−1), B sufficiency (800 mg B L−1), and B surplus (1600 mg B L−1) application during alfalfa flowering to analyze the proteomics and physiological responses of alfalfa ‘Aohan’ reproductive organs. Results showed that B deficiency weakened the stress-responsive ability in these organs, while B surplus reduced the sugar utilization of ‘Aohan’ flowers and caused lipid membrane peroxidation in ‘Aohan’ seeds. In addition, four upregulated stress responsive proteins (ADF-like protein, IMFP, NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold protein and NAD-dependent ALDHs) might play pivotal roles in the response of ‘Aohan’ reproductive organs to conditions of B deficiency and B surplus. All of the above results would be helpful to understand the tolerance mechanisms of alfalfa reproductive organs to both B deficiency and B surplus conditions, and also to give insight into the regulatory role of B in improving seed yield and germinability in alfalfa seed production. In summary, B likely plays a structural and regulatory role in relation to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and signal transduction, thus regulates alfalfa reproductive processes eventually affecting the seed yield and germinability of alfalfa seeds.

Morphological changes of reproductive organs during egg formation of autochthonous Oravka hens

Morphological changes of reproductive organs during egg formation of autochthonous Oravka hens

Alterations of sex steroid hormone in an unusually sex-reversed duck: a case study

A two-year old female duck from Chattogram area of southern Bangladesh was found to develop unusual male phenotypic characters followed by a history of egg laying. This apparently sex-reversed duck was reportedly showed several visible changes including masculine body, appearance of drake feather, gradual changes in feather colour. During this study, we attempted to measure biochemical parameters to evaluate the case. These include knowing the alterations of sex steroid hormone concentration such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone in sex-reversed duck. We isolated the duck and observed it for two weeks. The sex steroid hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone concentrations were measured on day 0 (D0), day 7 (D7) and day 14 (D14) by using specific ELISA kit. Besides, an autopsy was performed to find out any gross changes in reproductive organs. We identified a gradual increase of male sex hormone testosterone from 1.88 ng/ml to 3.04 ng/ml from day 0 to day 14. The female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone has a decreasing trend in concentration (estrogen 110.2pg/ml to 85.3pg/ml; progesterone 2.5 ng/ml to 1.68ng/ml) from day 0 to day 14 of observation period. On postmortem examination, atrophied left ovary with no grossly visible ovarian follicle was found. The increasing concentration of male hormone and decreasing trend of female hormone might be associated with the sex-reversal phenomenon in this duck.

Histopathological changes of reproductive organs of goats immunized with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis killed vaccine

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is characterized by the development of abscesses, mainly in superficial and internal lymph nodes, visceral and reproductive organs in small ruminants. This study aims to examine the histopathological changes in reproductive organs of goats immunized with killed vaccine of C. pseudotuberculosis. In this study, twenty four (24) clinically healthy bucks and does were divided into four groups A, B, C and D. Animals in groups A and B were immunized with 0.5 and 1% formalin killed vaccine, respectively; followed by a booster dose. After the booster dose of immunization, groups A, B and C were challenged with C. pseudotuberculosis at 106 cfu/ml. Goats in group D were immunize and unchallenged and left as control group. All C. pseudotuberculosis infected animals were euthanized humanely 12 weeks post-challenged. Tissue samples such as testes, epididymis, spermatic cord, penis, pituitary gland, mammary gland, vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube and ovaries were collected for histopathology study. Microscopic examination of all tissues (testes, seminiferous tubules, spermatic cord, penile tissues and the pituitary gland) in the male reproductive organs of the bucks that were inoculated with 2 ml of 0.5% and 1.0% of C. pseudotuberculosis killed vaccine showed normal (animals inoculated with 1.0%) to mild (animals inoculated with 0.5%) histopathological changes when compared with those from group C which showed varying degrees of histopathological changes (p < 0.01) in their various tissues. For the female does, similar histopathological changes were observed for the various tissues examined (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterine horns, uterine tissues, cervix, vaginal, vulva, mammary glands and the pituitary glands) in which the vaccinated groups A &B showed a significantly (p < 0.001) less histopathological changes when compared with those in group C that showed varying degrees of histopathological changes in the reproductive organs investigated. This study showed the efficacy of C. pseudotuberculosis killed vaccine protecting against reproductive tissue damages cause by the active infection with the live bacteria in both bucks and does in the study area.

The relationship between anxiety and sexual activity in climacteric women in facing menopause in Soropadan Posyandu and Sleman district

Background: Pre-menopause is the beginning of a climacteric transition, which starts several (2-5) years before the menopause comes. Symptoms that arise are changes in the menstrual cycle becoming irregular, the menstrual cycle lengthens, then menstruation will stop. Changes in reproductive organs will affect the composition of hormones in the reproductive organs. Decreasing hormones can reduce sex desire. Psychological symptoms are decreased memory, anxiety, irritability, stress and depression. Psychological factors such as anxiety can affect a person's sexual function. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between anxiety and sexual activity in climacteric women in facing menopause at Soropadan Posyandu, Sleman Regency.Methods: This research employed quantitative methods with observational analytic research design with cross sectional approach. The research sample was 44 respondents in Soropadan Posyandu Sleman Regency. The measurement was done using a questionnaire to measure anxiety and sexual activity. The data analysis was done using univariate and bivariate analysis.Results: Chi square statistical test showed the p value of anxiety with sexual activity which was 0.653 (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions: There is no relationship between anxiety and sexual activity in climacteric women in the face of menopause in Posyandu Soropadan, Sleman Regency.

Clinical and structural changes in reproductive organs and endocrine glands of sterile cows.

Aim:The study aimed to determine both macroscopic and microscopic changes in the reproductive organs of sterile cows.Materials and Methods:Careful clinical and gynecological examinations (using histological and histochemical methods) of organs of culled sterile cows, such as ovaries, oviducts, the uterus, pars anterior adenohypophysis, thyroid body, and adrenals, were performed.Results:It was found that 20% of the examined cows in the farms of the Republic of Bashkortostan had pathology of reproductive organs. Ovarian dysfunction was diagnosed in 31% of sterile cows. Histological and histochemical studies revealed that high atresia of all types of ovarian follicles is associated with hypofunction of the ovaries. This was related to stromal vascular dystrophy and was accompanied by atrophy of thecal endocrine elements, resulting in decrease of endocrine and generative function of ovaries.Conclusion:Essential elements of the ovarian dysfunction pathogenesis are disorders of the functional system “ovary-pituitary-adrenal-thyroid gland” and the abnormality of utero-ovarian relationships, which differ significantly during hypofunction, in case of follicular cysts, and in case of persistent corpora lutea. This difference in abnormalities of utero-ovarian relationships should be considered when developing diagnostic and treatment methods and determining preventive measures

Analysis of AGAMOUS Gene Expression in Hibiscus rosasinensis L. Single Pink, Crested Peach, and Double Orange Flowers

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. crested peach and double orange types are different from single pink type regarding their additional petals (petaloid). The petaloid structure is thought to have originated from reproductive organs modification. AGAMOUS is class C gene that plays a role in the formation of androecium and gynoecium. Loss of AGAMOUS gene expression is assumed to be the cause of modifications occur in reproductive organs. Therefore, this study aims to determine the qualitative expression of AGAMOUS gene on single pink, crested peach, and double orange flowers. The expression of AGAMOUS gene was also assessed in leaf organ as a comparison. Analysis of AGAMOUS gene expression was done by isolating RNA from their androecium and gynoecium using the modified CTAB method. The RNA sample was converted to cDNA using reverse transcriptase, before further amplified by PCR technique using AG1 and AG2 primers. The AG1 PCR product produces bands of 100, 200, and 300 bp, while the PCR AG2 produces a single band of 200 bp. The analysis of sequencing results showed that The AGAMOUS gene expressed in all samples. Therefore, petaloids presents in crested peach and double orange flowers are not a result of a loss of AGAMOUS gene expression. The changes of reproductive organs into petaloids should be analyzed not only based on AGAMOUS gene expression but also should include other gene and their interactions.

Identification Role Of Teacher In Provide Education Reproductive Health ( KRR ) For Adolescent With Disability Blind In SLB Aisyiyah Ponorogo

Adolescent with disability blind is part of an individual who require special needs. Changes of reproductive organs and hormone influence it well as the teenager included in sexuality.The case has occur to adoledcents with disability blind is the lack of the provision of education sexual and reproductive health. The purpose of this research to identify role of teacher in provide education reproductive health ( KRR ) for adolescent with disability blind in SLB Aisyiyah Ponorogo. The kind of research this descriptive quantitative, the population it is all of it the teachers in SLB Aisyiyah Ponorogo. The sample this is as many as 12 respondent. Data research were analysed with collection data, reduction data and categorization, verification and presentation of data, draw conclusions. Education program of KRR give to prevent health in early adolescence pertaining to physical health which includes the social system functions and the process of reproduction. The topic is about anatomy and the functioning of an organ reproduction, a sign of puberty, and all about diseaseas of reproduction, as well as education reproduction sex and gender given uses the method a braille book, a puppet reproductive health, and daisy format. The delivery of KRR carried out at the time of the subject matter IPA and PAI, teacher was support in the implementation of education services health KRR for adolescent with disability blind

Monosodium glutamate daily oral supplementation: study of its effects on male reproductive system on rat model

ABSTRACTMonosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used in food preparation industry and has been consumed regularly. Previous studies had reported on effects of MSG when given at extremely high dosages, the results are not applicable to human equivalent intake. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of MSG on sperm quality and changes in reproductive organs of adult male rats when taken at average human daily intake (ADI). Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly assigned into three groups; NC (Normal control), MSG60 and MSG120 where MSG was given orally at 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg to each respective group. All treatments were conducted for 28 consecutive days. MSG at estimated ADI of 120 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant drop in sperm quality (p < 0.05) when compared to both control and MSG60 groups. A significant decrease in the weight of reproductive organs was also apparent (p < 0.05). Moreover, oxidative status evaluation showed that treatment of MSG induces oxidative stress in the testis, more severely at a dose of 120 mg/kg body weight. These findings are supported by alterations in the observed histology of reproductive organs. This study shows that an intake dose of 120 mg/kg body weight MSG could cause significant damage to the reproductive system.Abbreviations: MSG: Monosodium glutamate; ADI: average daily intake; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; TCA: tricarbocylic acid; PF: prostatic fluid

Global proteomic analysis of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) saliva at different stages of estrous cycle using high throughput mass spectrometry

Accurate and efficient detection of estrus is one of the major constraints for exploitation of the production potential of buffalo owing to its poor manifestation of estrus signs, seasonal differences in expression and higher incidences of silent estrus (29%). The current study focused on identification of estrus specific candidate proteins in saliva of buffaloes. Estrus was detected based on behavioral signs in response to the teaser and changes in reproductive organs and confirmed by per-rectal examination, trans-rectal USG of reproductive organs, cervico-vaginal mucus characteristics and blood serum progesterone estimation. Day of onset of estrus was considered as day 0 and day −3, +3, +10 were considered as proestrus, metestrus and diestrus stage of the estrous cycle respectively. A total of 19 animals and their 38 estrous cycles (two from each) were included in this study. Saliva was collected from these animals during different stages of estrous cycle. Out of these, 08 animals were selected for global proteome analysis of saliva using in-solution digestion and nano-LC-MS/MS. A total of 275, 371, 304 and 565 proteins were identified with ≥2 peptides during proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus stages of estrous cycle. Among the identified proteins 31, 62, 32 and 104 proteins were found specific to proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus stage of the estrous cycle. Few salivary proteins such as Cullin-associated NEDD8-dissociated protein 1, Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Inhibin beta A chain, testin were identified as estrus specific and are important for estrus physiology. Taken together, these estrus specific proteins could be considered as the candidate biomarker for detection and confirmation of estrus in buffalo after thorough validation.

Adverse stimulation of 4-nonylphenol in abnormal reproductive organs of female chickens.

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a known endocrine disrupting chemical and a persistent environmental contaminant. However, the 4-NP caused mechanism of reproductive toxicity still remains largely unknown in birds. In this study, female chickens (Hy-Line Variety White) were dosed via oral gavage in the early laying period with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg 4-NP/kg/d for 60 days. Food intake and weight increase were monitored in this organism to investigate chicken growth and development. Moreover, pathological changes of reproductive organs, serum hormone, and mRNA changes on the HPOA were detected. The results showed that gonad development and maturity were retarded in female chickens, and the circulating concentrations of sex hormones were disordered in 4-NP-treated chicken. In 4-NP exposed animals, the mRNA expressions of GnRH and PRLH in hypothalamus and FSH and LH in pituitary were significantly unregulated by 4-NP. In addition, expressions of FSHR and LHR were down-regulated in ovaries of the 4-NP-treatment group, while the levels of stAR, P450scc, P450arom, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD were up-regulated in ovaries. Furthermore, expression of ERα in the ovaries of chicken was up-regulated, however, no significant change was observed for ERβ expression. Our results suggest that granulosa cells were an important target and severely disturbed by 4-NP.

Changes in reproductive organs, semen characteristics and intra-testicular oxidative stress in adult male rats caused by azithromycin

This study aimed to evaluate the numerous azithromycin (as a member of macrolides) effects on the male reproductive organs, spermio-gram, testicular oxidative stress markers of adults’ male albino rats. Azithromycin was administered orally once daily to male rats (200-250 b.wt.) at a dose of 45 mg (therapeutic) or 90 mg/kg b.wt. (double-therapeutic) for three or six days and scarified at the first, thirty and sixty days after the last dose of administration. A significant decrease as the index weight of the reproductive organs as well as sperm motility, livability and cell concentration, but sperm abnormalities increased at varying times post-treatment with azithromycin administration. Testosterone hormone level did not vary significantly after azithromycin dosing for three days along the experimental period. However, it differed at the first day after the end of azithromycin dosing for six days. The intra-testicular oxidative stress alteration mostly occurred at the thirty-day post-treatment in the three- and six-days protocols. In the three-days protocol, there was a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in a double-therapeutic group. In the six-days regimen, there was an increased activity of catalase enzyme, accompanied with a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels as well as glutathione peroxidase enzymes. Double therapeutic dose for six days’ treatment was associated with vascular congestion and perivascular inflammatory cells and ho-mogenous eosinophilic material infiltration into the stroma of testes. The lumen of seminiferous tubules and epididymis showed azoo-spermia. From these results, it could be concluded that azithromycin administration has hazard effects on male adult’s rats’ fertility governed with the spermiogram, oxidative stress and the histopathological alternations during the post-treatment period.

Function of Nanos1 gene in the development of reproductive organs of Schistosoma japonicum.

Nanos is a necessary factor in the differentiation and migration of primordial germ cells. It is closely associated with the development of genitalia in a wide range of species. We questioned whether Nanos was involved in the reproductive organ development of Schistosoma japonicum. Firstly, by in situ hybridization, S. japonicum Nanos1 (SjNanos1) gene was expressed mainly in reproductive organs of S. japonicum. Then, the paired schistosome of 28days post-infection (dpi) was transfected with SjNanos1 small interfering RNA three times and cultured in vitro for 10days. SjNanos1 expression suppression in the mRNA and protein levels were confirmed compared to that of the controls. The morphological changes in reproductive organs and egg production were observed after SjNanos1 gene knockdown. The results observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed significant changes in the morphology of reproductive organs of parasites, especially the female ovaries, vitellarium, and the male testes, after RNAi. In addition, SjNanos1 silencing also induced the reduction of eggs, and affected the changes of reproduction-related genes, like Pumilio, CNOT6L, and Fs800. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that the SjNanos1 gene is essential in the development of reproductive organs and the egg production of S. japonicum.

Application of Ultrasonography in Canine Pregnancy: An Overview

Ultrasonographic examination, owing to its wide array of functionality, has been proved to play an important role in clinical diagnostics. In a rapid evolving scientific arena where laboratory diagnostics clearly have a major role to avert any sort of maternal health complications due to fetus that may be the abnormal fetal development or mummified fetus, ultrasound has an edge over others. It may be due to its accuracy, precision, simpler techniques, handiness and portable nature. It has a major role in documentation of normal physiology as well as determining the pregnancy associated complications. It can also be employed specifically to demonstrate the physio-pathological changes in reproductive organs by accessing the changes in size, contour etc. In a nutshell, the ultrasound imaging is a potential tool for the theriogenologists and clinicians who encounter a large number of cases to alleviate the condition of the patients.

Effects of Short-Term Treatment with Estrogen Receptor Agonist on Morphological Changes in Reproductive Organs of Adult Male Mice

Effects of Short-Term Treatment with Estrogen Receptor Agonist on Morphological Changes in Reproductive Organs of Adult Male Mice