Regional Structural Change Research Articles

Die Fachhochschulen Bonn-Rhein-Sieg und RheinAhrCampus als Instrumente im regionalen Strukturwandel

The universities for applied sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg and RheinAhrCampus as instruments of regional structural change. The Bonn region had to undergo a serious structural change because of the loss of its function as the capital of Germany. In this empirical study the role of the two newly founded universities for applied sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg and RheinAhrCampus in the process of regional structural change is examined. What was and still is their contribution to innovative regional development? The special focus of this study is on the number of students and graduates, the transfer of knowledge and technology and the spin-offs and start-ups.

Effect of N-terminal and Met23 Mutations on the Structure and Dynamics of Onconase

Onconase (rONC), otherwise known as ranpirnase or P-30 protein, which was initially purified from extracts of Rana pipiens oocytes and early embryos, exhibits anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo and is in phase III clinical trials for tumor therapy. We have determined the solution NMR structure of a recombinant onconase with Met(-1), Gln1, and Leu23 residues (M-1, Q1, M23L)rONC. The 20 best solution structures had a backbone root mean square deviation of 0.41 +/- 0.09 A with respect to the average structure. The energy-minimized average NMR structure had a backbone root mean square deviation of 0.72 A from the x-ray crystallographic structure of native onconase; however, the orientation of the N-terminal residue in the two structures was very different. Comparison of the 15N HSQC spectrum of (M-1, Q1, M23L)rONC with that of a mutant E1S-rONC, which is identical to the nONC except with the N-terminal pyroglutamyl residue replaced by Ser, showed that N-terminal and residue 23 mutations induced structural changes in regions beyond the mutation sites. Model-free analysis of the backbone amide 15N-T1, 15N-T2, and 15N-1H NOE relaxation data for (M-1, Q1, M23L)rONC and E1S-rONC revealed that the E1S-rONC molecule showed very little flexibility, whereas (M-1, Q1, M23L)rONC exhibited substantial flexibility, which may account for the previously observed reduced stability and increased protease susceptibility. The alpha1 helix and beta-sheets of (M-1, Q1, M23L)rONC displayed bending motions. These data provided strong evidence for the presence of an N-terminal hydrogen bond network in E1S-rONC, but not in (M-1, Q1, M23L)rONC.

Late cenozoic reconfiguration of low order fluvial channels under conditions of crustal instability (NE of Asia) /[ Reconfiguration des systèmes fluviatiles d'ordre inférieur en contexte d'instabilité crustale au Cénozoïque récent (Nord-Est de l'Asie).

Low order nver channels are highly responsive to tectonic movements which cause local intra-valley restructuring, channel overdeepening, and, finally, reconfiguration of nver basins Lacking a tolerance to changes of tectonic conditions, which is typical of large river valleys, they can be viewed as an indicator of changes in regional structure and geodynamics. These features are especially pronounced in areas of crustal instability, such as a system of ridges and rift valleys on the north-east of Sakha (Yakutia Republic), extending along the boundary between North-American and Eurasian plates.

Jobs, Houses, and Trees: Changing Regional Structure, Local Land‐Use Patterns, and Forest Cover in Southern Indiana

Land‐use and ‐cover change is a topic of increasing concern as interest in forest and agricultural land preservation grows. Urban and residential land use is quickly replacing extractive land use in southern Indiana. The interaction between land quality and urban growth pressures is also causing secondary forest growth and forest clearing to occur jointly in a complex spatial pattern. It is argued that similar processes fuel the abandonment of agricultural land leading to private forest regrowth, changes in topography and land quality, and declining real farm product prices. However, the impact of urban growth and development on forests depends more strongly on changes in both the residential housing and labor markets. Using location quotient analysis of aggregate employment patterns, and the relationship between regional labor market changes, the extent of private forest cover was examined from 1967 to 1998. Then an econometric model of land‐use shares in forty southern Indiana counties was developed based on the net benefits to agriculture, forestland, and urban uses. To test the need to control explicitly for changes in residential demand and regional economic structure, a series of nested models was estimated. Some evidence was found that changing agricultural profitability is leading to private forest regrowth. It was also uncovered that the ratio of urban to forest land uses is better explained by incorporating measures of residential land value and industrial concentration than simply considering population density alone.

Characteristics of Local Administration in Terms of Changing Distribution of Local Allocation Tax in Postwar Japan

This paper makes a quantitative analysis of changing distribution of local allocation tax in postwar Japan and tries to interpret the results in three aspects such as the introductory process of the welfare state, changes in regional structure during the economic development and horizontal political competition. The distribution is analyzed in the following three steps: 1) share of local allocation tax in total local governmental revenue; 2) share of municipalities and prefectures; and 3) degree of inclined distribution for local governments with small population. These analytical procedures serve to clarify changing intergovernmental relations. In the early stage of the high economic growth era, the central government gave priority to further economic development and left the fair distribution problem largely untouched. But, as the Japanese economy reached a certain stage of development, the public come to seek an improved quality of life. Following this public opinion, the central government changed its prior policy to provide better welfare services and to reduce various disparities widened in the economic development This change occurred in the mid-1960s. In public welfare provision, municipalities serve as the most important agents because municipalities directly relate to the daily lives of inhabitants. Therefore rapid progress in welfare provision occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s, induced an increase in the municipal share in the distribution of local allocation tax. At the same time, the degree of inclined distribution for municipalities with small population was raised sharply to secure sufficient financial revenue for increasing of services. With changes in the view of the welfare state after the Oil Shock and the following fiscal crisis, most developed countries began to seek “smaller” and “efficient” governments. This movement is well known as the New Right. Japan's national government also followed various policies for reducing public expenditure in the early 1980 s, but it made little reforms in local allocation tax because the ruling Liberal Democratic Party was politically supported by peripheral regions. With the aging of Japanese society, new needs of welfare provision emerged after the late 1980s. As the result of continuous selective outmigration, the percentage of elderly inhabitants in the peripheral regions became much higher than those in other regions. This led to an increase in the municipal share and more inclined distribution for local governments with small population in local allocation tax, again. Nevertheless, with the severe fiscal crisis by the long-term depression in the 1990s, it became more difficult for the national government to guarantee each municipality sufficient local allocation tax to meet its increasing fiscal needs. Additionally, urbanites began to criticize the extremely inclined distribution for municipalities with small population. Finally, the national government changed its stance on local allocation tax and began to drop the degree of inclined distribution for municipalities with small population after 1992. On the other hand, the national government established the Special Municipal Merger Support Law (Shichouson Gappei Tokurei Hou) and gave strong fiscal support to newly merged municipalities. The national government put strong pressure on municipalities with small population through this fiscal squeeze and guiding policy for merger and various merger plans were proposed nationwide. These contrasts between local allocation tax policies in the early 1980s and after the collapse of the Bubble economy strongly reflect the results of horizontal political competition between urban and rural areas. In particular, the Liberal Democratic Party‚s record defeat of the 1998 House of Councilors election in metropolitan areas accelerated the conversion of the national government‚s local allocation tax policy.

The hippocampus and depression

The effect of depression on the hippocampus has become the focus of a number of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. In the past two decades, advances in neuroimaging techniques now allow the examination of subtle changes in both regional structure and function that are associated with the pathophysiology of depression. Many studies using 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric measurement have reported decreases in hippocampal volume among depressed subjects compared with controls, whereas other studies have not found any volume loss. Differences among studies have been discussed. In some studies, the volume loss appears to have functional significance including an association with memory loss. Furthermore, we have found a trend towards loss of 5-HT 2A receptors in the hippocampus using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect regional changes in 〚 18F〛altanserin binding. Functional imaging extends the sensitivity and specificity of structural imaging and will lead to a better understanding of affective disorders.

Regional Structural Change and Social Revolution: Development of the Population and Economy in West Bohemia in the Course of the ^|^ldquo;Velvet Revolution^|^rdquo;

The Central European States experience a tremendous pressure to adapt and likewise demonstrate the respective structural changes in the light of the transition process. there is continuous change of economic structures in an open liberal economic order. However, this change runs smoothly in comparison to the transition States, in which abrupt falls in industrial production could be seen. In West Bohemia - the area under inverstigation - this economic structural rupture comes to the fore in the form of a decline of importance of agriculture and industry resulting from the long and extensive privatization process. The economic structural rupture is also characterized by the growing relevance of the service sector, which was strengthened by the successful small-scale privatization process and the trend to establish new businesses. When one takes the growing importance into consideration, this tertiary process is even reinforced. Considering the population development in West Bohemia after 1990 as well as the economic structural changes, the border districts of Cheb and Tachov in particular show population growth. The border opening districts brought about a revial of trade and services (and thus settlement) particularly in the border crossing region towards Bavaria. The As area and Tachov region provide a good example of this. Although the net population of West Bohemia has increased since 1990, the population of former growth centers, i.e., towns of more than 5,000 citizens, show fairly high migration losses

Farm-based modelling of regional structural change: A cellular automata approach

This paper presents a new type of spatial and dynamic model for analysing structural change in agriculture. The model is based on a number of individually acting farms located at different points in an agricultural region. Like a cellular automaton, the region is subdivided into a number of spatially ordered plots. The farms compete for these plots and compete on different markets. Farms are allowed to engage in different production possibilities and they can use several investment alternatives. They optimise their activities with respect to their objective function by considering their expectations, financial state and existing assets.

A Spatial Equilibrium Analysis of Regional Structural Change in the U.S. Dairy Industry

During the past 25 years, regional distribution of U.S. milk production has changed as production in the South and West has grown. This changing regional distribution of production is often cited as a contributing factor to regional discord in the U.S. dairy industry (e.g., Blayney and Southard). The impact of various factors on the regional distribution of milk production has been analyzed. These factors include: federal milk marketing orders (McDowell; Schiek), federal price support policy (Hallberg et al.; McDowell), prices and associated elasticities of raw milk, milk products, and production inputs (Ruane and Hallberg; Batista; Chavas, Kraus, and Jesse; and Weersink and Howard), new technologies (Weersink and Tauer), and demand variables (Ruane and Hallberg). Each of these studies provides insight into the impact of one or two variables upon the changing regional distribution of U.S. milk production. However, without a common data base and analytical technique, it is difficult to compare the relative importance of supply, demand, and policy variables on regional distribution of U.S. milk production. Such a comparative analysis is the focus of this study. Results of this analysis should be of interest to milk producers, consumers, dairy product manufacturers, dairy cooperatives, and policy makers as they adjust to the changing regional distribution of milk production.

A prospective follow-up study of brain morphology and cognition in first-episode schizophrenic patients: Preliminary findings

Brain morphological abnormalities have been reported in several independent investigations of chronic schizophrenic patients. The present study is a prospective 4-year follow-up of first-episode schizophrenic patients to determine whether some of these abnormalities may be a consequence of regional brain structural change over time after the onset of a first psychotic episode. Whole hemisphere, temporal lobes, superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, caudate, corpus callosum, and lateral ventricles were measured in a series of MRI scans taken over a 4-year period in 20 patients and five controls. Total volume reduction was noted in both hemispheres to a greater degree in patients than controls. When adjusted for total brain size, left ventricular enlargement occurred in patients, but not controls, over time. These preliminary data suggest that subtle cortical atrophy may be occurring over time after the onset of illness.

Structural Changes in Base-paired Region 28 in 16 S rRNA Close to the Decoding Region of the 30 S Ribosomal Subunit are Correlated to Changes in tRNA Binding

Escherichia coli30 S ribosomal subunits undergo a reversible change under low monovalent or divalent cation concentration and become inactive in tRNA binding and 50 S subunit association. In the inactive form, 16 S rRNA base-pairs (921–922)·(1395–1396) and (923–925)·(1391–1393), which are part of region 28, are unstable and an alternate arrangement, (921–923)·(1532–1534), is detected by psoralen photochemical crosslinking. Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to investigate whether changes in base-paired region 28 or the alternate secondary structure is responsible for the inactivity of the subunit. 30 S subunits with the substitution C1533A or with deletion of nucleotides 1534 to 1542 can still be inactivated like the wild-type 30 S subunit. On the other hand, 30 S subunits that contain sequence changes in the 920 to 926 region show moderate to severe decreases in tRNA binding even under activating conditions. When 30 S subunits containing these mutations were subjected to chemical probing, they failed to show the normal hyper-reactivity of nucleotide G926 and, instead, reactivity was shifted to G925 or to G928, and G929. Two mutations in the 920 region result in structures in which A1394 is base-paired rather than being unpaired as normal; deletion but not substitution of A1394 resulted in loss of tRNA binding activity and depression of the reactivity of G926. Mutations were made to insert or delete a nucleotide at position 920. The deletion mutant but not the insertion mutant has decreased tRNA binding activity and also low reactivity of G926. We conclude that structural changes in region 28 account for the active/inactive difference in tRNA binding. Molecular models of region 28 were made using the program MC-SYM. Models that include a hydrogen bond interaction between A1394 and G1392 account for the G926 reactivity in the wild-type sequence and account for the effects of most of the mutations in changing the G926 reactivity.

Tryptophan-19 of β-lactoglobulin, the only residue completely conserved in the lipocalin superfamily, is not essential for binding retinol, but relevant to stabilizing bound retinol and maintaining its structure

Residue 19 of tryptophan in bovine β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) is the only invariant residue throughout the lipocalin superfamily having two characteristic features: binding ability for small hydrophobic molecules and the unique β-barrel three-dimensional structure. In this study, we investigated whether this strictly conserved Trp-19 of β-LG would be indispensable for its structure and function such as maintaining the molecular structure and biological activity of β-LG. Spectroscopic and enzymatic oxidation experiments on retinol bound to W19Y, in which Tyr was substituted for Trp-19, showed that Trp-19 was not critical for this binding, but was important for stably maintaining the environment surrounding retinol and the bound retinol. An analysis, using four anti-β-LG monoclonal antibodies as probes, revealed a structural change in region 20–29, but not in the reverse region of Trp-19. A guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding study showed that the conformational stability of W19Y was greatly reduced by 6.9 kcal/mol compared to that of wild-type β-LG. These facts indicated that Trp-19 is one of the important residues in correctly maintaining the local structure of β-LG and stably retaining its overall structure, thereby conserving the bound retinol molecule.

The Tanzanian Economy: Income Distribution and Economic Growth

Preface Introduction Overview of the Economy Income Distribution Theory The Historical Setting Household and Regional Structural Change and Growth Tanzania Policies Summary and Conclusions Bibliography Index

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Essays in Honor of Walter Isard: Vol. 1, New Frontiers in Regional Science, and Vol. 2, Dynamics and Conflict in Regional Structural Change, edited by Manas Chatterji and Robert E. Kuenne. Regional Policy in a Changing World, by Niles Hansen, Benjamin Higgins, and Donald J. Savoie. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America, by Nicholas Lemann. Route Choice: Wayfinding in Transport Networks, by Piet H. L. Bovy and Eliahu Stern. The New Suburbanization: Challenge to the Central City, by Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. America's Suburban Centers: The Land Use–Transportation Link, by Robert Cervero. Rural and Small Town America, by Glenn V. Fuguitt, David L. Brown, and Calvin L. Beale. Where North Meets South Cities, Space, and Politics on the United States‐Mexico Border by Lawrence A. Herzog. International Migration and Development in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Volume I, Overview; Volume II, Country Analyses, by Sharon Stanton Russell, Karen Jacobsen, and William Deane Stanley.

BOOK REVIEWS

Urban Economic Theory: Land Use and City Size, by Masahisa Fujita. Spatial Interaction Models: Formulations and Applications. by A. Stewart Fotheringham and Morton E. O'Kelly. Frontiers of Input‐Output Analysis, edited by Ronald E. Miller, Karen R. Polenske, and Adam Z. Rose. Advances in Spatial Theory and Dynamics, edited by Åtke E. Andersson, David F. Battern, Börje Johansson, and Peter Nijkamp. Regional Structural Change: Experience and Prospects in Two Mature Economies, edited by Lay Gibson and Robert J. Stimson. Australian Regional Developments: Readings in Regional Experiences, Policies and Prospects, edited by Benjamin Higgins and Krzysztof Zagorski. South Australian Manufacturing in Transition, edited by Trevor J. Mules. Battling the Inland Sea: American Political Culture, Public Policy, and the Sacramento Valley, 1850‐1986, by Robert Kelly. Pacific Visions: California Scientists and the Environment, 1850‐1915, by Michael L. Smith. America's Ailing Cities: Fiscal Health and the Design of Urban Policy, by Helen F. Ladd and John Yinger. Integrated Urban Systems Modelling: Theory and Applications, by Tschangho John Kim in association with Jeong Hyun Rho and Sunduck Suh. Impacts of Industrial Robotics: Potential Effects on Labor and Costs within the Metalworking Industry, by Steven M. Miller.

Book Reviews

Book reviews in this article: Industrial Change International G J.R. Linge and G.A. van der Knaap, eds., Labor, Environment and Industrial Change. Internal Colonies C. Matthew Snipp, ed. Public Policy Impacts on American Indian Economic Development. Do People Choose in Government Service Markets? The Competitive City: The Political Economy of Suburbia. Stimulating Business‐The State as EntrepreneurPeter K. Eisinger. The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States. Alternative Service Delivery: One View John A. Rehfuss. Contracting Out in Government: A Guide to Working with Outside Contractors to Supply Public Services. Alternative Service Delivery: Another View Lawrence K. Finley ed., Public Sector Privatization: Alternative Approaches to Service Delivery. Changes: United States and Australia Lay James Gibson and Robert J. Stimson eds., Regional Structural Change: Experience and Prospects in Two Mature Economies.

Echinomycin binding to the sequence CG(AT)nCG alters the structure of the central AT region

DNA fragments containing the sequence CG(AT)nCG have been used in footprinting experiments to assess the effect of echinomycin, which binds to CG steps, on the structure of the central AT region. DNAase I normally cuts ApT much better than TpA; in the presence of the drug this preference is retained but cleavage at TpA is enhanced. Changes in cleavage by micrococcal nuclease have also been observed. Echinomycin renders alternate adenines hyperreactive to diethylpyrocarbonate. The results suggest that echinomycin induces structural changes in regions surrounding its binding site and that these can be cooperatively propagated over several turns of the DNA helix.

Book reviews

The Politics of the Urban Crisis, Andrew Sills, Gillian Taylor and Peter Golding, Hutchinson, 1988, pp. 180, £12.95 (paperback). Providing Public Services that Serve the Public, Joyce Epstein et al. (eds), Anglo‐German Foundation, 17 Bloomsbury Square, London WC1A 2LP, 1989, pp. 204, £7.50 (paperback). Human Resource Management in Local Government, Alan Fowler, Longman, 1988, pp. 122, £7.95. Popular Attitudes to State Welfare Services: A Growing Demand for Alternatives?, P. Saunders and C. Harris, Social Affairs Unit, 9 Chesterfield St., London W1, 1989, pp. 36, £3.00. Channel Tunnel: Vicious Circle ‐ The Impact of the Channel Tunnel on the North of England, Kerry Hamilton and Abigail Gregory, available from CLES (Centre for Local Economic Strategies) Alberton House, St Mary's Parsonage, Manchester M3 2WJ, pp. 111, £10.00. Millwall in the Community, Chris Lightbown and Chris Schwarz, Millwall FC, 1988, pp. 49, £5.50 Housing and Social Change in Europe and the USA, Michael Ball, Michael Harloe and Maartje Martens, Routledge, 1988, pp. 222, £30 (hardback). Privatization in Less Developed Countries, P. Cook and C. Kirkpatrick (eds), Wheatsheaf Books, Sussex, 1988, pp. xix + 315, £35.00 (hardback), £9.95 (paperback). Regional Structural Change and Industrial Policy in International Perspective: United States, Great Britain, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Joachim Jens Hesse (ed.), Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden‐Baden, 1988, pp. 596, 187 DM. British Coal Enterprise ‐ A first assessment, Glyn Owen, Special Report No. 3, Coalfield Communities Campaign (Enterprise Centre, 1 Pontefract Road, Barnsley S71 1AJ), 1988, pp. 28, £10.00. Electricity, Linked Industries and Privatisation, Brian Gladstone and Damien Dewhirst, Special Report No. 4, Coalfield Communities Campaign, 1988, pp. 56, £10.00.

Regional structural change: a comparison of two input-output models

Employing two survey-data regional input-output models, which were constructed 20 years apart, the structural change in the regional economy is analyzed. Changes in coefficients and multipliers are included in the analysis.

Worker Displacement, Job Search, and Reemployment: A Temporal Analysis of Regional Structural Conditions

This research developed a methodology for assessing regional structural changes across time based on the labor market outcomes of displaced workers. The investigation of changing regional structure requires that correlation between worker displacement and regional structural change be established. Establishing this connection is crucial, because it is the goal of this investigation to gain insight regarding changing regional structure from the labor market outcomes of displaced workers. Census data was used to calculate reemployment rates and estimate a series of job-search equations for displaced workers. The estimates were used to decompose the differences in reemployment rates into components that are representative of (1) changes in reemployment linked to changing worker endowments and (2) changes in the reemployment rate linked to changing employer’s perceptions about worker endowments or structure.