Changes In Prolactin Research Articles

Levels of female sex hormones in patients with premenstrual bronchial asthma

According to the clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in 2021, at least 348 million patients worldwide suffer from bronchial asthma (BA). The treatment of patients with BA has objective difficulties due to the progression of obstruction and insufficient diagnosis of pathogenetic forms of BA. It is known that in women, hormonal status, namely female sex hormones such as estradiol and progesterone, contributes to the course and development of BA. This article presents an original clinical study of 48 patients suffering from mild to moderate asthma with a regular menstrual cycle, and the relationship between the increase in symptoms of asthma and the phase of the menstrual cycle is estimated. According to the results of the study, all patients were divided into groups with regular asthma (RA) and premenstrual asthma (PMA). A significant increase in the level of estradiol was obtained (934.50 (405.00; 1010.25) pmol/l) in patients with PMA in the second phase of the menstrual cycle in relation to the control group (494.00 (328.00; 487.00) pmol/l) and the group of patients with RA (694.50 (495.25; 993.00) pmol/l). No significant and significant changes in progesterone, prolactin, LH, or FSH were detected. The revealed decrease in respiratory function in patients with PMA in the second phase of the menstrual cycle emphasizes and probably explains the worsening of symptoms of asthma in this group of patients, which, with possible hormonal correction, can lead to stabilization of the course of asthma.

Влияние послеоперационного гипотиреоза на гормональную регуляцию сперматогенеза и функциональное состояние семенников у экспериментальных животных

Abstract: the aim of the study was to determine the effect of postoperative hypothyroidism on spermatogenesis in experimental dogs. Materials and Methods: experimental studies were performed on 20 mongrel male dogs. The study was randomized, 3 groups were identified. The first group was a control group, 4 dogs served as controls. Hemithyroidectomy was performed in the second group, subtotal thyroidectomy was performed in the third group. The operations were performed under general anesthesia. The testes, thyroid gland and blood were the objects of the study. In the postoperative period, biochemical and histological analyses of the removed thyroid gland tissue and testicles of the examined dogs were performed. The determination of hormones in the blood before and after surgery was carried out using a chemiluminescent analyzer Roche Codas E601 (Switzerland). Results: in the course of the study, in the postoperative period, experimental dogs had a decrease in testosterone in serum by 15% on day 5-8, and from 15% to 30.1% on day 20; in dogs after subtotal thyroidectomy, this indicator was 41.1% on day 20 (p < 0.005). Changes in FSH and prolactin in the blood were different in all groups. The FSH index had a significant increase on day 5-8, and a decrease on day 20, and the prolactin index on the contrary: a decrease on day 5-8 and an increase on day 20. The hormonal activity of the thyroid gland was reduced, especially after subtotal thyroidectomy. Morphological studies have shown a marked decrease in the activity of the spermatogenic layer and interstitial edema of the testes on 5-8 days in both groups. On the 30th day, in both groups after surgery, there was a noticeable decrease in both the spermatogenic layer and the interstitial cells of the testes. Conclusion: the results of experimental studies have shown that as a result of hemithyroidectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy, there is a noticeable change in the regulation of spermatogenesis and structural and functional changes in the testes of experimental animals, especially in the iodine-deficient region. Keywords: postoperative hypothyroidism, spermatogenesis, semens, hormones, hemitireoidectomy.

Exploring the association of serum prolactin with serum glucose levels and clinical findings in a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundIn the context of rheumatoid arthritis and its systemic inflammatory implications, there is an increasing interest in investigating the role of prolactin in the clinical and metabolic aspects of the disease. This study aimed to explore the potential links between serum prolactin levels, serum glucose levels, and the clinical manifestations of arthritis.MethodsThis exploratory, cross-sectional, observational study focused on women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. The research involved assessing prolactin and blood glucose concentrations, alongside specific clinical traits such as disease-related inflammation, morning stiffness, and fatigue intensity. The presence of changes in serum prolactin (PRL) was initially compared among the groups based on disease activity intensity. Using a multinomial regression analysis, the study analyzed the impact of predetermined clinical and metabolic factors on various categories of prolactin concentration.ResultsOut of the 72 participants included in the study, hyperprolactinemia was detected in 9.1% of the sample. No differences in serum PRL were identified among the evaluated groups based on disease activity. Following multivariate analysis, no statistically significant differences were identified for the outcomes of inflammatory activity and morning stiffness within each PRL category when compared to the reference category for PRL. There was no increased likelihood of encountering blood glucose levels below 100 mg/dl among individuals with higher prolactin concentrations compared to those in the lowest prolactin category (OR 5.43, 95% CI 0.51–58.28). The presence of clinically significant fatigue revealed a higher likelihood of encountering this outcome among patients with intermediate PRL values (prolactin categories 7.76–10.35 with OR 5.18, 95% CI 1.01–26.38 and 10.36–15.29 with OR 6.25, 95% CI 1.2–32.51) when compared to the reference category.ConclusionsThe study found no discernible correlation between prolactin concentrations and worse scores for inflammatory activity of the disease, nor between prolactin concentrations and serum glucose levels. The findings regarding fatigue should be approached with caution given the exploratory nature of this study.

Neuregulin 1 mitigated prolactin deficiency through enhancing TRPM8 signaling under the influence of melatonin in senescent pituitary lactotrophs

The age-related alterations in pituitary function, including changes in prolactin (PRL) production contributes to the systemic susceptibility to age-related diseases. Our previous research has shown the involvement of Nrg1 in regulating the expression and secretion of PRL. However, the precise role of Nrg1 in mitigating the senescence of pituitary lactotrophs and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be comprehended. Here, data from the GEPIA database was used to evaluate the association between transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) and PRL in normal human pituitary tissues, followed by immunofluorescence verification using a human pituitary tissue microarray. TRPM8 levels showed a significant positive association with PRL expression in normal human pituitary tissues, and both TRPM8 and PRL levels declined during aging, suggesting that TRPM8 may regulate pituitary aging by affecting PRL production. It was also found that treatment with exogenous neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) markedly delayed the senescence of GH3 cells (rat lactotroph cell line) generated by D-galactose (D-gal). In addition, melatonin reduced the levels of senescence-related markers in senescent pituitary cells by promoting Nrg1 / ErbB4 signaling, stimulating PRL expression and secretion. Further investigation showed that Nrg1 attenuated senescence in pituitary cells by increasing TRPM8 expression. Downregulation of TRPM8 activation eliminated Nrg1-mediated amelioration of pituitary cell senescence. These findings demonstrate the critical function of Nrg1 / ErbB signaling in delaying pituitary lactotroph cell senescence and enhancing PRL production via promoting TRPM8 expression under the modulation of melatonin.

Macroprolactin over time: Is there any point in rechecking it in people with a persistently elevated serum prolactin?

Macroprolactinemia may influence the interpretation of serum prolactin levels-a recognised phenomenon since 1981. The degree of macroprolactinaemia over time is less well described. We determined how macroprolactin status (based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation) varied by analysing serial measurements in hyperprolactinaemic individuals over a period of 9 years. Results from 1810 individuals were included. All serum total prolactin results (measured using Roche Cobas 8000 analyser) were extracted from the laboratory information system for the period 1 January 2012 to 1 April 2021, along with relevant patient demographic/test data. Samples with a macroprolactin screening test performed (on samples with prolactin > 700 miu/L) were included in the main analysis. During the study period, 2782 macroprolactin checks were performed (12.5% of all prolactin tests) in 1810 individuals (599 males/2183 females, median-age: 35,interquartilerange: 25-47, range: 16-93 years). Multiple macroprolactin checks were carried out on 465 patients (1437 measurements) with 94 patients (141 measurements) screening positive (<60% recovery). Only 19 patients (18 female) had at least one result above and one below the 60% screening cut-off, with 10 of these patients having results close to the 60% cut-off; in 9 patients, results were clearly different between repeat samples. In seven cases, the adjusted monomeric prolactin showed a potentially clinically significant difference. In this study, only 19/465 patients appeared to change macroprolactin status based on a 60% PEG recovery cut-off. The majority of these 19 patients were on antipsychotic/antidepressant medication(s) or had a prolactinoma; in only 7did monomeric prolactin change significantly. This suggests that once macroprolactin status has been determined, clinical decision making is rarely affected by repeating it.

Risperidone plasma level, and its correlation with CYP2D6 gene polymorphism, clinical response and side effects in chronic schizophrenia patients

BackgroundTo explore the influence of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism on risperidone metabolism, thereby affecting risperidone’s effects and safeties in patients with chronic schizophrenia.MethodsSixty-nine subjects with chronic schizophrenia treated with risperidone were recruited. CYP2D6 genotypes was determined using targeted sequencing and translated into phenotype using activity system. Risperidone plasma concentrations were measured using HPLC. Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were used to evaluate the existence and severity of psychiatric symptoms, Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS) and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) for neurological side effects. Metabolic and endocrine status assess were also included.ResultsThe plasma drug concentrations varied hugely among individuals. Intermediate metabolizer (IM) group had higher plasma levels of RIP and dose corrected RIP concentration, RIP/9-OH-RIP ratio and C/D ratio than normal metabolizer (NM) group (p < 0.01). There was no statistic difference between responders and non-responders in dose-adjusted plasma concentrations and ratios of RIP/9-OH-RIP and C/D. The occurrence of EPS was related to active moiety levels in 4th week (p < 0.05). The prolactin (PRL) levels in two follow-ups were both significantly higher than baseline (p < 0.01). PRL change from baseline to week 4 and week 8 were both positively associated with active moiety concentration detected in week 4 (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe risperidone plasma levels have great inter- and intraindividual variations, and are associated with the CYP2D6 phenotypes, as well as the changes in serum prolactin in patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia.

Perioperative growth hormone levels as an early predictor of new-onset secondary adrenal insufficiency following transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection

ObjectiveThis study aims to predict new-onset secondary adrenal insufficiency (NOSAI) after transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection surgery using perioperative growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels, among other factors. MethodsA cohort of 124 adult patients who underwent transsphenoidal resection for non-functioning pituitary adenoma, with routine perioperative glucocorticoid use, was used to develop the predictive regression model. An additional 46 patients served as the validation cohort. Generalized additive models were used to identify optimal cut-off points for the variables. ResultsThe GH level on postoperative day one (POD1) can be a simple predictor by implementing a cut-off point of 0.41 ng/ml. A value ≤ 0.41 ng/mL predicted NOSAI with 0.6316 sensitivity and 0.7810 specificity for the original cohort and 1.0000 sensitivity and 0.7143 specificity for the validation cohort. The multiple logistic regression model included perioperative PRL level difference, perioperative GH level difference, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, tumor size, and the combined effect of diabetes insipidus (DI) and relative perioperative GH level difference. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.9410 (original cohort) and 0.9494 (validation cohort) for the regression model. ConclusionEarly morning GH level on POD1 can predict NOSAI with fair accuracy when perioperative stress dose glucocorticoid is administered. Prediction accuracy can be improved by considering CSF leakage, DI, and perioperative changes in GH and PRL in the final regression model.

Changes in sex hormones and their interactions are related to pain perception between different menstrual subphases.

Background Whether sex hormones are related to pain perception across the menstrual cycle is unclear. We examined changes in experimental pain perception in healthy young females between the early-to mid-follicular subphase (emF) and the mid-luteal subphase (mL) and explored the role of sex hormones. Methods 66 participants were finally involved in the study. We tested pressure pain, cold pain, ischemic pain and needle pain meanwhile measured sex hormones levels in two menstrual subphases. Results Only the right ulna pressure test showed a significant reduction in pain threshold (PPTh3) during the mL. The absolute change of PPTh3 (PPTh3mL -PPTh3emF) was related to the absolute change of prolactin. The relative change of the range of pain tolerance for pressure pain of the right ulna (RPT3rc) was related to the relative change of progesterone (Prc) and estradiol(E2rc) levels, and the interaction effects showed that at Prc≤30, E2rc was positively correlated with RPT3rc. The same, the relative change of pressure pain tolerance of the pulp of the middle finger on the right hand (PPTo4rc) was related to E2rc and Prc, and the results of the interaction between E2rc and Prcsuggest that when E2rc is ≤0.8, Prc is positively correlated with PPTo4rc. Conclusions Two different formulas were applied in this study and showed inconsistent results. Most pain tests showed no difference between two subphases of menstrual cycle. Only the relative changes of the PPTo4 and RPT3 are related to the E2rc and Prc respectively between menstrual subphase in an interactive way in healthy young women.

Neurophysiological determinants of occupational stress and burnout

IntroductionResearch results show that one of the greatest health challenges of the 21st century, especially in developed countries, is becoming the fight against the effects of living too fast, including the fight against occupational stress and burnout.&#x0D; Aim of the study&#x0D; The purpose of this article is to elucidate the neurophysiological determinants of occupational stress and burnout, including ocupational, including through the path of research review and the development of computational models based on artificial intelligence.&#x0D; Materials and methods&#x0D; A literature search was conducted in six bibliographic databases: PubMed, EBSCO, PEDro, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Articles were searched in English using the following keywords: occupational stress, burnout, marker, electroencephalography, EEG, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, fMRI, computed tomography, CT, positron emission tomography, PET, computational model, machine learning, artificial intelligence, virtual patient, digital twin and similar. Neurophysiological determinants of occupational stress and burnout as far as computational models of occupational stress and burnout were analysed and discussed.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; The best currently observed neurophysiological markers of occupational stress and burnout may currently be a combination of EEG analysis (alpha power (IAF, PAF), P300, ERP (VPP and EPN)), diagnostic PET imaging (ACC, insular cortex and hippocampus) and monitoring changes in cortisol, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyroid hormones, as well as plasma BDNF levels. In addition, ERPs (LPPs) are a marker significantly differentiating burnout from depression.&#x0D; Conclusions&#x0D; The combination of traditional clinimetric tests, the aforementioned neurophysiological tests and AI-based big data analysis will provide new classifiers, highly accurate results and new diagnostic methods.&#x0D;

Elevated Maternal Folate Status and Changes in Maternal Prolactin, Placental Lactogen and Placental Growth Hormone Following Folic Acid Food Fortification: Evidence from Two Prospective Pregnancy Cohorts.

Folic acid (FA) food fortification in Australia has resulted in a higher-than-expected intake of FA during pregnancy. High FA intake is associated with increased insulin resistance and gestational diabetes. We aimed to establish whether maternal one-carbon metabolism and hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis change in healthy pregnancies post-FA food fortification. Circulating folate, B12, homocysteine, prolactin (PRL), human placental lactogen (hPL) and placental growth hormone (GH2) were measured in early pregnancy maternal blood in women with uncomplicated pregnancies prior to (SCOPE: N = 604) and post (STOP: N = 711)-FA food fortification. FA food fortification resulted in 63% higher maternal folate. STOP women had lower hPL (33%) and GH2 (43%) after 10 weeks of gestation, but they had higher PRL (29%) and hPL (28%) after 16 weeks. FA supplementation during pregnancy increased maternal folate and reduced homocysteine but only in the SCOPE group, and it was associated with 54% higher PRL in SCOPE but 28% lower PRL in STOP. FA food fortification increased maternal folate status, but supplements no longer had an effect, thereby calling into question their utility. An altered secretion of hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis in pregnancy could place women post-fortification at an increased risk of insulin resistance and gestational diabetes, particularly for older women and those with obesity.

Prolactin and glucocorticoid receptors in the prefrontal cortex are associated with anxiety‐like behavior in prenatally stressed adolescent offspring rats

Prenatal stress (PS) causes anxiety in mothers and their offspring and chewing is a commonly observed behavior during maternal stress. Prolactin (PRL) is an anti-anxiety factor that suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Here, we studied the roles of PRL, corticosterone (CORT), and their receptors in PS-induced anxiety-like behavior in dams and their offspring. We further investigated whether chewing during maternal stress could prevent PS-induced harmful consequences. Pregnant rats were randomly divided into PS, PS + chewing, and control groups. Anxiety-like behaviors of dams and their adolescent offspring were assessed using the open field test and elevated plus maze. Serum levels of PRL and CORT were measured by ELISA. Expression of mRNA and protein of PRLR and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Compared to the control rats, dams and their female offspring, but not male offspring, in the PS group showed increased anxiety-like behaviors. The PS-affected rats had a lower serum PRL level and increased PRLR expression in the PFC. In contrast, these rats had a higher serum CORT level and decreased GR expression in the PFC. Chewing ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors and counteracted stress-induced changes in serum PRL and CORT, as well as the expression of their receptors in the PFC. Conclusion: PS-induced anxiety-like behavior is associated with changes in the serum levels of PRL and CORT and expression of their receptors in the PFC. Moreover, chewing blunts the hormonal and receptor changes and may serve as an effective stress-coping method for preventing PS-induced anxiety-like behavior.

A Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic-Induced Hypo- and Hyperprolactinemia in Children and Adolescents.

Objective: Antipsychotic-related prolactin changes may expose children and adolescents to severe adverse reactions (ARs) related to pubertal development and growth. We therefore aimed to assess the effects of antipsychotics on prolactin levels and associated somatic ARs in children and adolescents. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and CENTRAL for placebo-controlled randomized trials of antipsychotics in children and adolescents aged ≤18 years, reporting prolactin levels and related ARs. We conducted a random-effect meta-analysis and assessed risk of bias version 2 (ROB2). Results: Thirty-two randomized controlled trials with an average trial duration of 6 weeks, covering 4643 participants with an average age of 13 years and a male majority of 65.3%. Risk of bias across domains was low or unclear. The following antipsychotic compounds: aripiprazole (n = 810), asenapine (n = 506), lurasidone (n = 314), olanzapine (n = 179), paliperidone (n = 149), quetiapine (n = 381), risperidone (n = 609), and ziprasidone (n = 16) were compared with placebo (n = 1658). Compared with placebo, statistically significant higher prolactin increase occurred with risperidone (mean difference [MD] = 28.24 ng/mL), paliperidone (20.98 ng/mL), and olanzapine (11.34 ng/mL). Aripiprazole significantly decreased prolactin (MD = -4.91 ng/mL), whereas quetiapine, lurasidone, and asenapine were not associated with significantly different prolactin levels than placebo. Our results on ziprasidone are based on a single study, making it insufficient to draw strong conclusions. On average, 20.8% of patients treated with antipsychotic developed levels of prolactin that were too high (hyperprolactinemia), whereas only 1.03% of patients reported prolactin-related ARs. Data were highly limited for long-term effects. Conclusions: In children and adolescents, risperidone, paliperidone, and olanzapine are associated with significant prolactin increase, whereas aripiprazole is associated with significant decrease. Despite the significant changes in prolactin level, few ARs were reported. Study protocol on PROSPERO: CRD42018116451.

Severe Hyperprolactinemia during Lurasidone Treatment in a 16-year Old Girl with Schizophrenia - A Case Report.

BackgroundIncrease of serum prolactin is a common adverse effect to antipsychotic medication, potentially leading to galactorrhea, menstrual cycle disturbances or sexual adverse effects. Lurasidone is commonly associated with a low risk of prolactin change.ObjectiveTo describe a case of severe hyperprolactinemia in a 16-year old female with schizophrenia.MethodCase report.ResultsWe saw a severe and sustained prolactin increase during treatment with lurasidone.ConclusionsAlthough lurasidone is usually considered not to increase prolactin, some patients may experience this adverse effect. As related subjective consequences may be falsely attributed to the disease or as direct effects of the antipsycotic agent, serum prolactin measurements should be made prior to and during antipsychotic treatment regardless of medication choice.

Influence of Prolactin Secretion Changes on Sperm Head Size and Freezability in Ibex and Mouflon.

Aim: This work examined the influence of induced changes in prolactin (PRL) secretion on sperm cryoresistance of ibex and the mouflon. Materials and Methods: PRL secretion was modified in a first experiment by the use of bromocriptine (BCR, dopamine agonist) during the non-breeding season, and in a second experiment by the use of sulpiride (SLP, dopamine D2-receptor antagonist) during the rutting season. Slow and ultra-rapid freezing protocols were used to cryopreserve sperm samples. Results: BCR decreased blood plasma PRL concentrations, whereas SLP increased them. Cryoresistance ratios (CRs) for curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), and average path velocity (VAP) in BCR-treated mouflons were lower than in controls using slow-freezing (p < 0.05), while CRs of motility and morphologically normal sperm of BCR-treated mouflons were greater than controls with ultra-rapid freezing (p < 0.05). BCR increased the head sperm dimensions in ibexes (p < 0.001); conversely, BCR decreased the head dimensions in mouflons (p < 0.001). CR-motility, CR-amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), CR-viability, and CR-acrosome integrity in SLP-treated mouflons were lower than in controls with slow-freezing (p < 0.01); CR-viability and CR-acrosome were lower than controls with ultra-rapid freezing (p < 0.05). In ibexes, CR-ALH was lower for SLP-treated (p < 0.05). SLP treatment increased head dimensions in ibexes (p < 0.001) but did not affect the sperm head of mouflons. Conclusion: Our findings show that high levels of blood plasma PRL negatively affect the cryoresistance of ibex and mouflon sperm.

Metformin in the Treatment of Amisulpride-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: A Clinical Trial.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of metformin in the treatment of amisulpride-induced hyperprolactinemia.MethodsA total of 86 schizophrenic patients who developed hyperprolactinemia after taking amisulpride were screened and randomly assigned to the metformin group (42 patients) and placebo group (44 patients) and followed up for eight weeks. The patients’ serum prolactin levels, blood glucose and lipids were measured at the baseline and the end of the intervention. The treatment emergent symptom scale (TESS) was also assessed.ResultsAfter eight weeks of intervention, serum prolactin levels in the metformin group decreased from (1737.360 ± 626.918) mIU/L at baseline to (1618.625 ± 640.865) mIU/L, whereas serum prolactin levels in the placebo group increased from (2676.470 ± 1269.234) mIU/L at baseline to (2860.933 ± 1317.376) mIU/L. There was a significant difference in prolactin changes (Fcovariance = 9.982, P = 0.002) between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse drug reactions (P > 0.05) between the two groups.ConclusionMetformin is able to improve amisulpride-induced hyperprolactinemia with its safety.

Minimal Effects of Cariprazine on Prolactin Levels in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia.

BackgroundMany medications used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder are linked to hyperprolactinemia. The effects of cariprazine, a dopamine D3/D2 receptor partial agonist, on prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder were evaluated.MethodsEffects on prolactin were evaluated using pooled data from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in patients with schizophrenia (4 studies; 6-week duration; cariprazine 1.5–3 mg/d, 4.5–6 mg/d, and 9–12 mg/d), bipolar mania (3 studies; 3-week duration; cariprazine 3–6 and 9–12 mg/d), and bipolar depression (3 studies; 6- to 8-week duration; cariprazine 1.5 and 3 mg/d). Long-term effects were analyzed using open-label studies in patients with schizophrenia (2 studies; 48-week duration) and patients with bipolar mania (1 study; 16-week duration). Change in prolactin levels (ng/mL) from baseline to study endpoint was evaluated in subsets of sex and prior medication use.ResultsIn patients with schizophrenia (male, n = 1377; female, n = 558), median prolactin changes were −1.2 for males and −7.4 for females on placebo, and ranged from −4.2 to −3.6 for males and −12.4 to +0.2 for females in the cariprazine-treatment groups. In patients with bipolar mania (male, n = 570; female, n = 395), median prolactin changes were −0.2 for males and −1.1 for females on placebo and ranged from −2.1 to −3.0 for males and 0 to +1.8 for females in the cariprazine-treatment groups. Median decreases were also seen in the long-term studies of schizophrenia (range, −14.6 to −2.0) and bipolar mania (range, −0.8 to +1.9). In patients with bipolar depression (male, n = 485; female, n = 780), median prolactin changes were +0.3 for males and +0.7 for females on placebo and ranged from +0.4 to +0.5 for males and +3.0 to +3.1 for females in the cariprazine-treatment groups.ConclusionTreatment with cariprazine for schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder was associated with minimal effects on prolactin levels.

Dynamics of endocrine and metabolic changes among patients with coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome while treating with telmisartan

Dynamics of endocrine and metabolic changes among patients with coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome while treating with telmisartan

A Retrospective Trail Investigating Temozolomide Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Combined with Radiotherapy in Low-Grade Pituitary Tumors.

Objective To study and analyze the clinical application of temozolomide (TMZ) combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of low-grade pituitary tumors. Methods A retrospective trail was conducted among 67 patients with low-grade pituitary tumors who were treated in our hospital from March 2018 to June 2020. According to different treatment methods, they were assigned into a combined group (37 cases, temozolomide capsules and radiotherapy) and a control group (30 cases, radiotherapy). The changes of serum prolactin (PRL), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), GH levels, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), serum free thyroxine (FT4), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were compared. Results The chi-square test reports a significantly higher total effective rate in the combined group vs. control group (91.89% vs. 70.00%). Significant reductions in serum levels of PRL, IGF-1, and GH were observed in both groups after treatment, whereas the combined group treated with radiotherapy and TMZ resulted in significantly lower levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). After treatment, TSH decreased, and FT4 and ACTH increased in both groups, and the treatment with radiotherapy and TMZ in the combined group led to a significantly greater amplitude of variation (p < 0.05). Conclusion The combination of temozolomide and radiotherapy might be a promising technique for the treatment of pituitary tumors, thereby meriting promotion.

Pharmacological profile of ALKS 7119, an investigational compound evaluated for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, in healthy volunteers.

AimsALKS 7119 is a novel compound with in vitro affinity highest for the SERT, and for μ receptor, α1A‐adrenoceptor, α1B‐adrenoceptor, NMDA receptor and sigma non‐opioid intracellular receptor 1. This first‐in‐human study evaluated safety and PK/PD effects of single ascending doses (SAD) of ALKS 7119 in healthy males and compared effects with neurotransmitter modulators with partially overlapping targets.MethodsIn 10 cohorts (n = 10 subjects each), PK, safety and PD (NeuroCart tests, measuring neurophysiologic effects [pupillometry, pharmaco‐EEG (pEEG)], visuomotor coordination, alertness, [sustained] attention [saccadic peak velocity, adaptive tracking], subjective drug effects [VAS Bowdle and VAS Bond and Lader] and postural stability [body sway]) were evaluated. Neuroendocrine effects (cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone) were measured. Data were analysed over the 12‐hour post‐dose period using mixed‐effects model for repeated measure (MMRM) with baseline as covariate.ResultsALKS 7119 demonstrated linear PK and was generally well tolerated. QTcF interval increases of 30–60 ms compared to baseline were observed with ALKS 7119 doses of ≥50 mg without related adverse events. Significant increases in left and right pupil/iris ratio were observed at dose levels ≥50 mg (estimate of difference [95% CI], P‐value) (0.04 [0.01; 0.07], P < .01) and (0.06 [0.03; 0.09], P = .01), respectively. From dose levels ≥50 mg significant increases (% change) of serum cortisol (51.7 [8.4; 112.3], P = .02) and prolactin (77.9 [34.2; 135.8], P < .01) were observed.ConclusionIn line with ALKS 7119’s in vitro pharmacological profile, the clinical profile observed in this study is most comparable to SERT inhibition.

Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in relation to double brooding in Great Tit (Parus major)

The reproductive behaviors of birds are mainly controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. Many studies have shown that reproductive hormones are tightly linked to the breeding sub-stages. However, only a few studies have examined the temporal trend of hormone levels among different reproductive stages in multiple brooded species. We investigated the changes in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations during different reproductive stages of the facultative double-brooded Great Tit (Parus major). We found that the concentrations of LH and PRL in females were significantly higher than those in males. Females had significantly higher LH and lower PRL concentrations in the pre-breeding period than in the first/second brooding periods, and there were no significant changes between the first and second brooding periods. The concentrations of LH and PRL in males had no significant difference between the pre-breeding period and the first brooding periods, while LH and PRL concentrations in the second brooding period were significantly higher than those in the first brooding period. We conclude that there are sex-based differences between LH and PRL at different stages of reproduction. The changes in LH and PRL in both males and females should be related to their physiological functions. Especially for males, individuals with higher levels of LH and PRL are more likely to maintain second clutches.