Changes In Political System Research Articles

Multimodal conceptual patterns of Hungary in political cartoons

AbstractConventionalized positive images of Hungary have been overemphasized in political caricatures ever since the nineteenth century (Tamás 2012,2014). The present article explores the multimodal representations ofhungaryin cartoons in the period between 1989 and 1990, during which negative images of Hungary became prominent due to the weak financial situation of the country and the political system change. The corpus involves seventy-five cartoons from the satirical magazineLudas Matyi. Two major claims are justified by adopting PaulaPérez-Sobrino’s (2017)multimodal identification procedure: (1) the interpretation of verbal elements (e.g., labels, verbal texts, and verbal symbols) in political cartoons influences the identification of multimodal conceptual patterns; (2) the dominant patterns that structure the representation ofhungaryin political cartoons are metonymy-based visual and multimodal metaphors, and both of them occur in metaphorical scenarios. The corpus analysis indicates that the two main target frames,financial crisisandpolitical changes, appear through the sources ofhuman bodyandobjectin metaphorical scenarios, such asordinary scenes, motion, hospital, sport, tale, love, feast, stunt, begging,andchurch scenes.Apart from identifying the representations of Hungary, visual metonymies as well as textual cues need to be revealed in order to understand what metaphtonymy scenarios are intended in the cartoons.

TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENTS AND DISASTER VULNERABILITY

As a setting of life and cultural products made by humans, settlements always undergo transformation along with the dynamics of their inhabitants’ lives. The dynamics of occupants, in addition to being impacted by the development of local knowledge, changes in the way humans respond to climate, and cultural transformation, are also influenced by external factors. External factors that influence settlement transformation can arise in the form of urbanisation, changes in social and political systems, economics, and technological development. In traditional societies, natural threats are predictable and conquerable. The transformation of settlements can take place in the same frame, promoting natural considerations, or in a different frame with the existence of new ideas and knowledge and technology coming from the outside. To be able to understand the transformation of traditional settlements and their transformations in relation to disaster vulnerability, this paper evaluated the causing factors, patterns, and consequences resulted from the transformation of settlements. For this reason, urban morphological studies are applied as an evaluation method. The results of the evaluation of settlement transformations reveal that traditional settlements are farther away leaving natural-harmony patterns at the root of their existence. Economic approach has replaced the cosmological-based settlement. It is recommended that natural site characteristic should be taken into consideration in order to avoid natural disaster in the future. This means that the traditional approach is still relevant in contemporary situation.Keywords: Traditional settlements; transformation; disaster vulnerablity

Sustainability of political systems of EAEU member-states and the crises of 2020. Part 1. Belarus.

The object of this research is the political system of the Republic of Belarus viewed in the context of sociopolitical conflict instigated by the results of presidential election of 2020. The Eurasian Economic Union faced a number of severe internal problems: besides the protests in Belarus, the parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan led to resignation of the incumbent president, and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has escalated. Therefore, special attention is given to examination of the factors of sustainability of the political system their significance for Eurasian integration and Russia-Belarus bilateral relations. The authors assesses the consequences of the manifestations of crisis, and analyzes the mechanisms of resilience of the political system to the internal challenges. The history of establishment of the modern structure of political system of Belarus is analyzed. The formal institutional and factual functional relations are revealed. The author’s special contribution lies in the assessment of factors of sustainability of the political system of Belarus. Understanding of sustainability of political systems of regional nations is the cornerstone in risk assessment caused by integration and forecasting of the development of international relations in the region. The political system of Belarus, which has been formed throughout 26 years of presidency of A. G. Lukashenko, is currently (and so far successfully) being stress tested. The built vertical of executive power allowed to “amortize” the colossal level of tension emerged in the society after the announcement of voting results. It is determined that the consequences of crisis in Belarus are overall positive for Russia and EAEU. However, the risks of further destabilization of the political system and regime change pose a serious threat for the development of integration project.

Protest and Regime Change: Different Experiences of the Arab Uprisings and the 2009 Iranian Presidential Election Protests

Political developments, such as the ‘Arab Spring’, have led the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) towards instability, unrest and severe sectarian confrontations. Nearly 2 years before the ‘Arab Spring’, ‘the Iranian Green Movement’ swept over the country and led to the expectations that Iran would undergo a fundamental political change. The article addresses an important question as to why the 2009 Iranian unrest known as the ‘Green Movement’ did not lead to regime change, while on the other hand, the ‘Arab Spring’ ultimately led to the change of political systems in Tunisia and Egypt. Further, some significant factors are highlighted anticipating the degree of stability and instability for the future of political regimes in the MENA region.

Renaming States\u2014A Case Study: Changing the Name of the Hungarian State in 2011. Its Background, Reasons, and Aftermath

A provision of the Hungarian constitution, adopted in 2011, has renamed the state. The name changed from the Republic of Hungary to Hungary, while the form of the state has remained “republic”. The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning, significance, and several consequences of this provision. The analysis consists of three main parts. The first one gives a general overview of the functions of the names of states. It claims that not only names but also changing or modifying names of states—taking place either by name-giving or by shaping convention—can serve certain functions. The second part focuses on the historical and constitutional details of renaming the Hungarian state, and summarizes the legal context that provided the framework for the 2011 renaming. The third part outlines the arguments for the change, takes a look at the official justification and actual reasons, and reveals some of the consequences of the name change in the past decade. The main contention of the paper is that the renaming of the Hungarian state that took place in 2011 lacked any overt and reasonable justification, and is best explained as an expression of anti-republican sentiment, which indicated, and partly paved the way for the transition into a kind of an authoritarian regime. Finally, the study raises a possible interpretation of the renaming of the Hungarian state in 2011, the point of which is that it adumbrated many later changes in public law and political systems.

A Comprehensive Review of Corporate Bankruptcy Prediction in Hungary

The article provides a comprehensive review regarding the theoretical approaches, methodologies and empirical researches of corporate bankruptcy prediction, laying emphasis on the 30-year development history of Hungarian empirical results. In ex-socialist countries corporate bankruptcy prediction became possible more than 20 years later compared to the western countries, however, based on the historical development of corporate bankruptcy prediction after the political system change it can be argued that it has already caught up to the level of international best practice. Throughout the development history of Hungarian bankruptcy prediction, it can be tracked how the initial, small, cross-sectional sample and classic methodology-based bankruptcy prediction has evolved to today’s corporate rating systems meeting the requirements of the dynamic, through-the-cycle economic capital calculation models. Contemporary methodological development is characterized by the domination of artificial intelligence, data mining, machine learning, and hybrid modelling. On the basis of empirical results, the article draws several normative proposals how to assemble a bankruptcy prediction database and select the right classification method(s) to accomplish efficient corporate bankruptcy prediction.

The role of science, technology and innovation in the UN 2030 agenda

The transition path to inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic development must be Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) intensive. As such, we outline an economic framework that demonstrates the need to transform the nature of STI and reorient it towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) together with the various public policy options that can reorient investment patterns in STIs towards achieving the SDGs. In addition, the Means of Implementation (MoIs) of the UN 2030 agenda will need to be blended to create new modalities of finance, governance and public policy at all levels if STI is to be reoriented and transformative changes in economic, social, environmental and political systems are to be achieved for the SDGs. After laying out a framework, the paper also addresses the implications of our analysis for the UN global Technology Facilitation Mechanism (TFM) which aims to promote STI access, transfer and capacities across nations to achieve the SDGs.

MONETIZING THE MOUNTAINS: TOWARDS THE STUDY OF ETHNO-CULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS 
 OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 
 OF THE MOUNTAIN DAGESTAN

This article aims at a preliminary study of the status and prospects of the use of ethno-cultural and demographic potential of Dagestan in the recreational and socio-economic development of Mountainous areas of the North Caucasus region, so-called mountain tourism for example: spas, sanatoria, skiing, climbing, trekking and handicrafts.
 The perspectives of development of recreational opportunities in the North Caucasus are strongly connected with the population mobility and the stability of ethno-social situation and so have to be to be considered in the context of inter-ethnic (economic and cultural) communications of largely outsider authorities and inhabitants on regional and international levels. In this sense, acknowledgement of the country its culture, an introduction to the history of traditional economic specialization and its evolution, traditional customs and ethnic particularities, seems very important.
 The practical, social significance of the development of recreational potential is determined by its metaphysical place in the preservation of historical-cultural and natural heritage: traditional social-support systems, economic specialization, and the handicraft centers. 
 Ignored by previous researchers, the fact that the phenomena of "ethnic economy", "ethnic entrepreneurship" and "preservation of traditional social institutions" of the peoples of the Caucasus (in this case) can be traced at all stages of their history, manifesting its exceptional stability during periods of change, such as local forms of government, changes of political regimes and ideological systems. Moreover, it is often ignored that the actual problems of integration of these social institutions into ‘state-modernized’ Russian society are the basic factors or reasons for destabilizing the system of interethnic relations.
 This occurs especially in areas where various forms of ethnic entrepreneurship are represented by first- or second-generation often forced migrants.
 We propose a practical approach to advise local good policy.

Martin Švikruha (ed.): Transformation and changes of political systems in the countries of Visegrad group.

Martin Švikruha (ed.): Transformation and changes of political systems in the countries of Visegrad group.

О НЕКОТОРЫХ ПРИМЕРАХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АНТИЧНЫХ ФОРМ В ГОРОДАХ КУРОРТА КАВКАЗСКИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫЕ ВОДЫ

Abstract. The appearance of the resort towns of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, formed during the 19th - 20th centuries, was determined by remarkable monuments of architecture and landscape architecture, dating back to the traditions and forms of ancient Greece and Rome. Rational, respectable and aesthetic order forms of Classicism determined its wide typological applicability and during the 19th-20th centuries they continued to form significant urban planning and park ensembles. When creating resort facilities, architectural monuments of antiquity are models for studying, repeating and interpreting the methods of organic inclusion in the natural environment. The article examines the importance of ancient forms in the process of formation of the cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resort. A full-scale survey of two objects selected for study, typologically and stylistically different, was carried out – the architectural structure of the mud baths in the city of Essentuki and the monument of landscape art – the park's Main Staircase of the sanatorium named after S. Ordzhonikidze. Literary sources were studied, landscape-visual and compositional analysis of objects was carried out. The first object – a mud bath in the city of Essentuki – a medical building, one of the most famous architectural monuments of the city of the eclectic period, was built according to the project of the architect Eugene Shretter. The second object is the famous Main Staircase of the sanatorium named after S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Kislovodsk, built by the architect – constructivist Ivan Leonidov, is an object of cultural heritage of federal significance – a monument of urban planning and architecture. The analysis showed that ancient forms successfully pass the test of time, change of political systems and social conditions, are able to transform plastically and functionally under the influence of stylistic changes and today retain their attractiveness and relevance.

Przepisy regulujące zarządzanie dokumentacją na przedpolu archiwalnym bliższym w sądach powszechnych w Polsce w latach 1985–2019

Provisions regulating documentation management in the archives of courts of general jurisdiction in Poland in the years 1985–2019 In December 2018, Minister of Justice issued an order with instructions on the organization and scope of activities of institutional archives, e.g. in courts of general jurisdiction. It must have been welcomed with enthusiasm because the previous archive instruction came into force in 1985. The changing political system in Poland, a significantly higher level of social awareness on the significance of documentation management, also in courts, and the development of modern technologies made the 30-year old instruction outdated, which started causing considerable problems to archivists employed in court archives. The aim of this article is to review legal and normative acts implemented in the years 1985–2019 which concerned documentation management in institutional archives in courts of general jurisdiction. Due to the variety of cases considered by courts and the fact that these institutions compile documentation in massive numbers, the number of applicable legal acts is also impressive. The author analyses in detail key excerpts from the current archive instruction and Minister of Justice Regulation of 5 March 2004 on storing case files and transferring them to state archives or to be destroyed.

Projekti večnog mira u kasnom srednjem veku

Projects on the establishment of world peace in the late Middle Ages were initially marked by religious views on the world. Christian church was the subject of war and peace and it did not make differences among peoples. It had universal aspirations. This dogmatic comprehension will be abandoned by the appearance of national states where the state becomes subject of war and peace. A division among nations appears and the possibility of their mutual recognition. In that way relations among states are being regulated from the point of view of international relations. His basic principle becomes the one of sovereign equality, this could happen after the termination of religious wars which got its peak by Westphalia peace. Starting from Dubois, Podjebrady, Penn, Duke of Silly, via Hobbes, Grotius end Puffendorf, it will be possible to determine how changes in society political systems and way of production influenced the developments of ideas on perpetual peace. The achievements of these thinkers were revolutionary and were still valid. It is worth mentioning the principles of sovereign equality of states, the presence of realism in international relations and the existence of judicial institutions such as the International Court of Justice.

Interventions in Heritage Sacred Architecture after the Second Vatican Council in Croatia

In the period of the Second Vatican Council Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. A new political system promoted an atheistic worldview. The result of that process was a hostile relationship between the Church and the official government and a profound division of the Church and the society. It resulted in very rare interventions in the field of sacred architecture. Most of the interventions occurred in the adaptations of sanctuaries after the Second Vatican Council. Most of them were reflecting the lack of co-operation between experts.The change of political system has occurred in 1990. The new democratic system brought religions freedom but the new war destabilized society again. The result is a boom in the construction of sacred buildings reflecting the crisis of that moment. In the last decade, the situation is changing due to the initiatives that bring together theologians, liturgists, architects, architectural conservators, and artists in work on sacred buildings.

Rhetorical Criticism as Moral Action Revisited: Moral and Rhetorical Imperatives in a Nation Trumped

Thirty years ago we argued that contemporary rhetorical thought imbued moral and rhetorical imperatives into the critic’s responsibilities. In subsequent years, critics have worked diligently to engage rhetoric’s power in the ongoing social order. In this essay, we argue that changes in political practices and media systems over the intervening years have intensified the urgency for such criticism. First, we consider the consequences of changes in the media ecology and political practices on the quality of public and civic life. Second, we illustrate in President Donald Trump’s arguments regarding immigration, an especially toxic political rhetoric that betrays democratic values and threatens to undermine our democratic community. Third, we offer a vision of cosmopolitanism as a rhetorical mode to restore democratic values.

Saudi Model of Development for the Islamic World: Peculiarities and Limits

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Saudi model of development for the Islamic world, which Riyadh started actively promoting after the “Arab Spring”. The popular protests in the Middle East and North Africa countries, which led to the changes in the ruling regimes, opened up prospects for the states of the region to transform their own models of statehood. In this regard large regional actors such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey proposed their own models as an example for possible changing political systems and foreign policy of countries affected by unrest. The relevance of the topic of this study is determined by the fact that the current struggle for leadership in the Middle East, unfolding between Saudi Arabia and Iran, has reached a level where the rivals could influence the choice of development path of other countries, such as Syria, Lebanon and Yemen. In this regard, it is extremely important to assess the models proposed by Riyadh and Tehran, to determine the prospects for their implementation. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the development model for the Islamic world proposed by Saudi Arabia, as well as to assess the limitations of this model. The author used both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and methods of historical science (concrete historical, comparative historical, historical genetic methods) and religion studies (causal analysis). In addition, the methodology of political science and economics was widely used. A special focus was done on the quantitative analysis of the amount of aid sent by Saudi Arabia to implement various projects in the countries of the Islamic world as part of international development assistance programs, with the aim of forming a ranking of recipient states from Riyadh. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that Saudi Arabia pursues a pragmatic foreign policy strategy, in fact, not relying on Islamic principles. However, Riyadh is devoting significant financial resources to implementing programs to promote the development of the Islamic world and religious diplomacy, in which the promotion of its own “version” of Islam - Wahhabism, and more precisely Salafism, plays an important role. Among the main limitations of the Saudi model the author identified oil as the basis for modernization, since not all states have this resource and can develop their own economy on its basis; Wahhabism as a “small-town” doctrine, which can hardly be borrowed by the countries of the Islamic world, in which more moderate religious schools have traditionally dominated; absolute monarchy as a form of government, even with elements of democracy.

RULE-MAKING POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA IN THE CONDITIONS OF CHANGE OF CONSTITUTIONAL CYCLES

This paper draws on new comparative data from these three cycles of Crimean constitutional process (1992-1994, 1995-1998 and 2014-2018) to provide evidence for a novel approach to changes in political and legal systems - an approach that explains both the impact of constitutional crises as well as the robustness of the systems themselves to a more serious destabilization. Our analyses suggest that the political and legal systems have an inbuilt mechanism that saves them from overheating in times of crisis. The mechanism operates simultaneously on the level of law enforcement and at the level of lawmaking. It is based on the assumption that the political elites are risk-averse. While they react to constitutional crises by looking for new solutions, they mostly do so in “restrained” forms of legal regulation where the consequences of change are easily comprehensible. In political and legal systems that are already relatively complex internal structure, however, the political elite shy away from experimentation and rather rely on tested strategies. Constitutional crises therefore tend to stabilize unstable systems and to destabilize stable ones. They rarely push complex systems over a critical threshold of no return. Based on a positive and contrasting comparison of the three different phases of Crimean constitutional process the period 1992-1994 considered as a transformative constitutional regime in statu nascendi (in the formation stage) with signs of restrained independence in rulemaking. Content analysis of the Crimean constitutions in times of Ukraine (1992, 1995, 1998), fundamental amendments to them and changes in the current legislation, revealed the so-called "negative integration" of the autonomous region into Ukraine (1995-1998). As a result, the legal space of post-2014 was characterized by the presence of both new, not yet tested, and the former, several modified institutions, on the basis of which the current Constitution of the Republic of Crimea 2014 was created. The article presents quantitative data and qualitative "illustrations" of various indicators of the legislation of the Republic of Crimea as a normative component of the legal system using a functional research method.

Crime and Punishment in the Us: Political Systems and Technology Regime Change

One of the most extraordinary social science phenomena of the postwar period has been the rise in violent crime in large American cities from the 1970s to the mid 1990s and the consequent rise in incarceration; and then its subsequent dramatic decline in most of those cities and the correspondingly decisive decline in the increase in imprisonment. An echo of these ‘waves’ occurred in almost all advanced economies; but their amplitude in the US case is quite exceptional. We seek to explain: why the waves, and why the exceptional American amplitude? Comparative political economy has had little to say in recent decades about American exceptionalism in general and about American crime and punishment in particular. We take the UK as comparator, with a common liberal market economy framework, a non-consensus based political system and a broadly similar welfare state. The American exceptionalism in crime and punishment is generated institutionally by the exceptional local democratic autonomy over key relevant policy areas – education, zoning and law and order; and hence, we argue, the domination of the preferences of ‘homevoters’. We see the waves as reflecting the massive changes in technology regime: the postwar stable Fordist system through the 1960s; its collapse especially felt in the large cities through the 1970s and 1980s; and the knowledge economy from the early 1990s on.

Immunitet parlamentarny we współczesnym świecie – ujęcie prawnoporównawcze

The purpose of the article is to determine the current form of parliamentary immunity in various countries. The author uses the comparative-law method to analyse constitutions that represent the most common solutions, taking into account the geographic criterion, used in countries located on different continents and having different legal cultures. The author analyses the subjective scope of non-accountability and non-violability and focuses on the time and place in which the protection is provided, and trace the objective scope of the protection and the solutions related to the possibility to lift the parliamentary immunities. The analysis leads to the conclusion that non-accountability is similar in different countries, has undergone few modifications over the years, and it is permanently formed. In the case of non-violability, there are more extensive differences, in particular in the objective scope and the degree of protection. However, various solutions prove that there is not a single universally accepted model of immunity and that the scope of the guaranteed protection can be more diverse, it can be subject to change, and be adapted to the changes in political systems and the political and social expectations.

5.4운동 100년을 통해서 본 중국 정치제제의 변화: 당국가체제의 ‘승급(昇級)’인가? 민주주의체제로의 전환인가?

5.4운동 100년을 통해서 본 중국 정치제제의 변화: 당국가체제의 ‘승급(昇級)’인가? 민주주의체제로의 전환인가?

Global energy transitions and political systems

Transitioning from one form of energy to another has led to social change in areas such as production methods, quality of life, and labor productivity. In addition, there is a relationship between this social change and the emergence of different types of political systems. Surprisingly, there are not many studies on the relationship between energy transitions and changes in political systems. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the transition from one form of energy to another has historically determined the type of political system, and that this causal relationship has evolved through the ages. A three-stage approach was used in this study to examine this relationship in the past and present, and to predict coming changes in the future. The main finding is that from the foraging period to the oil age, energy has been a factor in determining political systems. However, with the expansion of energy trade between nations and the emergence of new technology options, the situation has been reversed: political systems have now become a determinant of energy transitions. Also, even democratic countries have been unwilling to transition to new forms of energy, preferring instead to maintain fossil fuel-based energy systems.