Changes In Political Ideology Research Articles

Law's Healing of Children's Hearings: The Paradox Moves North

ABSTRACTThis article surveys, from the perspective of systems theory as expounded by Niklas Luhmann, recent developments in the evolution of the role played by Scottish Children's Panels in the protection of children. It traces the way that in England the problem of the paradoxical nature of the social worker's task in protecting children was resolved by reconstructing the problem in legal terms. The same process, it argues, has now occurred in Scottish social work practice, but there ambiguity in the nature of the Children's Panels makes it difficult for social workers to obtain clear legal authority for their actions. Since the Clyde Report on the Orkney case, therefore, considerable controversy has arisen over the future of Children's Panels and, in particular, over their role in emergency situations. This controversy is seen as part of a wider evolutionary process involving law and child welfare, which cannot be adequately explained in terms of changes in political ideology.

POSTMATERIALISM AS A DIMENSION OF CULTURAL CHANGE

POSTMATERIALISM AS A DIMENSION OF CULTURAL CHANGE

Worker-Peasant Education in the People's Republic of China

Since the 1920s, China has relied heavily on adult education to effect desired changes in political ideology, socio-economic relations, and human productive capabilities. The belief in the power of education in general, and adult education in particular, to create a new socialist person and construct a new social order has at times reached religious proportions. The cyclical shifts in ideological fervor and accompanying socioeconomic development strategies have been mirrored in the relative emphasis placed on agricultural versus industrial development, quantitative versus qualitative orientations, mass versuselite education, and more specifically, nonformal versus formal school education. Even within a particular educational mode such as adult education, the focus has continually shifted between peasant and worker education (Pepper, 1978, 1980; Chen, 1974, 1978; Shirk, 1979).

Eluard's Rupture with Surrealism

Eluard's rupture with Breton, in 1938, is attributed to a change in political ideology, from surrealism to Stalinism. Doubt is thrown on this simple explanation by the deliberate silence of Eluard, Breton, and their biographers, who have not recorded the event, though no such reluctance followed the earlier defections of Aragon, Desnos, or Prévert, who were accused, and who answered, in violent and well-known diatribes. It was not until 1951 that Eluard acknowledged the importance of the break, in publishing a testament of his surrealist days, and reproducing poems that he had tried until then to keep secret. A close examination of his poetry and of a few external events reveals several important facts. As we shall see, the vital elements in the rupture include Eluard's fatigue both with Breton's pacifism and with the thematic and technical artifices of dream interpretation. An analysis of his protest is obscured by his other psychic worries, from the war in Spain to his isolation from events during the first years of the German occupation. Eluard's personal crises came to an end with the death of his wife, Nusch, on 28 November 1946, and in a sense, until then, he found full peace of mind after 1937 only during the period of Poésie ininterrompue, published on 3 January 1946, and of his revised Choix de poèmes, of 15 July.