Physiological Changes Research Articles

The dual nature of DNA damage response in obesity and bariatric surgery-induced weight loss

This novel study applies targeted functional proteomics to examine tissues and cells obtained from a cohort of individuals with severe obesity who underwent bariatric surgery (BS), using a Reverse-Phase Protein Array (RPPA). In obese individuals, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), but not subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), shows activation of DNA damage response (DDR) markers including ATM, ATR, histone H2AX, KAP1, Chk1, and Chk2, alongside senescence markers p16 and p21. Additionally, stress-responsive metabolic markers, such as survivin, mTOR, and PFKFB3, are specifically elevated in VAT, suggesting both cellular stress and metabolic dysregulation. Conversely, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while exhibiting elevated mTOR and JNK levels, did not present significant changes in DDR or senescence markers. Following BS, unexpected increases in phosphorylated ATM, ATR, and KAP1 levels, but not in Chk1 and Chk2 nor in senescence markers, were observed. This was accompanied by heightened levels of survivin and mTOR, along with improvement in markers of mitochondrial quality and health. This suggests that, following BS, pro-survival pathways involved in cellular adaptation to various stressors and metabolic alterations are activated in circulating PBMCs. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that the DDR has a dual nature. In the case of VAT from individuals with obesity, chronic DDR proves to be harmful, as it is associated with senescence and chronic inflammation. Conversely, after BS, the activation of DDR proteins in PBMCs is associated with a beneficial survival response. This response is characterized by metabolic redesign and improved mitochondrial biogenesis and functionality. This study reveals physiological changes associated with obesity and BS that may aid theragnostic approaches.

First report of the association between Wolbachia and Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): effect on life history parameters of the parasitoid.

The symbiosis between microorganisms and host arthropods can cause biological, physiological, and reproductive changes in the host population. The present study aimed to survey facultative symbionts of the genera Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Rickettsia, and Nosema in Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the laboratory and evaluate the influence of infection on the fitness of these hosts. For this purpose, 16S rDNA primers were used to detect these facultative symbionts in the host species, and the hosts' biological and morphological features were evaluated for changes resulting from the infection caused by these microorganisms. The bacterial symbionts studied herein were not detected in the D. saccharalis samples analysed, but the endosymbiont Wolbachia was detected in C. flavipes and altered the biological and morphological aspects of this parasitoid insect. The results of this study may help to elucidate the role of Wolbachia in maintaining the quality of populations/lineages of C. flavipes.

Effect of postharvest cold storage and subsequent shelf-life on fruit quality and endogenous phytohormones in nectarine fruit

Cold storage is the main approach to extend the postharvest storage period of nectarines. The objective of this study was to investigate fruit quality (flavor and nutrition) and endogenous phytohormone changes and their related transcriptional changes in nectarine fruit after cold storage and subsequent shelf-life, which was performed metabolome, transcriptome and physiological analysis. Cold storage led to irreversible flavor loss due to the inhibition of aroma biosynthesis genes at low temperature. Sugar and organic acid content was affected, with an increase in glucose, fructose and malic acid, and a decrease in sorbitol and citric acid after cold storage or shelf-life. For fruit nutritional quality, total flavonoids or total carotenoids was not significantly affected by cold storage, whereas shelf-life process enhanced their accumulation. The activities of key enzymes for flavonoid biosynthesis, PAL and C4H, were enhanced during the shelf-life process, resulting in a significant increase in flavonoids and enhanced free radicals scavenging capacity. Meanwhile, shelf-life process increased carotenoids content by improving the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes PSY, ZDS and ZISO. Additionally, cold storage significantly increased the IAA content and ethylene production, thereby inducing the up-regulation of related signaling transduction genes. The shelf-life process further increased ethylene production, as well as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid content. This study unravels these crucial physiological and associated transcriptional changes of nectarines after cold storage, and may provide a theoretical foundation for improving fruit quality of peaches after cold storage.

Human body temperature and cardiovascular response to changes in ambient temperature and body posture

Health problems due to heat or cold exposure is closely related not only to body temperature (BT) but also to blood flow rate (BFR) and blood pressure (BP). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the physiological mechanisms of the human body, such as how these physiological quantities change and how they affect each other. In this study, to clarify the physiological mechanisms of the human body, we measured the whole-body distribution of BT and BFR, as well as BP, heart rate, and metabolic rate under changes in ambient temperature and body posture. A total of 19 subjects were tested in three cases, including the temperature up-step and down-step cases, where the ambient temperature changed from 28 °C to 38 °C or 18 °C in the supine position, and the posture change case, where the posture changed alternately between the supine and standing positions at an ambient temperature of 28 °C. The results showed that the core temperature was efficiently maintained due to BFR regulation, especially in the extremities, in response to changes in ambient temperature. Additionally, changes in cerebral BFR in response to changes in posture were suppressed due to regulation of BFR, especially in the lower limbs, and heart rate. Furthermore, in the extremities, the BFR not only in the skin but also in the subcutaneous tissue and muscle was estimated to increase in hot environments and decrease in cold environments.

The Influence of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension In Pregnancy: A Review.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe condition characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure. This review examines the intersection of PAH and pregnancy, highlighting the significant physiological, hemodynamic, and hormonal changes that exacerbate PAH during gestation. Pregnancy is contraindicated in PAH patients due to high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality rates. However, some patients choose to continue their pregnancies, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the implications and management strategies. Effective management of PAH in pregnant patients involves individualized treatment plans. Prepartum management focuses on optimizing therapy and monitoring hemodynamic status. Prostacyclin analogs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are commonly used, though their safety profiles require further investigation. Intrapartum management prioritizes preventing right ventricular failure, utilizing therapies such as intravenous epoprostenol, inhaled iloprost, and inhaled nitric oxide. Managing PAH in pregnancy requires careful planning, continuous monitoring, and tailored therapeutic strategies to navigate the complex interplay of physiological changes and mitigate risks. Future research should focus on elucidating the pathophysiology of PAH during pregnancy and developing safer, more effective treatments to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

The Effect of a Caffeine and Nicotine Combination on Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome in Mice.

Nicotine dependence is an important cause of excessive exposure to tobacco combustion compounds in most smokers. Nicotine replacement therapy is the main method to treat nicotine dependence, but it still has its shortcomings, such as the inability to mitigate withdrawal effects and limited applicability. It has been hypothesized that a combination of low-dose nicotine and caffeine could achieve the same psychological stimulation effect as a high dose of nicotine without causing nicotine withdrawal effects. To establish a model of nicotine dependence, male C57BL/6J mice were subcutaneously injected four times a day with nicotine (2 mg/kg) for 15 days and fed with water containing nicotine at the same time. They were randomly divided into four groups. After 24 h of withdrawal, different groups were injected with saline, nicotine (0.25 mg/kg or 0.1 mg/kg), or nicotine (0.1 mg/kg) and caffeine (20 mg/kg). Behavioral and physiological changes were evaluated by an assessment of physical signs, open field tests, elevated plus maze experiments, forced swimming tests, hot plate tests, and new-object-recognition tests. The changes in dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain were analyzed using ELISA. The results showed that a combination of caffeine and nicotine could effectively relieve nicotine withdrawal syndrome, increase movement ability and pain thresholds, reduce anxiety and depression, enhance memory and cognitive ability, and increase the level of dopamine release in the PFC and VTA. Thus, caffeine combined with nicotine has potential as a stable and effective treatment option to help humans with smoking cessation.

Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: The Missing Link Between Bacterial Infection and Alzheimer Disease.

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease, affecting approximately 19% of the global adult population. A relationship between periodontal disease and Alzheimer disease has long been recognized, and recent evidence has been uncovered to link these 2 diseases mechanistically. Periodontitis is caused by dysbiosis in the subgingival plaque microbiome, with a pronounced shift in the oral microbiota from one consisting primarily of Gram-positive aerobic bacteria to one predominated by Gram-negative anaerobes, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. A common phenomenon shared by all bacteria is the release of membrane vesicles to facilitate biomolecule delivery across long distances. In particular, the vesicles released by P gingivalis and other oral pathogens have been found to transport bacterial components across the blood-brain barrier, initiating the physiologic changes involved in Alzheimer disease. In this review, we summarize recent data that support the relationship between vesicles secreted by periodontal pathogens to Alzheimer disease pathology.

Characterizing the adult zebrafish model of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of dynamic changes in behavior and physiology post-MPTP administration.

Adult zebrafish are increasingly used in Parkinson's disease (PD) research due to their well-characterized dopaminergic system. Among the toxin-based models, the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is widely utilized to induce parkinsonism in adult zebrafish. Therefore, this review presents an overview of the procedures and the dynamic changes in behavior and physiology observed in the adult zebrafish PD model following a single intraperitoneal injection of MPTP. A systematic literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted to identify relevant articles. Of the 165 articles identified, 9 were included in this review. These chosen articles are original works published before March 2024, all of which utilized adult zebrafish induced with MPTP as the model for PD. Other articles were excluded based on factors such as limited relevance, utilization of zebrafish embryos or larvae instead of adults, and variations in MPTP deliveries. Studies indicated that the ideal model entails the utilization of mixed gender zebrafish aged between 4 and 6 months from the wild-type strain. The acceptable MPTP doses ranges between 20 μg/g (lowest) and 225 μg/g (highest) and doses above 292 μg/g are lethal. Furthermore, noticeable parkinsonian symptoms appear 1 day after administration and persist for more than 1 week. Mitochondrial dysfunction precedes dopaminergic neurodegeneration within this experimental regime. A single administration of MPTP effectively induces PD in adult zebrafish. This study aids in crafting the adult zebrafish PD model, outlining the progressive behavioral and physiological changes ensuing from MPTP administration.

Biological and Physiological Changes in Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae Induced by Non-Consumptive Effects of the Predator Harmonia axyridis

The effects of predatory natural enemies on their prey or hosts involve both consumption and non-consumptive effects. This study investigated the non-consumptive effects of the predator, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda. We exposed larvae of different instars to the predator and assessed various parameters using a combination of biological and biochemical methods. Exposure to the predator significantly affected the growth and development of the S. frugiperda caterpillars. Firstly, the developmental duration of S. frugiperda larvae in the 1st–3rd instars and the pupal stage were notably prolonged. Moreover, we observed significant effects on pupal mass, pupal abnormality rate and emergence rate. These non-consumptive effects were gradually weakened with an increase in the larval stage exposed to the predator. Antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase (CAT) peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly. Additionally, organismal triglyceride, trehalose and glycogen content were significantly altered by non-consumptive effects, while protein content showed no significant change. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to potential predators to mitigate oxidative stress and reduce cellular and tissue damage. This resources redistribution towards survival may inhibit growth and development of the species and further exacerbate these non-consumptive effects. These findings highlight the importance of considering non-consumptive effects in pest-management strategies to optimize control measures in agricultural systems.

Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Delineate the Impact of Aging and Renal Impairment on Ceftazidime Clearance.

The impact of physiological changes during aging on drug disposition has not always been thoroughly assessed in clinical studies. This has left an open question such as how and to what extent patho- and physiological changes in renal function can affect pharmacokinetics in the geriatric population. The objective of this work was to use a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to quantify the impact of aging and renal impairment (RI) separately and together on ceftazidime pharmacokinetics (PK). The predicted plasma concentrations and PK parameters from the PBPK model were compared to the observed data in individuals of different ages with or without RI (16 independent studies were investigated in this analysis). Apart from clearance in one study, the predicted ceftazidime PK parameters of young adults, elderly, and in individuals with different levels of renal function were within 2-fold of the observed data, and the observed concentrations fell within the 5th-95th prediction interval from the PBPK model simulations. The PBPK model predicted a 1.2-, 1.5-, and 1.8-fold increase in the plasma exposure (AUC) ratio in individuals aged 40, 60, and 70 years old, respectively, with normal renal function for their age compared to 20-year-old individuals with normal renal function. The impact of RI on ceftazidime was predicted to be less marked in older individuals (a 1.04-, 1.43-, and 2.55-fold change in mild, moderate, or severe RI compared to a healthy age-matched control) than in younger individuals (where a 1.47-, 2.03-, and 3.50-fold increase was predicted in mild, moderate, or severe RI compared to a healthy age-matched control). Utilization of the applied population-based PBPK approach allows delineation of the effects of age from renal disease and can better inform future study design and dosing recommendations in clinical study of elderly patients depending on their age and renal function.

A User-Driven Framework for Dose Selection inPregnancy: Proof of Concept for Sertraline.

Despite growing knowledge of pregnancy-induced changes in physiology that may alter maternal and fetal pharmacokinetics, evidence-based antenatal doses are lacking for most drugs. Pharmacokinetic modeling and expanding clinical data in pregnancy may support antenatal doses. We aimed to develop and pilot a comprehensive and user-driven Framework for Dose Selection in Pregnancy to support the clinical implementation of a best-evidence antenatal dose for sertraline. After initial development and evaluation by experts, the framework prototype was piloted to formulate an antenatal dosing strategy for sertraline in depression and anxiety disorders. Next, the framework was reviewed and assessed for usability by a multidisciplinary working committee of end-users comprising healthcare practitioners, experts from other disciplines including pharmacometrics, reproductive toxicology and medical ethics, alongside pregnant women and a partner. The resulting framework encompasses the following: rationale for drug selection, a comprehensive analysis of pharmacokinetic and dose-related efficacy and safety data, and implementation aspects including feasibility and desirability of the recommended antenatal dose based on a structured maternal and fetal benefit-risk assessment. An antenatal dose recommendation for sertraline, as a case study, was formulated using this approach and endorsed for clinical use by the working committee. Future applications of the framework for other drugs can further demonstrate its suitability for developing best evidence, acceptable and clinically feasible antenatal doses.

SP6.13 - Management of Older Major Trauma Patients: Impact of a dedicated guideline for facilitating older trauma care within a Pan London Trauma Network

Abstract Background and Aim Older age trauma is an increasing challenge for trauma networks with many clinical protocols needing to adapt and reflect age-related changes in physiology and management. In 2018, our older trauma guidance was introduced into our trauma system to improve early recognition of injury, admission pathways, clinical management and outcomes for those aged ≥65yrs (LMTS Older Trauma Guidance). The aim of our study was to assess the impact of the guideline on our trauma processes and patient outcomes. Methods This retrospective analysis of TARN compared process and outcome data for patients aged ≥65yrs admitted to hospitals within the North East London and Essex Trauma Network, pre (01/01/2016-31/07/2018) and post (01/08/2018-31/07/2020) guidance introduction. The primary outcome was mortality at 30 days post injury. Results and conclusions There were 4317 patients pre and 3992 patient post guidance. Time to CT reduced on average by 57 minutes, Neurotrauma transfers decreased from 2116 patients to 1519 patients and more older patients were discharged for rehabilitation. Older trauma mortality reduced across the network post guidance (13.59% vs 10.64%). The greatest mortality reductions were seen in Trauma Units, (19.20% pre vs 6.99% post) with increasing benefit seen with advancing age: reduced 75-84 years by 2.20%; 85-94 years 2.41%; 95+ years by 7.44%. This analysis suggests that dedicated guidance highlighting the special needs and risk profiles of older trauma patients significantly improves processes and outcomes. Improvements in early assessment and time to imaging appear to result in enhanced survival. Further research at a system level is required.

Stomatal and Non-Stomatal Leaf Responses during Two Sequential Water Stress Cycles in Young Coffea canephora Plants

Understanding the dynamics of physiological changes involved in the acclimation responses of plants after their exposure to repeated cycles of water stress is crucial to selecting resilient genotypes for regions with recurrent drought episodes. Under such background, we tried to respond to questions as: (1) Are there differences in the stomatal-related and non-stomatal responses during water stress cycles in different clones of Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner? (2) Do these C. canephora clones show a different response in each of the two sequential water stress events? (3) Is one previous drought stress event sufficient to induce a kind of “memory” in C. canephora? Seven-month-old plants of two clones (’3V’ and ‘A1’, previously characterized as deeper and lesser deep root growth, respectively) were maintained well-watered (WW) or fully withholding the irrigation, inducing soil water stress (WS) until the soil matric water potential (Ψmsoil) reached ≅ −0.5 MPa (−500 kPa) at a soil depth of 500 mm. Two sequential drought events (drought-1 and drought-2) attained this Ψmsoil after 19 days and were followed by soil rewatering until a complete recovery of leaf net CO2 assimilation rate (Anet) during the recovery-1 and recovery-2 events. The leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and leaf reflectance parameters were measured in six-day frequency, while the leaf anatomy was examined only at the end of the second drought cycle. In both drought events, the WS plants showed reduction in stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration. The reduction in internal CO2 diffusion was observed in the second drought cycle, expressed by increased thickness of spongy parenchyma in both clones. Those stomatal and anatomical traits impacted decreasing the Anet in both drought events. The ‘3V’ was less influenced by water stress than the ‘A1’ genotype in Anet, effective quantum yield in PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching, linear electron transport rate, and photochemical reflectance index during the drought-1, but during the drought-2 event such an advantage disappeared. Such physiological genotype differences were supported by the medium xylem vessel area diminished only in ‘3V’ under WS. In both drought cycles, the recovery of all observed stomatal and non-stomatal responses was usually complete after 12 days of rewatering. The absence of photochemical impacts, namely in the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemical reactions, photosynthetic performance index, and density of reaction centers capable of QA reduction during the drought-2 event, might result from an acclimation response of the clones to WS. In the second drought cycle, the plants showed some improved responses to stress, suggesting “memory” effects as drought acclimation at a recurrent drought.

Association of Whole Blood Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Metabolome with Anthropometry and IGF-I Serum Levels in Healthy Children and Adolescents in Germany.

Physiological changes of blood amino acids and acylcarnitines during healthy child development are poorly studied. The LIFE (Leipziger Forschungszentrum für Zivilisationserkrankungen) Child study offers a platform with a large cohort of healthy children to investigate these dynamics. We aimed to assess the intra-person variability of 28 blood metabolites and their associations with anthropometric parameters related to growth and excess body fat. Concentrations of 22 amino acids (AA), 5 acylcarnitines (AC) and free carnitine of 2213 children aged between 3 months and 19 years were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Values were transformed into standard deviation scores (SDS) to account for sex- and age-related variations. The stability of metabolites was assessed through the coefficient of determination. Associations with parameters for body composition and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) SDS were determined by the Pearson correlation and linear regression. Our research revealed substantial within-person variation in metabolite concentrations during childhood and adolescence. Most metabolites showed a positive correlation with body composition parameters, with a notable influence of sex, pubertal status and weight group. Glycine exhibited negative associations with parameters of body fat distribution, especially in normal weight girls, overweight/obese boys and during puberty. Blood AA and AC measurements may contribute to elucidating pathogenesis pathways of adiposity-related comorbidities, but the specific timings and conditions of development during childhood and adolescence need to be taken into consideration.

SP2.4 - Appendicetomy in pregnancy: a retrospective analysis of 39 cases between 2012-2022

Abstract Background Acute appendicitis is the commonest surgical emergency in pregnant women. Physiological changes during pregnancy can obscure symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention is essential to minimise risks such as sepsis and preterm labour. Objective This study aims to evaluate how gestational age, type of imaging, surgeons' expertise, and antibiotics management affect the surgical outcomes in pregnant patients with acute appendicitis. Methods A retrospective analysis of 39 obstetric cases between 2012 and 2022 in the Royal infirmary of Edinburgh. Statistical methods for analysis including ANOVA were used to compare different surgical techniques, and correlation assessments to investigate links between gestational age and aspects of post-operative care. Results The study found that the surgical method significantly impacted post-operative recovery, with laparoscopic procedures leading to shorter hospital stays and decreased antibiotic use compared to open surgeries (p=0.001169 for hospitalisation length and p=0.01049 for antibiotic course, respectively). Surgeon grade did not significantly alter these outcomes. There was a moderate correlation between gestational age and both post-operative antibiotic duration (r = 0.3293) and length of hospital stay (r = 0.3640. The varied use of imaging techniques across different stages of pregnancy suggests there is no consensus of best practice. Conclusion The study identifies a need for consistent guidelines on treating pregnant women with appendicitis, particularly regarding antibiotic use. The results support the preferential use of minimally invasive surgery and value MRI as a non-invasive diagnostic tool, both contributing to a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach required for these complex clinical scenarios.

Efflux pumps mediate changes to fundamental bacterial physiology via membrane potential.

Efflux pumps are well known to be an important mechanism for removing noxious substances such as antibiotics from bacteria. Given that many antibiotics function by accumulating inside bacteria, efflux pumps contribute to resistance. Efflux pump inactivation is a potential strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance, as bacteria would not be able to pump out antibiotics. We recently discovered that the impact of loss of efflux function is only apparent in actively growing cells. We demonstrated that the global transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium is drastically altered during slower growth leading to stationary-phase cells having a remodeled, less permeable envelope that prevents antibiotics entering the cell. Here, we investigated the effects of deleting the major efflux pump of Salmonella Typhimurium, AcrB, on global gene transcription across growth. We revealed that an acrB knockout entered stationary phase later than the wild-type strain SL1344 and displayed increased and prolonged expression of genes responsible for anaerobic energy metabolism. We devised a model linking efflux and membrane potential, whereby deactivation of AcrB prevents influx of protons across the inner membrane and thereby hyperpolarization. Knockout or deactivation of AcrB was demonstrated to increase membrane potential. We propose that the global transcription regulator ArcBA senses changes to the redox state of the quinol pool (linked to the membrane potential of the bacterium) and coordinates the shift from exponential to stationary phase via the key master regulators RpoS, Rsd, and Rmf. Inactivation of efflux pumps therefore influences the fundamental physiology of Salmonella, with likely impacts on multiple phenotypes.IMPORTANCEWe demonstrate for the first time that deactivation of efflux pumps brings about changes to gross bacterial physiology and metabolism. Rather than simply being a response to noxious substances, efflux pumps appear to play a key role in maintenance of membrane potential and thereby energy metabolism. This discovery suggests that efflux pump inhibition or inactivation might have unforeseen positive consequences on antibiotic activity. Given that stationary-phase bacteria are more resistant to antibiotic uptake, late entry into stationary phase would prolong antibiotic accumulation by bacteria. Furthermore, membrane hyperpolarization could result in increased generation of reactive species proposed to be important for the activity of some antibiotics. Finally, changes in gross physiology could also explain the decreased virulence of efflux mutants.

Cancer knocks you out by fasting: Cachexia as a consequence of metabolic alterations in cancer.

Neoplastic transformation reprograms tumor and surrounding host cell metabolism, increasing nutrient consumption and depletion in the tumor microenvironment. Tumors uptake nutrients from neighboring normal tissues or the bloodstream to meet energy and anabolic demands. Tumor-induced chronic inflammation, a high-energy process, also consumes nutrients to sustain its dysfunctional activities. These tumor-related metabolic and physiological changes, including chronic inflammation, negatively impact systemic metabolism and physiology. Furthermore, the adverse effects of antitumor therapy and tumor obstruction impair the endocrine, neural, and gastrointestinal systems, thereby confounding the systemic status of patients. These alterations result in decreased appetite, impaired nutrient absorption, inflammation, and shift from anabolic to catabolic metabolism. Consequently, cancer patients often suffer from malnutrition, which worsens prognosis and increases susceptibility to secondary adverse events. This review explores how neoplastic transformation affects tumor and microenvironment metabolism and inflammation, leading to poor prognosis, and discusses potential strategies and clinical interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Physiological and Biochemical Blood Indicators of Boer X Saanen Crossbred Goats Raised in Binh Duong Province, Vietnam

This paper presents the results of a study on the physiological and biochemical blood indices of F1 (Boer x Saanen) crossbred goats raised in Binh Duong province, Vietnam. Blood samples from 160 goats were taken by venipuncture from each animal in the morning, data were collected by sex and two age groups (3-12 months and 12-24 months). Blood physiological indices were measured using a Hemascreen 18 hematology analyzer. Blood biochemical indices were measured using an Abaxis Vetscan 2 chemistry analyzer. The results showed that the WBC, Mono and Neut indices varied according to age and sex (P0.05). RBC, HGB, MCV, MCH had no statistically significant differences between ages and sexes (P>0.05). The average protein concentration was 64.82-81.85 g/L, with significant differences between the study groups (P0.05). Statistically significant differences in mean values between age groups were investigated in the following parameters: Glucose, creatinine, AST, ALP, K, Ca, P, Cl. This study provides data on physiological and biochemical blood indices of Hybrids goats F1 (Boer x Saanen) as a basis for periodic health diagnosis of goat herds, promptly detecting health abnormalities. The data obtained can be used as reference limits related to physiological changes in livestock due to disease, nutritional deficiencies or other health-affecting factors. This is also the premise for studies on large goat herds to build a database of physiological and biochemical blood indices of goat breeds raised in Vietnam.

Abdominal Circumference and Hypotension Incidence in Caesarean Section Under Spinal Anaesthesia.

Hypotension is a common side effect during caesarean deliveries under spinal anaesthesia, influenced by factors like obesity, physiological changes and abdominal circumference (AC). This study delves into the intricate relationship between abdominal circumference and hypotension incidence, spinal anaesthesia levels, hemodynamic shifts, and vasopressor requirements in caesarean sections. Method: A prospective observational study with 232 term pregnant women undergoing caesarean sections was categorized into two groups based on their abdominal circumference, group A (AC < 95 cm) and group B (AC > 109 cm). The studycompared hypotension incidence, achieved spinal anaesthesia levels, hemodynamic changesand ephedrine necessity and dosage between the two groups. Results: Group B with a larger abdominal circumference, exhibited a significantly higher rate of hypotension, more pronounced hemodynamic changes,higher level of spinal anaesthesia andrequired more doses of ephedrine to manage hypotension compared to group A with a smaller abdominal circumference. Conclusion: This study highlights the crucial role of abdominal circumference as a predictive factor for hypotension during caesarean sections under spinal anaesthesia. Recognizing this association enables targeted preventive measures, potentially enhancing maternal and fetal outcomes during such procedures. Awareness of this correlation emphasizes the necessity for tailored interventions to mitigate the risk of hypotension, ensuring safer caesarean deliveries under spinal anaesthesia.

Sex differences in physiological correlates of affectively driven decision-making behavior in adult ADHD

BackgroundSex differences in the symptomatology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have often been overlooked when studying behavioral abnormalities. However, it is known that women exhibit considerably more stronger symptoms related to emotional competence than men. Since affective functions significantly influence the processing of risky decision-making and risk-engagement, we assume that risky behavior in ADHD is affected by sex differences. Therefore, we specifically investigated sex-specific effects on the interaction between emotionally induced changes in physiology and behavioral performance on a decision-making task.MethodsSkin conductance responses of twenty-nine adults with ADHD (n = 16 male; n = 13 female) and thirty-three adults in the control group (n = 14 male; n = 19 female) were recorded during the performance in a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Additional questionnaires were used to reveal insights in the self-assessment of emotional competence, risk perception, and feedback sensitivity. Emotional arousal and decision-making behavior were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models.ResultsResults showed different effects of sex on risk behaviors in controls and ADHD. In contrast to healthy controls, female adults with ADHD showed a significantly greater risk engagement in the BART compared to males with ADHD. This contrary sex relation was not observed in skin conductance responses and revealed a significantly different sex-dependent correlation of body response and behavioral task performance in ADHD. Comparisons with results from self-assessments furthermore indicate a reduced behavioral self-perception in women with ADHD, but not in men.ConclusionIn summary, we found an altered interaction between physiological activity and risky behavior in women with ADHD. Thus, the present study indicates a reduced sensitivity towards the own bodily responses in women with ADHD, which could consequently cause increased risky DM behavior in daily life. The current results suggest that more consideration needs to be given to sex-specific effects on physiological processes and behavior in adults with ADHD.