Personal Behavior Change Research Articles

A Nature-Based Intervention for Promoting Physical Activity in Older Adults: A Qualitative Study Using the COM-B Model.

Physical inactivity contributes to over 800,000 deaths annually. Numerous non-pharmacological interventions provide a route to address this behavioural risk factor linked to the growth of non-communicable diseases. Here, we consider a nature-based intervention, specifically group outdoor health walks (GOHW), as a non-pharmacological intervention to increase physical activity and contribute to health and quality of life amongst older adults. We used the theoretically grounded Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) model as a lens to examine interviews with participants in a GOHW with an activity tracker and signposted by health clinics in Scotland, UK. Analysis identified capabilities, opportunities, and motivations, their impact on behaviour, and perceived physical and mental health. The application of the COM-B model to intervention evaluation allowed us to examine two separate behaviours, that of (i) engaging with the intervention itself, and (ii) incorporating the behaviour into one's life that the intervention targets. Analysis identified emerging capabilities, opportunities, and motivations that supported additional health-promoting behaviours, including increased time outdoors in nature and leadership to self-organise continued group walks. We offer insight into the design of nature-based interventions to effectively engage older adults with chronic health conditions and foster personal behaviour change for health and well-being.

Support after return to alcohol use: a mixed-methods study on how abstinence motivation and app use change after return to alcohol use in an app-based aftercare intervention for individuals with alcohol use disorder

BackgroundAs the return to alcohol use in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) is common during treatment and recovery, it is important that abstinence motivation is maintained after such critical incidences. Our study aims to explore how individuals with AUD participating in an app-based intervention with telephone coaching after inpatient treatment perceived their abstinence motivation after the return to alcohol use, whether their app use behavior was affected and to identify helpful factors to maintain abstinence motivation.MethodsUsing a mixed-methods approach, ten participants from the intervention group of the randomized controlled trial SmartAssistEntz who returned to alcohol use and recorded this in the app Appstinence, a smartphone application with telephone coaching designed for individuals with AUD, were interviewed about their experiences. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded using qualitative content analysis. App use behavior was additionally examined by using log data.ResultsOf the ten interviewees, seven reported their abstinence motivation increased after the return to alcohol use. Reasons included the reminder of negative consequences of drinking, the desire to regain control of their situation as well as the perceived support provided by the app. App data showed that app use remained stable after the return to alcohol use with an average of 58.70 days of active app use (SD = 25.96, Mdn = 58.50, range = 24–96, IQR = 44.25) after the return to alcohol use which was also indicated by the participants’ reported use behavior.ConclusionsThe findings of the study tentatively suggest that the app can provide support to individuals after the return to alcohol use to maintain and increase motivation after the incidence. Future research should (1) focus on specifically enhancing identification of high risk situations and reach during such critical incidences, (2) actively integrate the experience of the return to alcohol use into app-based interventions to better support individuals in achieving their personal AUD behavior change goals, and (3) investigate what type of support individuals might need who drop out of the study and intervention and discontinue app use altogether.Trial registrationThe primary evaluation study is registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS, registration number DRKS00017700) and received approval of the ethical committee of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (193_19 B).

A qualitative study of perspectives on the acceptability and feasibility of “virtual home visits” for asthma

BackgroundAsthma home-visit programs delivered by community health workers (CHWs) are an effective way to improve asthma outcomes and cost of care, through performing home environmental inspections, delivering education and hands-on demonstrations, and providing personalized behavior change support. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many in-person asthma CHW programs have been adapted to be delivered virtually, but it is unclear whether this is acceptable or feasible for clients with asthma. This qualitative study sought to identify perspectives of prior clients of the Public Health–Seattle & King County Asthma Program on acceptability and feasibility of a hypothetical virtual asthma program.MethodsWe performed semi-structured interviews with participants speaking English, Spanish, and Somali. An a priori codebook was developed based on the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability and was revised iteratively during coding. Intra-rater reliability was established, and thematic analysis was used to determine major themes.ResultsA total of 19 individuals participated (9 speaking English, 8 Spanish, and 2 Somali). Krippendorf’s alpha was 0.848, indicating high intra-rater reliability. Our results demonstrated that many participants felt positively about the prospect of completing the program virtually, but they also expected a variety of challenges, the most important of which were lack of engagement with the CHW and lack of confidence in the accuracy of a virtual home inspection. Participants also varied widely in their comfort level with videoconferencing platforms and their access to adequate internet connectivity.ConclusionsAcceptability and feasibility of virtual programming varies widely between participants, indicating that there may be no “one-size-fits-all” approach. We present several recommendations for adapting in-person asthma home visit programs to a virtual format, including considering a hybrid approach to delivery, making concerted efforts to build rapport when using videoconferencing, and deliberately evaluating the effectiveness of new adaptations, especially if a virtual environmental assessment is attempted.

Stress and sleep quality in medical students: a cross-sectional study from Vietnam.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant global social and economic disruptions, as well as changes in personal attitude and behavior. The purpose of this research is to assess the sleep quality and stress levels of medical students. Data was collected from medical students over the course of a month in 2021. A total of 4,677 students at the University of Medicine Pham Ngoc Thach were invited to complete an anonymous web-based survey, which included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire Index (PSQI) for measuring sleep quality and the COVID-19 Student Stress Questionnaire (CSSQ) for evaluating stress. A total of 1,502 students participated in our survey. More than half of the participants exhibited poor quality of sleep as indicated by their PSQI score. Many students reported going to bed after midnight and spending time on their smartphones. Among the students surveyed, 21.84% experienced low levels of stress (CSSQ ≤6), 63.38% had mild stress (7 ≤ CSSQ score ≤ 14), 14.78% reported high levels of stress (CSSQ >14). This study showed a high prevalence of poor sleep quality in the surveyed students, which could be attributed to changes in their behavior following the COVID-19 outbreak. Mild stress was also frequently observed, and it may be related to sleep disorders in this population. These important findings provide valuable insights for making recommendations, including lifestyle modifications to improve sleep quality.

Impact of COVID-19 on Academic and Psychological Aspects in Students of Medicine: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a devastating disruption in medical education worldwide. The influence on training, mainly for undergraduate MBBS pupils, has been noteworthy, especially the significant and unexpected shift to online learning. Materials and methods We performed a two-month, cross-sectional study from June to August 2022 at Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore, India. The study participants were second- and third-year MBBS students at Kasturba Medical College. The sample size was 319. We collected data using a pre-structured, validated, printed questionnaire, then coded and entered the data into SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0, for interpretation. Results A total of 319 people took part in the study. Of these, 60.2% were females, 39.4% were males, 71.8% were from the batch of 2019-2020, and the remaining 28.2% were from the batch of 2018-2019. Among the participants, 90 students suffered from COVID-19, including 72.7% (n = 65) from the second year. Twenty-four percent of the population did not contract COVID-19, including 88 from the second year. A total of 153 participants were unsure whether they were infected with COVID-19, including 57.5% from the second year and 42.5% from the third year. The study group's p-value of <0.0001 is statistically significant. On multivariate analysis, 54.5% of the study participants said the pandemic caused a significant disruption to their medical education. A majority of students (51.7%) agreed that the pandemic hampered practical/clinical work; 42.9% of participants somewhat disagreed that the pandemic hampered their interest in pursuing medical education in the future; and 21.9% of students said the pandemic hindered their interest in further studying medicine. Regardless of gender, a majority of the participants (78.1%) felt that online education negatively affected their time management skills and ability to cover the syllabus. Nearly half (46.4%) reported proficiency in using electronic devices. The medical students encountered multiple challenges: approximately 88% indicated that anxiety over the possibility of contracting the disease led to changes in personal behavior and interactions with family and friends. The study also revealed that 71% exhibited anxiety traits, and 11% displayed depressive symptoms, which may have been pre-existing. Furthermore, 77.1% of the participants experienced poor sleep quality, which, according to another study, is a significant predictor of depression and anxiety during COVID-19. Our findings show a significant correlation between undergoing COVID-19 testing and increased anxiety and stress levels among students, most of whom were infected during the pandemic's second wave in India. Conclusion The study has shed light on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on MBBS scholars and the students' reactions to this unparalleled situation. This aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3, which focuses on "good health and well-being." The medical community has been significantly impacted by the pandemic due to its frontline position, and medical students' struggles to thrive academically. The knowledge gained from this study will assist facilitators and students of the medical fraternity in carrying out effective teaching modalities during this pandemic and any future outbreaks.

Ventricular arrhythmia burden in ICD patients during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

AimCOVID-19 has been associated with cardiovascular complications including ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and an increased number of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Nevertheless, several authors described a decrease of VA burden in patients with an implantable defibrillator (ICD) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to determine if these observations could be transferred to later periods of the pandemic as well.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed a total of 1674 patients with an ICD presenting in our outpatient clinic during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and during a control period for the occurrence of VA requiring ICD interventions.ResultsSeven hundred ninety-five patients with an ICD had a device interrogation in our ambulatory clinic during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to eight hundred seventy-nine patients in the control period. There was significant higher amount of adequate ICD therapies in the course of the COVID-19 period. Thirty-six patients (4.5%) received in total eighty-five appropriate ICD interventions during COVID-19, whereas only sixteen patients (1.8%) had sustained VA in the control period (p = 0.01).ConclusionIn contrast to the first wave of COVID-19, which was characterized by a decrease or least stable number of ICD therapies in several centers, we found a significant increase of VA in ICD patients during the second wave of COVID-19. Possible explanations for this observation include higher infectious rates, potential cardiac side effects of the vaccination as well as personal behavioral changes, or reduced utilization of medical services.

Testing the Effects of a Multicomponent Frailty Management Program for Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Singapore: A Feasibility Study.

Frailty in later life is often associated with functional declines and reduced quality of life. A multicomponent frailty management program (mFMP) is lacking in Singapore. This study aimed to determine the feasibility and effects of an mFMP in reducing frailty and increasing participation among frail community-living older adults. Pre- and postassessments at three time points were conducted to compare the differences in body functions between the mFMP (experimental group [EG]) and a fitness program (control group [CG]). Recruitment, dropouts, and fall data were collected. Weekly field notes and semistructured interviews postintervention were thematically analyzed. Sixteen out of 23 participants (EG: eight; CG: eight) completed the 12-week interventions with reduced frailty immediately postintervention. At 3-month postintervention, 10 participants (EG: five; CG: five) being followed up had a sustained level of frailty (p < .05). The EG and CG reported zero and two falls, respectively. The mFMP demonstrated its feasibility and exhibited a trend to facilitate personal behavioral changes postintervention.

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Konwlege regarding Prevention and Management of Oral Cancer

Oral cancer includes cancers of the lip, other parts of the mouth and the oropharynx and combined rank as the 13th most common cancer worldwide. In India, it is the third most common cancer overall but the most common cancer among males, and also ranks third among the various cancer types contributing to mortality in the country. While oral health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain process and understand basic oral health information and service needed to make appropriate health decision. It has been suggested that lower patient health literacy is a barrier to effective medical diagnosis and treatment. The present pre experimental one group pre-test and post-test design research study was conducted among nursing students to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding oral cancer. The researcher selected 60 samples based on purposive sampling technique. The results shown that the level of knowledge was improved after ST, which indicates the STP was effective. The resercher concluded that, the teaching aids will be helpful in improving knowledge among students as well as public. The resercher recommended that, the community education programe and personal behaviour change education is required for cancer free nation.

Transformation of a Criminal Personality in the Post-Industrial Society

The authors describe the specifics of the transformation of criminal personality while taking into consideration the modern realities of the post-industrial society, and trace the connection between the criminalization of a person and the social prerequisites of forming a criminal motivation. The authors note that the hierarchy of values in the society has been condirably influenced by a distorted material ideology, by self-interest and an egoistic attitude of a person to the community and its members, which resulted in the substitution of spiritual bonds, a deterioration of morality and the contraposition of the individual and the interests of the society. This lead to the transformation of crimes and the emergence their new forms, a tolerance to criminal acts, and the increased public danger of criminal acts. The authors attempt to analyze the comparative-temporal transformation of the moral-motivational sphere of personality on the basis of a negative-positive approach to assessing the changes in personal behavior against the background of social processes. At the same time, the authors’ empirical research proves the shift in the moral-ethical codes for different categories of respondents, including convicts and ex-convicts as well as those who, due to their activities, may fall within one of these categories. The transformation of public relations that happened during the special military operation lead to changes in the conscience of persons previously convicted for committing publicly dangerous acts. This in itself is a subject of research that requires understanding on the level of criminal law doctrine and criminology, and became the basis of the current research. The authors present examples of positive personal transformations of ex-convicts who later devoted their lives to religious service, or persons, specifically law enforcement officers, who reconsidered their views, convictions and attitude to crimes of corruption under the influence, among other things, of anti-corruption education. The article proves the need for developing an ideological basis with the goal of returning spiritual and moral fundamentals to the society, building the hierarchy of values of each individual without separation from the society, which will act as special prevention. The authors note a demand for forming a unified ideological basis in crime counteracton, and for the de-criminalization of society in order to ensure criminological security at both the individual and the general social levels.

Impact of individual and environmental factors on academic performance of pregnant adolescent

BackgroundTeenage pregnancies continue to disrupt teenage girls’ academic development. As a result, teenage mothers are at risk of unemployment, maternal death, and poverty. Previous research, however, has shown that both individual and environmental factors can have a significant impact on the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy. However, there has been little rigorous research on the impact of these factors on pregnant students’ academic performance.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental (neighbourhood) and individuals (sexual attitudes, peer attachment) factors. It also examined the influence of individual factors on the academic performance of pregnant teens.MethodsThe study included a cross-sectional study of 400 pregnant adolescent students aged 15–19 years. The target groups were drawn from three major cities in Nigeria. Respondents were identified through targeted snowballing. Pregnant participants were a combination of married and unmarried girls attending school from home. Data were collected using a structured and self-completed questionnaire. Thus, frequency, mean and standard deviation were used for descriptive analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to show the relationship between variables.ResultsThe study found that neighbourhood (r=-.125, p = .12) had a negative and significant relationship with peer attachment. However, there was no significant evidence of a relationship between sexual attitudes and neighbourhood (r=-.040, p = .422). There was, however, a significant relationship between sexual attitudes and academic performance (r = .236, p = .000). There was also a relationship between peer attachment and academic performance (r=-.401, p = < 0.001).ConclusionThis study suggests that the academic performance of pregnant teenagers necessitates a combination of approaches, which includes changes in personal and prosocial behaviour, and environmental reforms. This can be achieved through, peer education, school day-care, subsidised or free contraceptives, free or subsidized education, and community programmes that positively influence young adults in the neighbourhood. These approaches can indirectly boost self-efficacy, motivation, and confidence to achieve higher academic feat, while reducing school dropout rate among the target groups.

Feasibility and acceptability of continuous identity cognitive therapy as a recovery-oriented suicide treatment for Veterans: A study protocol

BackgroundSuicide is a leading cause of death among Veterans, with rates significantly higher than the general population. To address this issue, it is crucial to develop and implement more effective treatments for Veterans with suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors, particularly those in the post-acute suicidal episode (PASE) stage. The present study aims to establish the feasibility and acceptability of a novel, recovery-oriented treatment called Continuous Identity Cognitive Therapy (CI-CT) for PASE Veterans. MethodsThis 3-year open-label pilot study will include three one-arm trials and a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT). A total of 57 Veterans with a history of an acute suicidal episode within the previous year will be recruited. Primary outcome measures will include changes in personal recovery, suicidal thoughts, and behaviors. Secondary outcomes will include changes in self-identity, life satisfaction, and hopefulness. Feasibility and acceptability will be assessed through attendance and retention rates, drop-out rates, and client satisfaction. ConclusionThis study aims to develop and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a novel recovery-oriented intervention for Veterans experiencing PASE. If the intervention is found to be feasible and acceptable, a manualized version will be finalized and a large-scale multi-site RCT will be designed to assess its clinical efficacy on a broader Veteran population. The results of this trial will aid in the development of effective treatment and provide valuable insights into the preliminary feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of this approach in reducing suicidal thoughts and behaviors and promoting recovery and rehabilitation in this population.

The change in occupational participation and quality of life following occupational therapy for people supervised by probation.

The probation system is a penal and enforcement system in which the completion of sentences of individuals who are incarcerated and rehabilitation processes are carried out together. This study considered the change in occupational participation and quality of life following occupational therapy for people supervised by probation. The research was planned as a pre-test and post-test study. Fifteen individuals participated in the study voluntarily. The participants completed the Socio-Demographic Information Form, COPM for occupational participation, and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) for quality of life. We implemented an intervention program consisting of, on average, 1 h once a week for 12 weeks. Post-intervention evaluations were completed, and the results were compared. There was a significant difference between the pre-intervention and post-intervention measures of the total quality of life scores (p = 0.003) and the COPM scores for performance (p = 0.001) and satisfaction (p = 0.001). Implementing a client-centred occupational therapy intervention involving personal behaviour, organisational environment, and activity change resulted in an increase in clients' activity performance, satisfaction with their performance, and quality of life.

Pelatihan Kewirausahaan Makanan Khas Budaya Karo di UD Silangit Kabanjahe Kabupaten Karo

In this Millennial era, there are a lot of rapid changes resulting in every time our footsteps must also change quickly for a better direction. It cannot be denied that in the end changes are able to follow it and have a negative impact on those who are slow to respond. Of the many changes that have occurred, the most important changes to pay attention to are changes in human thinking patterns, changes in lifestyle, tastes and personal behavior, from children to adults, both in cities and villages which ultimately affect one's view of something. including changes in the mindset of our students today.&#x0D; The background of why entrepreneurship is necessary is to be able to look at a better future. With entrepreneurship, it is hoped that someone will be able to be independent, create jobs for others, and be the boss of their business. In other words, it is better to pay a salary than to be a salary person.&#x0D; It is necessary to create a climate that can change the mindset, both mental and motivation of parents, lecturers and students so that later their children are accustomed to creating jobs rather than looking for work. One way is to change the mentality and motivation that has been so embedded in every human being, especially in the Karo Culture Food Entrepreneurship Training UD Silangit Karo Regency.

Design Principles in mHealth Interventions for Sustainable Health Behavior Changes: Protocol for a Systematic Review.

In recent years, mHealth has increasingly been used to deliver behavioral interventions for disease prevention and self-management. Computing power in mHealth tools can provide unique functions beyond conventional interventions in provisioning personalized behavior change recommendations and delivering them in real time, supported by dialogue systems. However, design principles to incorporate these features in mHealth interventions have not been systematically evaluated. The goal of this review is to identify best practices for the design of mHealth interventions targeting diet, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. We aim to identify and summarize the design characteristics of current mHealth tools with a focus on the following features: (1) personalization, (2) real-time functions, and (3) deliverable resources. We will conduct a systematic search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science for studies published since 2010. First, we will use keywords that combine mHealth, interventions, chronic disease prevention, and self-management. Second, we will use keywords that cover diet, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Literature found in the first and second steps will be combined. Finally, we will use keywords for personalization and real-time functions to limit the results to interventions that have reported these design features. We expect to perform narrative syntheses for each of the 3 target design features. Study quality will be evaluated using the Risk of Bias 2 assessment tool. We have conducted a preliminary search of existing systematic reviews and review protocols on mHealth-supported behavior change interventions. We have identified several reviews that aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mHealth behavior change interventions in a range of populations, evaluate methodologies for assessing mHealth behavior change randomized trials, and assess the diversity of behavior change techniques and theories in mHealth interventions. However, syntheses on the unique features of mHealth intervention design are absent in the literature. Our findings will provide a basis for developing best practices for designing mHealth tools for sustainable behavior change. PROSPERO CRD42021261078; https://tinyurl.com/m454r65t. PRR1-10.2196/39093.

I Believe I Can Try: Self-Efficacy, Pandemic Behaviors, Coping, and Learning.

While colleges and universities grapple with delivering instruction face-to-face during the pandemic, there is still a lot to learn from remote teaching experiences. The present study aimed to predict self-reported learning during the first year of the pandemic. Building on previous scholarship on the topic, we focus on the moderating effects of self-efficacy, and the mediating effects of coping styles on the relationship between stress and self-reported learning experiences. We also included self-perceptions of class effort, the instructor, and changes in class, personal, professor, and health behaviors. Students (N = 272) in Introductory Psychology classes participated in an online survey as part of a class research requirement. Analyses demonstrated that self-efficacy predicted differences in many measures associated with learning and predicted learning over and above all other variables entered in a hierarchical regression. The relationship between stress and learning was mediated by coping, but not moderated by self-efficacy. These results suggest student beliefs about their ability to perform online are important to learning outcomes, but coping mechanisms mediate the relationship of stress and learning. Especially while teaching during pandemic times using different modalities, instructors will do well to directly address students' perceptions of their own ability and build self-efficacy.

Stigma, Post-traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Vaccination Intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States.

Background: Stigma and discrimination during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have increased precipitously worldwide. This multinational study examines how stigma, blaming groups for virus spread, concern regarding contracting the virus, resource loss, life satisfaction, and protective behaviors that help control the spread of COVID-19 are associated with post-traumatic stress and vaccine intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States. Method: 1429 people in Mongolia, India, and the United States completed measures assessing stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic, post-traumatic stress, blame, protective behaviors, and vaccine intent. Results: Mean post-traumatic stress scores in all three countries exceeded the cut-off that is commonly used to determine probable post-traumatic stress. Post-traumatic stress was associated with COVID-19 stigma experience, personal behavior change due to COVID-19 stigma, blaming groups for the spread of COVID-19, fear of COVID-19, and resource loss. In India and the United States, personal behavior change due to COVID-19 stigma, anger at individuals spreading COVID-19, and perceived susceptibility to illness were positively associated with vaccine intent. Conclusions: Stigma is a collateral stressor during the pandemic. The findings underscore the importance of prompt action to address stigma as a deleterious consequence of the pandemic. The findings illuminate potential barriers to receiving the vaccine and provide direction for future research to address barriers.

Returning to critical pedagogy in a world of datafication

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a further extension of the sociotechnical logics of digital platforms to every realm of social life. Given the colonialist, oppressive and exploitative dynamics through which digital platforms work, several scholars supported the need to embrace an openly activist role to help individuals contrast the ways in which they are trapped in loops of dependency and trajectorism. Drawing on the results of 40 auto-ethnographic diaries, this paper showcases the usefulness of critical pedagogical techniques in enhancing critical awareness regarding hegemonic datafication structures, while also arguing that despite a good level of consciousness raising, it remains difficult for people to go beyond subalternity and make more concrete changes in personal and collective behaviors. We contend that to break persistent feelings of dependency, it is necessary to go further with a two-step process combining autoethnographic tools, aimed at increasing critical algorithmic awareness, with the development of data science skills that can help individuals acquiring more precise knowledge schemes and scaling down the power of giant corporations, thereby building individual and collective capacities to use data for developing counter-narratives about possible futures.

Analysis of the awareness of personal responsibility for interpersonal and social conflicts (based on the application of the author's psychological exercises)

The article, based on the analysis of scientific sources and empirical material, characterizes the method of analyzing the awareness of personal responsibility for the course of interpersonal and social conflicts, composed of three author's exercises: "Communication Style Circles"; "Vibrations: "I am in conflict", "Vibrations: "I and the World (society/other people)". Methodological approaches to the development of each psychological exercise are substantiated. It was concluded that nowadays we are used to consider social conflict as a "separate", independent "mechanism", forgetting that each person is a component of the system, and a set of negative psycho-emotional states, intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts give rise to social conflict, from the point of view of the systemic approach. At the same time, an individual's understanding of this aspect is not yet an awareness and an unequivocal change in worldview and personal conflict behavior, because everyone continues to "expect" that: a) The world "must change first in a conflict"; b) the social conflict must be changed by "someone" (the government, a specific president, the military, etc.); c) a person, i.e. a personal conflict psycho-emotional state (intrapersonal conflict), cannot in any way influence social conflict, etc. It was concluded that people are used to perceiving the "threat" of conflict from the outside - from the World - and do not think at all about the impact of intrapersonal conflict on the World. The concept of "mirror reflection of personal conflict behavior" is introduced. The reasons for personal conflict behavior are defined as: a) selfishness of each person; b) reluctance to work on oneself, primarily on the correction of negative psycho-emotional states (elimination of intrapersonal conflict); c) the formation of the habit of such social behavior and the constant creation of interpersonal conflicts; c) indifference and irresponsibility as typical moral qualities of a modern person, etc. The development of a separate socio-educational technology is required for the formation of noospheric, in-depth anti-conflict thinking, awareness of personal responsibility for the course of the conflict.

Abstracts Teaching Kitchen Research Conference Los Angeles, California October 18–19, 2022

Abstracts Teaching Kitchen Research Conference Los Angeles, California <i>October 18–19, 2022</i>

Health care systems administrators perspectives on antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control programs across three healthcare levels: a qualitative study.

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and infection prevention control (IPC) programs are proposed to address antimicrobial resistance. Nigeria's 5-years action plan for these programs is expiring by 2022. The objective of this study was to examine the perspectives, barriers and facilitators of these programs among health care managers and the current state of these programs in the three levels of healthcare facilities in Benin City, Nigeria. Fourteen in-depth interviews were conducted among hospital manager across primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities. The interviews were guided by semi-structured questionnaire. Responses were audio-taped and hand written. Data were analyzed by transcribing recorded tapes into major themes. Most of the participants viewed inappropriate prescribing as a problem both in the country and their facilities. None of the institutions have a formal AMS program, but participants believed that the presence of drug and therapeutic committee is a foundation for such programme. Majority of the participants acknowledged barriers to AMS to include lack of management backing, interprofessional rivalry, and poor laboratories. Only the tertiary institution has a formal IPC program. Some challenges to IPC across the healthcare institutions are inadequate waste disposal, lack of personal protective equipment and behavioral change among healthcare providers. There is no AMS program across all facilities studied, although some forms of IPC activities are present in all healthcare institutions, only the tertiary facility has a formal IPC program. Effort should be made to strengthen AMS and IPC in the study facilities.