Changes In Ovarian Function Research Articles

Vitamin D status alters genes involved in ovarian steroidogenesis in muskrat granulosa cells

This study aims to explore the relationship between altered vitamin D (VitD3) status and ovarian steroidogenesis in muskrats during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. During the breeding season, the ovaries of muskrats were observably enlarged and increased in weight, accompanied by elevated serum and ovarian VitD3 status. Vitamin D receptor (VDR), VitD3 metabolic molecules (CYP2R1, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1), and steroidogenic enzymes were immunolocalized in the ovarian cells of muskrats. The mRNA levels of VDR, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, and steroidogenic enzymes were considerably higher during the breeding season compared to the non-breeding season. RNA-seq analysis revealed a prominent enrichment of vitamin-related and ovarian steroidogenesis pathways. Furthermore, the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 to the muskrat granulosa cells in vitro increased VDR and steroidogenic enzymes mRNA levels and enhanced the 17β-estradiol level. Overall, these findings supported that VitD3 promotes the secretion of steroid hormones, thereby affecting seasonal changes in ovarian function in the muskrats.

Effect Of Yoga Exercise On Sleep Quality Among Menopausal Women : Literature Review

Introduction: Menopause causes changes in ovarian function which will automatically affect hormone production, which can cause various complaints. The increase in the number of elderly women will certainly cause its own problems, namely the emergence of complaints during menopause which can affect health. It causes discomfort and sometimes causes disruption in daily work, so it can affect the quality of life of menopausal women. Yoga is an effort to unite physical and physical strength and stimulate increased production of beta endorpine to reduce complaints due to menopause. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of yoga exercise on sleep quality and cognitive function in the elderly. This research is a literature review research. Material and Methods: This research examines topics related to the effect of yoga exercise on sleep quality in the elderly and menopause from previous studies. The literature reviewed and studied was 15 pieces of literature with 6 pieces of literature discussing the effect of yoga exercise on sleep quality in the elderly, especially during menopause. The literature consists of journals with a travel year from 2017 to 2023. Literature collection was done through Google scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct by PRISMA. Results: The results of this study show that yoga exercises carried out regularly, both in the long and short term, can improve and improve the sleep quality of the elderly, especially menopausal women. Yoga exercise can also maintain the cognitive function of the elderly and prevent the elderly from dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion : The evidence is insufficient to suggest that yoga is an effective intervention for menopause. Further research is required to investigate whether there are specific benefits of yoga for treating menopausal symptoms.

Efficacy of GnRH-α combined with Mirena in the treatment of adenomyosis and its impact on ovarian function

Objective : To discuss and analyze the clinical effects and changes of ovarian function after GnRH-α combined with Mirena treatment in patients with adenomyosis. Methods: The research subjects in this study were all adenomyosis patients (60 cases) who were admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to June 2022. They were randomly divided into control group (30 cases, receiving Mirena treatment) and observation group (30 cases, receiving GnRH-α combined with Mirena treatment). Compare the relevant indicators of the two groups. Results: After treatment, the uterine volume of the observation group and the control group were smaller than before treatment, the thickness of endometrium was thinner than before treatment, the VAS score, PBAC score, serum FSH, LH, E2 levels were all lower than before treatment, the serum AMH level, and various FSFI scores were higher than before treatment, and the trend of the former was more obvious. The comparison of the total incidence of adverse reactions between the observation group and the control group showed that the former was lower (all P < 0.05 ). Conclusion: The application of GnRH-α combined with Mirena in patients with adenomyosis can reduce the amount of menstrual bleeding, reduce the volume of the uterus, relieve pain, promote the recovery of ovarian function, improve the quality of sexual life, and have high safety. It is worthy of extensive follow-up application.

P-675 Analysis of a digitally integrated ovulation date kit to determine ovulation precisely

Abstract Study question Do digitally integrated ovulation prediction kits (OPK) predict the fertile window and the ovulation date accurately? And can this prediction be proven by sonography? Summary answer Particularly for subfertile women with irregular cycles, OPKs can help predict their fertile window and ovulation day, in accordance with vaginal sonography. What is known already The fertile window is defined as the period of five days before ovulation including the day of ovulation itself. Prediction based only on cohort observations or historical datasets may be inaccurate for women with irregular cycles, particularly when unforeseen changes of ovarian function occur during reproductive life. Urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) assays and smartphone applications are already widely used to detect the optimal time for conception, but can only predict a likelihood of ovulation without proof. Study design, size, duration 100 healthy women between the ages of 21 and 45, cycle length up to 42 days, trying to conceive and without hormone intake were to be recruited in the gynecological outpatient clinics of the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and of the University of Ulm. Each participant entered the study for up to three consecutive cycles. Two vaginal ultrasound scans were performed per cycle – before and after the ovulation date prognosis by the app. Participants/materials, setting, methods After informed consent, participants downloaded the smartphone application “Pearl Fertility” and received OPKs consisting of four different sets of lateral flow immunoassay test strips (LFIA): for luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin. Home measurements with LFIAs were performed with morning urine. The phone camera feed analyzed the color information of the LFIAs. Three differently prioritized algorithms calculated the ovulation date. Two questionnaires evaluated patient baseline characteristics and their perception of the app. Main results and the role of chance 89 women were recruited. Mean age was 34.6 yrs. (SD ± 4.2). On average, the included women had tried to conceive for 7.5 (±5) months before joining the study. 8% (n = 7) became pregnant before the first cycle started.140 completed cycles in 71 remaining women were analyzed so far. 46% of the recruited women completed the study after 3 cycles, the drop-out-rate was 32.4%. The app predicted ovulation for cycle day 14.3 (mean, SD ± 3.5). In 25 cycles the date of ovulation was before day 12 and in 33 cycles on day 16 or later. The first ultrasound was done on cycle day 13.5 (mean, SD ± 3), the second ultrasound on cycle day 17.6 (mean, SD ± 3.6). In several cycles at least one (up to three) corrections of the prognosis occurred by the app, resulting in the day of predicted ovulation being moved either backward (retrospectively) or forward by 2.5 (mean, SD ± 1.9) days. Urinary progesterone measured with the OPK and post-ovulatory ultrasound were in accordance in the majority of cycles. 17% (n = 12) of the women became pregnant in the current analysis (mean duration to pregnancy: 1.3 cycles). In the ITT population (after informed consent) the rate was 23%. Limitations, reasons for caution This study was performed without a control group. Therefore, as an intraindividual control, a follow-up is planned to calculate the pregnancy rates and outcomes with and after the use of the app. Wider implications of the findings Our study shows that digitally integrated OPK are able to predict the fertile window and the ovulation date in a slightly subfertile cohort unselected for mild cycle irregularities. An early and accurate prediction may help couples to conceive, particularly if the date of ovulation is divergent from standard information. Trial registration number Not applicable

Changes of ovarian function in perimenopausal women in recent years: a single center retrospective analysis

Context: With the improvement of people's quality of life, women's life expectancy is getting longer and longer. It is found that the number of late menopausal women around them has increased significantly. At the same time, due to the pressure of work and life, young women are also getting older for unknown reasons. Is the menopausal age of women delayed in recent years?

Iron deposition in ovarian endometriosis evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging R2* correlates with ovarian function

Research questionDoes iron overload in patients with endometriosis affect ovarian function? Can a method be developed to visually reflect this? DesignMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) R2* was used to evaluate the correlation between iron deposition of ovarian and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in patients with endometriosis. All patients underwent T2* MRI scanning. Serum AMH levels were measured preoperatively. The area of focal iron deposition, iron content of the cystic fluid and AMH levels between the endometriosis and control groups were compared using non-parametric tests. The effects of iron overload on AMH secretion in mouse ovarian granulosa cells were investigated by adding different concentrations of ferric citrate to the medium. ResultsA significant difference was found between endometriosis and control groups in area of iron deposition (P < 0.0001), cystic fluid iron content (P < 0.0001), R2* of lesions (P < 0.0001) and R2* of the cystic fluid (P < 0.0001). Negative correlations were found between serum AMH levels and R2* of cystic lesions in patients with endometriosis aged 18–35 years (rs = –0.6484, P < 0.0001), and between serum AMH levels and R2* of cystic fluid (rs = –0.5074, P = 0.0050). Transcription level (P < 0.0005) and secretion level (P < 0.005) of AMH significantly decreased with the increase in iron exposure. ConclusionIron deposits can impair ovarian function, which is reflected in MRI R2*. Serum AMH levels and R2* of cystic lesions or fluid in patients aged 18–35 years had a negative correlation with endometriosis. R2* can be used to reflect the changes of ovarian function caused by iron deposition.

Serum GDF9 and BMP15 as potential markers of ovarian function in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome.

Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP15) are critical paracrine regulators of female fertility and are predominantly expressed by oocytes. However, it is unknown if serum concentrations reflect changes in ovarian function and/or reproductive endocrine disorders. This study aimed to determine if serum GDF9/BMP15 are associated with ovarian, pituitary, oestrogenic, androgenic and metabolic characteristics and the ovarian pathologies, polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women aged 21-45 years (n = 381) were included from a cross-sectional study at the National University Hospital, Singapore. Participants were volunteers and patients with possible PCOS. Anthropometric measurements, transvaginal ultrasound scans and serum sampling were performed and a questionnairecompleted. Serum GDF9 and BMP15 concentrations were matched with menstrual cycle length, ovarian protein and steroid hormone production, pituitary hormone production and metabolic assessments in women with PCOM or PCOS and those with neither (control). Serum GDF9 and BMP15 were detectable in 40% and 41% of women, respectively and were positively correlated with each other (r = 0.08, p = 0.003). GDF9, but not BMP15, was positively correlated with ovarian volume (p = 0.02) and antral follicle count(AFC) (p = 0.004), but not with anti-Müllerian hormone(p = 0.05). However, serum GDF9 and BMP15 concentrations were not significantly different between control, PCOM and PCOS women, nor associated with androgenic or metabolic PCOS features. However, the relationship between GDF9 and AFC differed between control, PCOM and PCOS women (p = 0.02). Serum GDF9 and BMP15 concentrations somewhat reflect ovarian but not androgenic or metabolic characteristics of PCOS, with increased GDF9 reflecting high AFC as seen in PCOM/PCOS.

HUMSCs Transplantation Regulates AMPK/NR4A1 Signaling Axis to Inhibit Ovarian Fibrosis in POI Rats.

The mechanism of human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUMSCs) transplantation to improve ovarian function in the rats with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the signal axis mechanism that is involved in the ovarian function recovery of POI rats following hUMSCs transplantation. The rat model with POI was established by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin. The hUMSCs were transplanted by caudal vein injection into POI rats.Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was performed to examine the morphology of rat ovarian tissue.Masson staining, Sirus red staining and immunofluorescence were used to observe the fibrosis extent of ovarian tissue. The levels of serum sex hormones and the expression of fibrosis related markers in ovarian tissueswere measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The expression of NR4A1, Phospho-NR4A1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in rat ovarian tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The role of AMPK/NR4A1 signaling axis in the regulation of ovarian function recovery in POI rats following hUMSCs transplantation was further investigated by adenovirus and siRNA intervention in isolated stromal cells. The results showed that the hUMSCs transplantation significantly inhibited ovarian tissue fibrosis and restored the ovarian function in POI rats.The level of NR4A1 and AMPK expression in ovarian tissue of POI rats after hUMSCs transplantation was significantly increased compared with the control group.In the cultured ovarian stromal cells, the similar results were obtained on the expression of NR4A1 and its regulation on fibrosis related molecular markers in Cisplatin (CDDP) damaged stromal cells following hUMSCs supernatant treatment. Both hUMSCs supernatant treatment and the addition of AMPK inhibitors increased NR4A1 expression in stromal cells. And after NR4A1 molecular intervention, fibrosis-related indicators in stromal cells changed. The data suggests that the AMPK/NR4A1 signaling axis is involved in the ovarian function changes in POI rats following hUMSCs transplantation. The data from this study indicate that the inhibition of tissue fibrosis and recovery of ovarian function is regulated by AMPK/NR4A1 signaling axis in POI rats following hUMSCs transplantation.

P-453 No major changes in ovarian function after unilateral ovariectomy in the context of ovarian tissue cryopreservation in girls with Turner syndrome

Abstract Study question What is the impact of unilateral ovariectomy on the ovarian function in girls with Turner syndrome (TS) undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC)? Summary answer In most girls with TS, ovarian markers remained stable up to three years after unilateral ovariectomy. What is known already Girls with TS have a complete or partial loss of one of the sex-chromosomes causing premature ovarian insufficiency which reduces the chances of a spontaneous pregnancy. OTC may be an option to preserve fertility at an early age to increase the chance on genetic offspring. However, this requires a unilateral ovariectomy for young girls with TS who are already subjected to an accelerated loss of ovarian reserve. Previous research in women without TS undergoing a unilateral ovariectomy has shown that the remaining ovary compensate for the function of the removed ovary with no effect on pubertal development and fertility outcome. Study design, size, duration This is a descriptive study of 28 girls with TS (age 5-19 years). Girls were monitored for up to three years after unilateral ovariectomy on pubertal development, and level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestrogen, Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B. Participants/materials, setting, methods The cohort was recruited from girls with TS undergoing OTC as part of the ongoing TurnerFertility study at a university medical centre. Follicles were found in the ovarian cortex fragments in 28 of the 86 cases. These cases were considered to have functional ovaries and were included in the study. Main results and the role of chance Follow-up data are not yet available for three girls because they had surgery only three months ago. Of the other 25 girls, two girls had a monosomic karyotype (45,X), fourteen were mosaic (45,X/46,XX), four had a mosaic with triple X-chromosome (45,X/47,XXX) and five girls had structural aberrations of the X chromosome. Ten girls were prepubertal at time of unilateral ovariectomy, twelve girls had a spontaneous thelarche and three girl had induced puberty. After unilateral ovariectomy, one of the 10 prepubertal girls entered puberty spontaneously and one of the prepubertal girls needed puberty induction. It is still unknown what the impact of a unilateral ovariectomy will be on the pubertal development of the other girls, due to their young age but AMH levels remained stable. 8/12 girls with spontaneous thelarche maintained a measurable AMH and FSH &amp;lt;20 IE/L during the median follow-up of 20 months (IQR 13-30). 4/12 girls with spontaneous thelarche before OTC needed hormone supplementation because of signs of premature ovarian insufficiency, e.g. irregular menstruations (n = 2), flushes (n = 1) and high FSH (84 IE/L; n = 1). However, these girls had unfavourable hormonal parameters before unilateral ovariectomy (e.g. AMH &amp;lt; 0.5 ug/L or FSH &amp;gt; 20 IE/L). Limitations, reasons for caution These results should be interpreted with caution because of the highly heterogeneous population of girls with TS. Moreover, the results should ideally be compared with age- and karyotype-matched controls to determine the natural course of ovarian function of girls with TS. Wider implications of the findings This cohort will be monitored for a longer period of time to observe the consequences on pubertal development, need for hormone supplementation, and eventually fertility outcome. If OTC becomes part of routine care for girls with TS, our results will be of great value in the counselling for future parenthood. Trial registration number NCT03381300

Ovarian function following use of various hemostatic techniques during treatment for unilateral endometrioma: Arandomized controlled trial.

To compare the effect of hemostatic techniques (bipolar energy versus hemostatic sealants versus suture) on the ovarian reserve of patients submitted to laparoscopic cystectomy for the surgical excision of unilateral endometrioma. A randomized controlled trial conducted in a teaching hospital included 84 patients with unilateral endometrioma. The patients underwent laparoscopic stripping for excision of the unilateral endometrioma between March 2018 and February 2020. Three different hemostatic techniques-bipolar energy (Group 1), hemostatic sealants (Group 2), and suture (Group 3)-were compared. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured before, and 1 and 6months after surgery to determine changes in ovarian function. Following surgery, AMH levels decreased in all the groups; however, this decrease was not statistically significant. Comparison between groups showed no statistically significant differences in AMH levels between the three hemostatic techniques used. Six months after surgery, median AMH levels were: 1.65ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR] 0.62-2.08ng/mL) in Group 1, 1.87ng/mL (IQR 1.27-2.97ng/mL) in Group 2, and 1.53ng/mL (IQR 1.18-2.44ng/mL) in Group 3. The present study suggests that there is no difference between the different hemostatic techniques used in laparoscopic cystectomy for the treatment of unilateral endometriomas. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03430609. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03430609.

Lowered progesterone metabolite excretion and a variable LH excretion pattern are associated with vasomotor symptoms but not negative mood in the early perimenopausal transition: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

ObjectiveThe menopausal transition is characterized by progressive changes in ovarian function and increasing circulating levels of gonadotropins, with some women having irregular menstrual cycles well before their final menstrual period. These observations indicate a progressive breakdown of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis often associated with an increase in menopausal symptoms. Relationships between vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and depressed mood and sleep as well as a bidirectional association between VMS and depressed mood in mid-life women have been reported, but the endocrine foundations and hormone profiles associated with these symptoms have not been well described. Our objective was to determine the relationship between daily urinary hormone profiles and daily logs of affect and VMS during the early perimenopausal transition. Study DesignSWAN, the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation, is a large, mutli-ethnic, multisite cohort study of 3302 women aged 42–52 at baseline, designed to examine predictors of health and disease in women as they traversed the menopause. Inclusion criteria were: an intact uterus and at least one ovary present, at least one menstrual period in the previous three months, no use of sex steroid hormones in the previous three months, and not pregnant or lactating. A subset (n = 849) of women aged 43–53 years from all study sites in the first Daily Hormone Study collection were evaluated for this substudy. Outcome MeasuresWe measured daily VMS, and urinary hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) and estradiol (estrone conjugate, E1C). ResultsA variable pattern of LH and negative LH feedback were the hormone patterns most strongly associated with increased VMS. In contrast, no hormone pattern was significantly related to negative mood. ConclusionFluctuations of LH associated with low progesterone production were associated with VMS but not negative mood, suggesting different endocrine patterns may be related to increased negative mood than to the occurrence of VMS.

Re-evaluation of reproductive cycle and fecundity of finetooth sharks Carcharhinus isodon (Valenciennes 1839) from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, with new observations on ovarian cycle and reproductive endocrinology of biennially reproducing sharks.

To provide updated information on life history for improved fishery management, the reproductive cycle of the finetooth shark Carcharhinus isodon from Northwest Atlantic (NWA) populations was investigated by examining temporal changes in morphology and histology of reproductive organs. Changes in plasma concentrations of gonadal sex hormones in relation to reproductive stage were also examined. Increases in testis width, epididymis head width, plasma testosterone concentrations and occurrence of mature spermatozoa were observed in male sharks between December and April, suggesting a seasonal pattern in reproduction that culminates with copulatory activity in May. Increases in maximum follicular diameter, oviducal gland width, plasma 17β-estradiol concentrations and occurrence of vitellogenic follicles were observed in non-pregnant female sharks during the same time period along with the occurrence of newly pregnant females in May, demonstrating strong synchronicity between male and female reproductive cycles. Pregnant females bearing full-term embryos were also observed in May, indicating that parturition occurs between mid-May and early June and gestation requires 12 months. Only transient temporal changes in follicle size and oviducal gland width were observed in pregnant females, indicating that reproductive periodicity is biennial; nonetheless, a single female exhibiting signs of concurrent vitellogenesis and pregnancy was observed. Mean brood size ± S.D. was 3.9 ± 0.9 offspring/female. Fecundity was not significantly correlated with female size, in part due to an unexpectedly high rate of early embryo mortality, which occurred in 11% of pregnant females, and was more common in larger individuals. Changes in ovarian activity during mid-pregnancy were observed, suggesting possible roles for the ovary in regulating some aspects of early to mid-gestation. This study confirms that earlier characterizations of the reproductive cycle and fecundity in NWA finetooth sharks remain valid for use in fishery management. This study also highlights unusual features of finetooth shark pregnancy (e.g., early embryo death, mid-pregnancy changes in ovarian function) that may have broader relevance to understanding elasmobranch reproduction.

SUN-245 Sensory Neuron Metabolism Mediates Changes in Ovarian Function via LKB1

Bi-directional communication between sensory neurons to peripheral tissue to mediate physiology has become an area of interest. Previous research on peripheral neuron control of ovarian function shows that lesioning the superior ovarian nerve resulted in decreased estradiol release from the ovary; but there has been little research on how sensory neurons affect ovarian physiology. Interestingly, the metabolic activity of sensory neurons that control ovarian and follicular function may have profound effects on tissues they innervate. LKB1 (Liver Kinase B1) is a metabolic kinase that regulates cell growth and polarity. When downregulated in cortical neurons in vitro, leads to shorter axons with less branching. Female mice with LKB1 removed from their peripheral sensory neurons have litters more often and increased litter sizes compared to wild-type mice, which led to the investigation into the mechanisms into the role of LKB1 in sensory neurons in ovarian function. Nav1.8cre-LKB1fl/fl mice were used to assess the removal of LKB1 from Nav1.8-expressing neurons on the mechanisms behind reproductive viability. The estrus cycle was tracked by using vaginal lavage to collect cells from the vagina twice per day for ten days, and cytology was assessed to determine phase. Ovaries were collected from mice in all phases of the estrus cycle, sectioned at 8 micron thickness, stained with H&E. Follicle sizes and numbers were measured on 8 sections per ovary. Sensory innervation was measured by clearing whole ovary using ScaleS1 and using confocal microscopy to image through the whole tissue for sensory neurons tagged with tdTomato and DAPI. Our data indicate that Nav1.8-expressing neurons innervate the ovary from celiac ganglia, upper lumbar, and lower thoracic dorsal root ganglia. Nav1.8cre-LKB1fl/fl mice have larger litters and breed more frequently compared to cre-negative litter mates (WT). Nav1.8cre-LKB1fl/fl mice have larger ovaries, spend less time in proestrus, and have greater follicular turnover compared to WT mice. Phase-matched ovaries from Nav1.8cre-LKB1fl/fl mice in proestrus show greater numbers of antral and degenerating follicles than WT mice, but similar numbers of immature follicles; however, the size of all follicles from Nav1.8cre-LKB1fl/fl mice are smaller than follicles from WT mice. Nav1.8cre-LKB1fl/fl mice have improved reproductive viability by increased follicular turnover rate, more mature follicles, and shortened estrus cycle length.

To determine age of appearance of secondary sexual character and age of menarche in working girls of urban slum area

Introduction: Adolescence is the developmental phase between childhood and adulthood with specific psychological attributes. In normal girl evidence of sexual maturation characteristically appears not at four or forty, but at 8 or 10 or 12 years of age. At that time, most healthy girls begin to have physical manifestation of the changes in ovarian function that are associated with reproductive maturity. Their breasts start to bud, and hair appears in the pubic and axillary regions. The timely appearance of the menarche gives assurance that the other less recognizable feature of puberty and early adolescence are processing normally or about to be initiated. Method: A cross sectional survey was done by door to door visit in three randomly selected slums of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested pro-forma with the answer to questionnaire regarding various aspects. SMR staging done by taking consent from guardian of minor adolescents and consent from their selves in those who are above 18 years. Result: Out of 696 girls who were examined, it was found that the maximum number (45.40%) of adolescents were in 10-13 years age group and minimum number (27.01%) were in 17-19 years age group. In 14-16 years 27.58% girls. In SMR staging of 10-13 years age group max girls (39.8%) were in B1 and 55.6%in P1 and no one in B5 and P5.In 14-16 years age group max (45.8%) in B4, and only 1.0% in B1 and max in P3 and minimum in P1 that is 38.5% and 5.2% respectively. In 17-19 years, age group max has reached stage B5 with 94.6% and P5 72.3%. The Mean age of menarche for all age group was 13.19 years. Conclusion: Nutritional, socioeconomic status, climate, genetic makeup affects age of menarche and pubertal changes knowing the fact that working adolescent from slum will have more nutritional deprived thus can be concluded that poor nutrition and lower socioeconomic status might be responsible for this delay.

Special stains in study of infertile endometrium

Background: Integrity of ovarian function is a prerequisite for successful implantation of ovum. The subtle changes in ovarian function can be detected by studying endometrial carbohydrates with special stains.Material and methods: 87 infertile and 30 normal endometria were studied with the help of Hematoxylin& Eosin ( H & E) stain and special stains like Best Carmine, Alcian blue PAS (with and without diastase digestion) and reticulin stain.Results: Special stains were useful in emphasizing the cyclical activity of carbohydrates and stroma in normal endometrium. In infertile endometrium, they helped in precise classification and detection of corpus luteal deficiency, at times (8.7% cases) missed on routine H& E stain . Intrinsic abnormalities like polyps and tuberculous granulomas could be detected with ease on reticulin stain. On application of special stains, incidence of corpus luteal deficiency was 27.5%, and that of anovulatory infertility and normal secretory endometrium was 34.5% each. Conclusion: The special stains helped in detecting precise endometrial response and added to the information obtained by routine H&E stain.DOI:10.21276/APALM.1725

Baicalein Ameliorates Chronic Stress-Mediated Ovarian Dysfunction by Upregulating the Expression of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid B2 Receptor

Background: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of baicalein on chronic stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction in a mouse model. Methods: Forty female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: the normal saline group (control, n = 10), the daily stress group (daily stress, n = 10), the baicalein group (baicalein, n = 10), and the daily stress + baicalein group (daily stress + baicalein, n = 10). For the daily stress model, we used a restricted stress model. Baicalein (10 mg/kg) was administered by gavage every day, and control mice received normal saline equivalently. Biopsy specimens were harvested after 4 weeks. Measurement of norepinephrine (NE) in serum was performed to assess the psychological stress level of the mice. In addition, histological changes of the uterus and ovaries and the levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in serum were assessed to evaluate changes in ovarian function. To detect the underlying mechanisms of the amelioration of baicalein in chronic stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction, immunohistochemical methods, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were applied to determine the expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Results: Compared with values in the control group, serum NE concentrations were significantly increased (P < 0.001), AMH concentrations were markedly decreased (P < 0.01), the thickness of the endometrium was clearly reduced, and the percentage of atretic follicles was significantly increased in the daily stress group (P < 0.001), indicating that the chronic stress model was successfully established. In contrast, compared with values in the daily stress group, serum NE concentrations were significantly reduced (P < 0.001), AMH concentrations were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05), the thickness of the endometrium was clearly increased, and the percentage of atretic follicles was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in the daily stress + baicalein group, indicating that baicalein clearly attenuated the ovarian dysfunction mediated by chronic stress. Moreover, the expression of the GABAB2receptor in the daily stress group was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). In contrast, treatment with baicalein resulted in increased expression of the GABAB2receptor (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Treatment with baicalein ameliorates the enhancing effect of chronic stress on ovarian dysfunction, and the mechanism can be attributed, in part, to the increased expression of the GABAB2receptor.

Changes in ovarian function associated with circulating concentrations of estradiol before a GnRH-induced ovulation in beef cows

These studies were conducted to evaluate causes for differences in circulating concentrations of estradiol before a GnRH-induced ovulation. Beef cows were synchronized by an injection of GnRH on day −7 and an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on day 0. In experiment 1, blood samples were collected every 3 h from PGF2α on day 0 to hour 33 after PGF2α and at slaughter (hour 36 to 42; n = 10). Cows were assigned to treatment group based on circulating concentrations of estradiol (E2): HighE2 vs LowE2. At slaughter, follicular fluid (FF) and granulosa cells were collected from the dominant follicle. In experiment 2, blood samples (n = 30) were collected every 8 h from PGF2α until the dominant follicle was aspirated via ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration to collect FF and granulosa cells (hour 38 to 46). In experiment 1, HighE2 had increased abundance of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 aromatase, and LHR (P ≤ 0.02), and greater concentrations of estradiol and androstenedione (P ≤ 0.02) in the FF. In experiment 2, HighE2 had increased abundance of CYP11A1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 aromatase, and LHR (P ≤ 0.03) vs either LowE2 or GnRHLowE2. There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for LH pulse frequency to be increased in both the GnRHLowE2 and HighE2 compared with LowE2. HighE2 cows experienced increas in circulating concentrations of estradiol compared with LowE2. In conclusion, animals with greater concentrations of circulating estradiol before fixed-time AI experienced an upregulation of the steroidogenic pathway during the preovulatory period.

Maternal High-Fat Diet-Induced Loss of Fetal Oocytes Is Associated with Compromised Follicle Growth in Adult Rat Offspring.

Maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. We have shown previously that female rat offspring born to mothers fed a high-fat (HF) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation enter puberty early and display aberrant reproductive cyclicity. The mechanisms driving this reproductive phenotype are currently unknown thus we investigated whether changes in ovarian function were involved. Wistar rats were mated and randomized to: dams fed a control diet (CON) or dams fed a HF diet from conception until the end of lactation (HF). Ovaries were collected from fetuses at Embryonic Day (E) 20, and neonatal ovaries at Day 4 (P4), prepubertal ovaries at P27 and adult ovaries at P120. In a subset of offspring, the effects of a HF diet fed postweaning were evaluated. The present study shows that fetuses of mothers fed a HF diet had significantly fewer oocytes at E20, and in neonates, have reduced AMH signaling that may facilitate an increased number of assembled primordial follicles. Both prepubertally and in adulthood, ovaries show increased follicular atresia. As adults, offspring have reduced FSH responsiveness, low expression levels of estrogen receptor alpha (Eralpha), the oocyte-secreted factor, Gdf9, oocyte-specific RNA binding protein, Dazl, and high expression levels of the granulosa-cell derived factor, AMH, in antral follicles. Together, these data suggest that ovarian compromise in offspring born to HF-fed mothers may arise from changes already observable in the fetus and neonate and in the long term, associated with increased follicular atresia through adulthood.

Changes in ovarian function in premenopausal women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant TC (docetaxel and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy during a brief period of amenorrhea around the last chemotherapy cycle.

PurposeDocetaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent, induces high rates of transient chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea (CIA) when used as adjuvant chemotherapy for premenopausal women with breast cancer. Clinical laboratory data to assess the hormonal environment implicated in inducing transient CIA was assessed.MethodsAn observational study was conducted in 35 premenopausal women with hormone-responsive breast cancer who were receiving adjuvant docetaxel/cyclophosphamide (TC) chemotherapy. Serum estradiol and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured at one (n = 6) or two (n = 29) time point(s) around the completion of chemotherapy.ResultsAs early as week 6 after the start of chemotherapy, just before the third TC cycle, serum estradiol levels were invariably suppressed (median of 5.5 pg/ml, n = 15, range <5–18.7 pg/ml) and FSH levels increased (median of 63.9 mIU/ml, range 24.5–127.4 mIU/ml), indicative of ovarian suppression to the menopausal levels. Subsequently, at 9 and 12 weeks, serum estradiol levels were suppressed to a median of 6.6 pg/ml (n = 49, range <5–17.3 pg/ml), while FSH levels were high (median of 66.8 mIU/ml, range 29.2–134.5 mIU/ml). There was a significant Spearman’s correlation (ρ = 0.95, n = 29, p < 0.01) of high serum FSH levels (24.5–134.5 mIU/ml) between two time points of repeated measurements in 29 patients. TC chemotherapy induced rapid ovarian suppression with the formation of a high and stable plateau in serum FSH levels from week 6 to week 12.ConclusionsRecovery from transient CIA post-therapy may be partially attributed to high, stable FSH levels that occurred as early as after completion of the second TC chemotherapy cycle.

Adjuvant bisphosphonates in breast cancer: has the time come?

SUMMARY Bone metabolism is highly affected by changes in ovarian function, which is a common consequence of the treatment of breast cancer patients. Osteopenia and osteoporosis increase the risk of fractures, which are associated with profound loss in quality of life. Bisphosphonates are used with the objective of preventing bone loss in patients with osteoporosis, but data suggest that agents such as zoledronic acid might play a role in the prevention of metastatic disease and therefore have been evaluated in numerous randomized trials in the adjuvant setting. This review article will discuss and analyze the available data regarding the use of bisphosphonates in the adjuvant setting for breast cancer patients. It will focus on the use of bisphosphonates as anticancer agents, but will also discuss the use of these agents for the prevention of bone loss.