Menstrual Cycle Changes Research Articles

Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Menstrual Cycle Changes during Competition Preparation and Recovery in a Drug-Free Figure Competitor: A Case Study

Physique competitions are events in which competitors are judged on muscular appearance and symmetry. The purpose of this retrospective case study was to describe changes in dietary intake, body mass/composition, and the menstrual cycle during the 20-week competition preparation (PREP) and 20-week post competition recovery (REC) periods of a drug-free amateur female figure competitor (age = 26–27, BMI = 19.5 kg/m2). Dietary intake (via weighed food records) and body mass were assessed daily and averaged weekly. Body composition was estimated via Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 7-site skinfold measurements. Energy intake, body mass and composition, and energy availability decreased during the 20-week PREP period (changes of ~298 kcals, 5.1 kg, 6.5% body fat, and 5.4 kcal/kg fat free mass, respectively) and returned to baseline values by end of the 20-week REC period. Menstrual cycle irregularity was reported within the first month of PREP and the last menstruation was reported at week 11 of PREP. Given the potentially adverse health outcomes associated with caloric restriction, future, prospective cohort studies on the physiological response to PREP and REC are warranted in drug-free, female physique competitors.

Comparison of the effect of ectopic pregnancy tubal resection or retention on female endocrine

Objective To investigate the effect of ectopic pregnancy tubal resection or common disease retention on female reproductive endocrine and menstrual traits. Methods 286 patients with ectopic pregnancy laparoscopic operation were selected.According to the different treatment methods, the patients were divided into resection group (n=199), retention group 87 cases, in surgical operation on the third day and the thirtieth day and tested for female reproductive hormone (P, LH, FSH, E2) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Results Resection group in the third day after surgery of FSH[(8.5±4.9)IU/mL]was significantly higher than that of preserving group[(3.9±0.9)IU/mL], with significant difference (t=5.44, P 0.05).30 days after the surgery, there was no significant difference between the two groups in FSH, LH, E2, P and HCG (t=0.92, 0.77, 1.02, 0.65, all P>0.05), but at the age of more than 40 years old and bilateral absence of fallopian tube in patients with, menorrhagia and menstrual cycle change obviously, and female ovarian endocrine function to reduce the clinical symptoms. Conclusion Tube resection has some influence on the ovarian function of tubal ectopic pregnancy, especially older, lack of bilateral fallopian tube. Key words: Ectopic pregnancy; Reproductive hormone; Endocrine function; Tubal resection or retention

The Relationship Between Ramadan Fasting with Menstrual Cycle Pattern Changes in Teenagers

<p><strong>Objective</strong></p><p>This study was to assess the relation between Ramadan fasting and menstrual cycle changes among teenagers</p><p><strong>Methods</strong></p><p>This is an observational study with cohort prospective approach. The target population was teenagers between 15-19 years old. 85 female students of 1 Senior High School in Manyak Payed District were enrolled in this study that fulfilled the inclusions criteria and failed exclusion criteria. Respondents were asked to fill the questionnaires regarding menstrual cycle for 4 consecutive months to assess their menstrual cycle. Parameter observed was changes in menstrual cycle which could be in duration, frequency, and menstrual blood volume. For menstrual blood volume, the quantification was using menstrual pictogram questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results</strong></p><p>among 85 female students enrolled, 14 students were menorrhagia and 6 students were oligomenorrhea during Ramadan fasting. There was no difference in menstrual cycle abnormalities during Ramadan fasting between the respondents who started fasting in follicular phase or luteal phase (p > 0.05). However, for menstrual blood quantification, there was a significant difference between menstrual blood volume before and during Ramadan fasting. This was marked by the increased mean in menstrual blood volume as much as 13.84 mL (SD 18.69 mL; 9.8-17.87 mL 95% CI) with p value < 0.0001.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>During Ramadan fasting, there were changes in teenagers’ menstrual cycle especially in menstrual blood volume. There was significant difference (p < 0.0001) in menstrual blood volume before and during Ramadan fasting. But, there was no difference in menstrual cycle abnormalities (menorrhagia and oligomenorrhea) between respondents who started fasting in follicular phase or luteal phase (p > 0.05).</p>

The relationship between Ramadan fasting with menstrual cycle pattern changes in teenagers

Background Menstrual cycle plays an important role in female reproductive health. One of many factors contributing to affect variability of menstrual cycle is dietary pattern. During the Ramadan fasting, all dietary pattern, sleep pattern, and daily activities will be altered and thus contributing to menstrual cycle. Objective To assess the relation between Ramadan fasting and menstrual cycle changes among teenagers. Methods This is an observational study with cohort prospective approach. 85 female students of 1 Senior High School in Manyak Payed District were enrolled in this study. Respondents were asked to fill the questionnaires regarding menstrual cycle for 4 consecutive months to assess their menstrual cycle. Parameter observed was changes in menstrual cycle which could be in duration, frequency, and menstrual blood volume. For menstrual blood volume, the quantification was using menstrual pictogram questionnaire. Results Among 85 female students enrolled, 14 students were menorrhagia and 6 students were oligomenorrhea during Ramadan fasting. There was no difference in menstrual cycle abnormalities during Ramadan fasting between the respondents who started fasting in follicular phase or luteal phase (p > 0.05). However, for menstrual blood quantification, there was a significant difference between menstrual blood volume before and during Ramadan fasting marked by the increased mean in menstrual blood volume as much as 13.84 mL with p value < 0.001. Conclusion During Ramadan fasting, there were changes in teenagers’ menstrual cycle especially in menstrual blood volume. There was significant difference (p < 0.001) in menstrual blood volume before and during Ramadan fasting.

Menstrual and Hormonal Changes in Breast Cancer Patients Treated By Ad- juvant, Adriamycin and Cyclophosphamide Chemotherapy

Background and objectives: The long-term effects of adjuvant chemotherapy are very important in patients with breast cancer. Cytotoxic chemotherapy may induce changes in menstrual cycle to variable extents and even may induce amenorrhea. This study was designed to find out the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy, Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide, on ovarian function in patients with early stages breast cancer. Methods: Thirty premenopausal women with newly diagnosed early breast cancer enrolled in this study. In addition to a proper menstruation history, the following parameters FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone, were estimated before and after 4 cycles of chemotherapy with another follow up formenstrual history after 6 months, in each patient. Results: After 4 cycles of adjuvant Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy the mean level of FSH and LH was increased and Estrogen level was decreased, significantly. While, Progesterone level was decreased non-significantly. Menstrual changes detected in most patients after receiving chemotherapy but only %47 of them developed amenorrhea which was persistent after 6 months in %33 of the patients. The induced amenorrhea has found to be related positively with the age of the patient but has no any relation with receptor status, estrogen, progesteron and Her2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), of the tumor and neither with the menstrual phase at which chemotherapy has been given nor with the body mass index. Conclusions: Adjuvant chemotherapy changes ovarian hormonal levels significantly and induces transient and permanent amenorrhea in patients with early stages breast cancer.

Exploration of action and significance of yuan-source point for clinical diagnosis based on literature metrology

Modern literature on the physical property of the yuan-source point were collected from Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) and China Biology Medicine(CBM) databases. The physical property,relevant diseases and yuan-source acupoints were analyzed through statistical analysis of literature metrology. It is considered that articles on the electrical resistance of acupoint account for the largest part,which are mainly related to hyperthyreosis and the change of menstrual cycle. The second part is radiation spectrum,which are mostly relevant to the coronary heart disease and then the physiological change of healthy people. As to the diseases,articles of cardiovascular diseases are taken the most proportion,which were treated with the 12 yuan-source points,Shenmen(HT 7) and Daling(PC 7). Also,the results present the physical property of yuan-source acupoints in the yin meridians is more sensitive to diseases and the physical property is specific to diseases. Besides,the yuan-source acupoint can show the pathological changes of its own meridian.

Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Contraceptive-Dependent Changes in Intrinsic Connectivity of Resting-State Brain Networks Correspond to Behavioral Changes Due to Hormonal Status

Menstrual cycle-dependent changes have been reported for a variety of functions, including cognition, attention, emotion, inhibition, and perception. For several of these functions, an effect of hormonal contraceptives has also been discussed. Cognitive, attentional, emotional, inhibitory, and perceptual functions have been linked to distinct intrinsic connectivity networks during the resting state. However, changes in resting-state connectivity across the menstrual cycle phase and due to hormonal contraceptive use have only been investigated in two selected networks and without controlling for the type of hormonal contraceptives. In the present study, we demonstrate menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive-dependent changes in several intrinsic connectivity networks, including networks that have been related to emotion processing, olfaction, audition, vision, coordination, and two lateralized frontoparietal networks related to a variety of cognitive functions. These changes parallel behavioral changes in the functions associated with these networks. Changes in connectivity and changes in behavior occur during the same cycle phases. Furthermore, hormonal contraceptive-dependent effects were observed in the same networks and same target sites as menstrual cycle-related changes and were dependent on the androgenicity of the progestin component contained in the hormonal contraceptive.

A Survey Based on Analysis of Physiological Change of Menstrual Cycle among Female of Reproductive Age Group

A Survey Based on Analysis of Physiological Change of Menstrual Cycle among Female of Reproductive Age Group

The impact of menstrual cycle-related physical symptoms on daily activities and psychological wellness among adolescent girls

Associations between perimenstrual physical and psychological symptoms have not been adequately studied among adolescent girls. The purpose of the present study was to test a mediation hypothesis postulating that perimenstrual disengagement from daily activities would mediate the association between physical symptoms and psychological symptoms. A non-clinical sample of N = 208 Italian adolescent girls (age M = 16.68 years) completed a 95-item online retrospective questionnaire regarding perimenstrual symptoms, and how these symptoms affect their daily activities. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the mediation hypothesis. Results showed that physical and psychological symptoms were strongly associated. More importantly, results supported the hypothesis that perimenstrual disengagement from daily activities mediates the association between physical symptoms and psychological symptoms, but only for depressed mood and cognitive symptoms. This study provides support for a novel theoretical framework linking diverse aspects of menstrual cycle change. Longitudinal research is needed to replicate these findings.

Detecting gas-induced vasomotor changes via blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast in healthy breast parenchyma and breast carcinoma.

PurposeTo evaluate blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) contrast changes in healthy breast parenchyma and breast carcinoma during administration of vasoactive gas stimuli.Materials and MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 3T in 19 healthy premenopausal female volunteers using a single‐shot fast spin echo sequence to acquire dynamic T 2‐weighted images. 2% (n = 9) and 5% (n = 10) carbogen gas mixtures were interleaved with either medical air or oxygen in 2‐minute blocks, for four complete cycles. A 12‐minute medical air breathing period was used to determine background physiological modulation. Pixel‐wise correlation analysis was applied to evaluate response to the stimuli in breast parenchyma and these results were compared to the all‐air control. The relative BOLD effect size was compared between two groups of volunteers scanned in different phases of the menstrual cycle. The optimal stimulus design was evaluated in five breast cancer patients.ResultsOf the four stimulus combinations tested, oxygen vs. 5% carbogen produced a response that was significantly stronger (P < 0.05) than air‐only breathing in volunteers. Subjects imaged during the follicular phase of their cycle when estrogen levels typically peak exhibited a significantly smaller BOLD response (P = 0.01). Results in malignant tissue were variable, with three out of five lesions exhibiting a diminished response to the gas stimulus.ConclusionOxygen vs. 5% carbogen is the most robust stimulus for inducing BOLD contrast, consistent with the opposing vasomotor effects of these two gases. Measurements may be confounded by background physiological fluctuations and menstrual cycle changes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:335–345.

Demographic and Clinical Features of Endometrial Polyps in Patients with Endometriosis.

Aims. To compare the clinical features of endometrial polyps (EPs) between patients with endometriosis (EM) (EM group) and without EM (non-EM group). Methods and Results. Seventy-six cases in the EM group and 133 cases in the non-EM group underwent laparotomy or hysteroscopy and laparoscopy; later, it was confirmed that the results by pathology from July 2002 to April 2008 in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. The recurrence of EPs was followed up after the surgery until 2013. The following parameters were assessed: age, gravidity, parity, infertility, and menstrual cycle changes, as well as polyps diameters, locations, number, association with the revised American Fertility Society (r-AFS) classification, and their recurrence. On review, 76 EPs cases of EM group histologically resembled EPs but the majority of EPs with EM occurred in primary infertility cases and in fewer pregnancy rate women who had stable and smaller EPs without association with the AFS stage. The recurrence rate of EPs in EM group was higher than that in non-EM group. Conclusion. It is important to identify whether infertile patients with EM are also having EPs. Removing any coexisting EPs via hysteroscopy would be clinically helpful in treating endometriosis-related infertility in these patients.

STATUS HUKUM DARAH REPRODUKSI PEREMPUAN (ANALISIS INTEGRATIF ANTARA PENDEKATAN NORMATIF DAN KEDOKTERAN TERHADAP KETIDAKTERATURAN MENSTRUASI PADA AKSEPTOR KB)

One of the effects of hormonal contraceptive in family planning (KB) acceptors is the irregularity of the menstrual cycle. Changes in menstrual patterns due to progesterone contraceptive system generally in the form of change and cycle time, and spoting events (incidence of blood spots are irregular and sometimes prolonged). These changes can occur over 15 days. So that raises a problem of provision between menstrual blood status (haidh) or istihâdhah. The purpose of this article is to discuss the reality of the menstrual cycle changes for acceptors of family planning (KB) and trying to find legal status of reproductive blood as applicable legal product. This articles hows that the incidence of spoting should be seen in terms of the timing of the spoting. If bleeding occurs before menstrual blood every month, it is not judged as menstruation but istihâdhah. If spoting occurs after normal bleeding, then see the normal number of days of bleeding and spoting itself. If spoting events that accompany normal bleeding exceeds fifteen days, then spotting after fifteen days specified as istihâdhah

Self-Focused Attention and Symptoms Across Menstrual Cycle Phases in Women With and Without Premenstrual Disorders

Premenstrual disorders, which include premenstrual dysphoric disorder and premenstrual syndrome involve cyclically occurring affective, behavioral, and physical symptoms. Despite high comorbidity rates and symptom overlap with mood and anxiety disorders, there has been a lack of research investigating psychological constructs that contribute to etiology and/or maintenance of premenstrual disorders. The current study hypothesized that self-focused attention (SFA) on emotional and somatic symptoms may contribute to premenstrual distress. Participants were 61 women, including 29 women with a premenstrual disorder (PMD subgroup) and 32 controls. Participants rated symptoms and SFA responses each day for 30 days. Findings indicated that women in the PMD group reported greater use of SFA responses to symptoms compared to the control group, and during the premenstrual compared to intermenstrual phases. SFA partially mediated the relationship between menstrual cycle phase and symptoms. The interaction between physiological menstrual cycle changes and psychological contributions provides a more comprehensive explanation for premenstrual disorders, and future research is warranted to clarify this relationship.

Variations serum electrolyte level during different phases of menstrual cycle in healthy female medical students

Introduction - The menstrual cycle is characterized by cyclical fluctuations in the levels of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone. But the changes occur in serum electrolyte level have not been clearly established. Objective - To compare the serum electrolyte level in different phases of menstrual cycle. Material and method - The present study was carried out on 54 healthy female medical students in the age group of 18 to 24 years with normal menstrual cycle of 27-33 days. Serum electrolytes like, calcium, sodium and potassium, were estimated during menstrual, Proliferative and Secretory phases of menstrual cycle using standard procedures. Results - There was a significant changes in the level of serum calcium during proliferative phase, sodium is increased maximally during menstrual phase and potassium in secretory phase of menstrual cycle. Conclusion - Alternation of serum calcium, serum sodium and Potassium levels were noted during uterine changes of menstrual cycle, however, none of all the mention levels were outside the physiological limits.

Ovarian function in systemic lupus erythematosus patients undergoing the use of cyclophosphamide in two major rheumatologic care centers in Curitiba, Paraná State

To evaluate the ovarian response after cyclophosphamide use (CPM) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to correlate the age and cumulative dose findings with changes in menstrual cycle and/or progression to ovarian failure (OF). This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study of 50 patients with a diagnosis of SLE who used CFM with a clinical follow-up of at least 1 year. Included were patients aged 12-40 years, who had undergone chemotherapy for SLE control and who had regular menstrual cycles before the beginning of CPM treatment. Patients who discontinued follow-up, who were followed up for less than one year or who had irregular/absent menses before the beginning of CPM treatment were excluded. All women studied were submitted to an interview and a questionnaire containing questions about the pattern of the menstrual cycle before and after therapy, and about the gestational periods and contraception. We asked if the patients had been instructed about the side effects and consequences of CFM. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test and the Mann Whitney, χ2 and nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 30.8 years and the mean age at the time of use of CPM was 25.3 years. After CFM, 24% of patients stopped menstruating, 28% returned to regular cycles and 48% continued to have irregular cycles. It was found that the patients who developed OF had longer disease duration (12.3 years) than those who did not develop it (8.9 years). Thirteen patients became spontaneously pregnant after CFM; however, 66% progressed to abortion. The mean age of the patients who used CFM and developed OF was 28.1 years. Amenorrhea occurred in 50% of those aged 31-40 years, in 22.2% of those aged 21-30 years and in 7.7% of those aged 12-20 years. Our study showed no statistical correlation between cumulative dose and OF, although cumulative doses greater than 11 grams tended to promote some type of menstrual irregularity. SLE disease duration, age at the time of treatment and the highest cumulative doses are important predictors of OF after therapy with CFM. Pregnancy in lupus patients is more likely to evolve with abortion after the use of chemotherapy. It was seen that a small proportion of patients were aware of all the implications of the drug. Therefore, additional studies should be conducted for further knowledge and awareness of the importance of contraception and the preservation of ovarian tissue on the part of the medical community.

Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Menstruation Changes During Contest Preparation In A Drug-free Figure Competitor

Physique competitors are an understudied group judged on muscular appearance and symmetry. This retrospective case study assessed a drug-free amateur female figure competitor over a 20-week contest prep (CP) period. PURPOSE: To describe changes in body mass, body composition, and menstrual cycle during figure CP. METHODS: Body mass and dietary intake were assessed daily and averaged weekly. Body composition was assessed pre-and post-CP via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 8 times during CP via 7-site skinfold measurements. RESULTS: Caloric intake before CP was 2010 kcal/d (45% carbohydrate, 24% protein, 31% fat, 48 g fiber). Intake decreased from 1798 kcal/d (42% carbohydrate, 33% protein, 25% fat, 40g fiber) in week 1, to 1541 kcal/d (37% carbohydrate, 39% protein, 24% fat, 24 g fiber) by week 10. At week 20, caloric intake had risen to 1712 kcal/d (44% carbohydrate, 35% protein, 21% fat, 34 g fiber). Body mass decreased from 54.9 to 49.8 kg. Percent body fat (assessed via DXA) decreased from 15.1 to 8.6% and lean mass was maintained at 44.3 kg pre-and post-CP. Total skinfold thickness decreased from 67 to 30 mm. Menstrual cycle irregularity was reported in the first month and the last menses was occurred at week 11. Exercise consisted of a high-volume resistance training program 5 d/wk, brief (10-30 min) high-intensity interval training 1-2 d/wk, and longer (45-120 min) aerobic exercise 1 d/wk, corresponding to an exercise energy expenditure (EEE) of 484, 459, and 440 kcal/d at week 1, 10, and 20, respectively. Energy availability [(kcal intake - EEE)/FFM] was 32.7, 28.2, 23.2, and 27.3 kcal/kg FFM before CP, and at week 1, 10, and 20, respectively. CONCLUSION: Carbohydrate intake fell below the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) of 45-65% of total caloric intake and protein intake rose above the AMDR of 10-35%. Fiber intake decreased, but remained above the Dietary Reference Intake of 14 g/1,000 kcal. Fat mass decreased and lean mass was maintained during CP. Menstrual cycle dysfunction was reported early and amenorrhea occurred by the end of CP. EA was below ACSM Recommendation of 30 kcal/kg FFM during CP. Given the potential adverse health outcomes of chronic caloric restriction, future, prospective cohort studies on the physiological response to CP are warranted in drug-free, physique competitors.

Relevant factors of estrogen changes of myopia in adolescent females.

Background:Gender is one of the risk factors accounting for the high prevalence of adolescent myopia. Considerable research results have shown that myopia incidence of female is higher than that of male. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between ocular parameters and serum estrogen level and to investigate the vision changes along with estrogen change in menstrual cycle of adolescent females.Methods:A total of 120 young females aged between 15 and 16 years, diagnosed with myopia were recruited. Spherical lens, cylindrical lens, axis, interpupillary distance (IPD), and vision in each tested eye of the same subject were measured by automatic optometry and comprehensive optometry, with repetition of all measurements in the menstrual cycle of the 2nd or 3rd days, 14th days, and 28th days, respectively. Serum estradiol (E2) levels were assayed by chemiluminescence immunoassay at the same three times points of the menstrual cycle mentioned above.Results:In young females with myopia, the spherical lens showed a statistically significant difference among all different time in menstrual cycle (all P < 0.0001). The cylindrical lens, axis, and IPD were changed significantly during the menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). The vision of the three different time points in menstrual cycle had a significant difference (χ2 = 6.35, P = 0.042). The vision during the 14th and 28th day was higher compared to that on the 2nd or 3rd days (P = 0.021). Serum E2 levels were significantly different at different time points in menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). E2 levels reached its maximum value on the 14th day and the minimum value on the 2nd or 3rd day.Conclusions:In adolescent females, the spherical lens and other related ocular parameters vary sensitively with different levels of E2 in menstrual cycle. Vision in late menstrual stage is significantly higher than that in premenstrual stage.

Self-focused attention in response to laboratory stressors among women with premenstrual disorders.

The etiology of premenstrual disorders, including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorders (PMDD), is not well understood. In the current study, the relationship between self-focused attention (SFA) and premenstrual disorders was examined to explore the hypothesis that women with premenstrual disorders tend to respond to symptoms in a maladaptive manner. Based on retrospective report, clinical interview, and 30-day prospective recording of premenstrual symptoms, women (N = 52) were categorized as meeting criteria for premenstrual disorders (PMD; n = 24) or not (controls; n = 28). Key findings indicated that women with premenstrual disorders reported greater use of SFA in response to negative affect elicited by laboratory tasks than controls, despite no significant differences in change in negative affect between the two groups. Women with premenstrual disorders also reported greater trait levels of SFA and maladaptive coping styles compared to controls. Women with premenstrual disorders may tend to respond to menstrual cycle changes using increased levels of SFA. The interaction between psychological and physiological menstrual cycle-related changes may lead to increased distress and impairment. Implications for psychological contributions to premenstrual distress and disorders are discussed.

Do Sexual Hormones Influence the Coagulation Parameters during the Normal Menstrual Cycle

Introduction:The blood coagulation can be influenced by different variables like mental stress, physical activity or oral anticoagulants. During the normal menstrual cycle changes have been observed on different time points. A study of Chaireti et al (1) found an association of progesterone and factor II, factor VII and factor X.We investigated the possible influence of the sexual hormones on the coagulation parameters.Samples and methods:We conducted a laboratory work group in 35 women sent to our lab. The following tests were conducted: Blood count, VWF:RCo, VWF:Ag, VWF:CB, Fibrinogen (Clauss), activities of FII, FV, FVII, FVIII (clotting and chromogenic), FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII, FSH, LH, Progesterone and Oestradiole during the menstrual cycle on predefined time points (day 1-6, day 7-11, day 12-18, day 19-23, day 24-28).Results:We found slight variations in nearly all coagulation parameters but without significance. The box-plots of the Von Willebrand activity shows that the means are relative close together. Clear variations could not be found. The Friedman-Test showed no significance. As expected the changes of the sexual hormones during the menstrual cycle showed highest significance.Conclusion:The influence of sexual hormones on coagulation parameters was not significant. The slight fluctuations may be caused by imprecision of the measurement and intra individual changes from day to day. Changes during the menstrual cycle could not be verified.Nevertheless it is advisable to investigate unclear negative results, when a conspicuous medical history or a corresponding clinic occurs. It is not necessary to regard the time point in the menstrual cycle for the blood collection.Literature: 1.Chaireti R, Gustafsson KM, Byström B, Bremme K, Lindahl TL, Endogenous thromboin potential is higher during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle, Hum Repro, 2013 Jul, 28 (7) 1846-52 DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Magnitude of daily energy deficit predicts frequency but not severity of menstrual disturbances associated with exercise and caloric restriction.

We assessed the impact of energy deficiency on menstrual function using controlled feeding and supervised exercise over four menstrual cycles (1 baseline and 3 intervention cycles) in untrained, eumenorrheic women aged 18-30 yr. Subjects were randomized to either an exercising control (EXCON) or one of three exercising energy deficit (ED) groups, i.e., mild (ED1; -8 ± 2%), moderate (ED2; -22 ± 3%), or severe (ED3; -42 ± 3%). Menstrual cycle length and changes in urinary concentrations of estrone-1-glucuronide, pregnanediol glucuronide, and midcycle luteinizing hormone were assessed. Thirty-four subjects completed the study. Weight loss occurred in ED1 (-3.8 ± 0.2 kg), ED2 (-2.8 ± 0.6 kg), and ED3 (-2.6 ± 1.1 kg) but was minimal in EXCON (-0.9 ± 0.7 kg). The overall sum of disturbances (luteal phase defects, anovulation, and oligomenorrhea) was greater in ED2 compared with EXCON and greater in ED3 compared with EXCON AND ED1. The average percent energy deficit was the main predictor of the frequency of menstrual disturbances (f = 10.1, β = -0.48, r(2) = 0.23, P = 0.003) even when weight loss was included in the model. The estimates of the magnitude of energy deficiency associated with menstrual disturbances ranged from -22 (ED2) to -42% (ED3), reflecting an energy deficit of -470 to -810 kcal/day, respectively. This is the first study to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the magnitude of energy deficiency and the frequency of exercise-related menstrual disturbances; however, the severity of menstrual disturbances was not dependent on the magnitude of energy deficiency.