Changes In Marital Status Research Articles

Changing Educational Differentials in Female Sterilization.

Female surgical sterilization is widely used in the United States. Educational differentials in sterilization are large, but poorly understood. Improved understanding of these differences is important to ensure that all women have access to the full range of contraceptive methods. Data from the National Survey of Family Growth (1973-2015) from 8,100 women aged 40-44 were used to describe trends in sterilization and other contraceptive methods by educational attainment. Demographic standardization was employed to examine how compositional changes in marital status and age at first birth contribute to aggregate changes in sterilization prevalence. In 1982, women with a high school diploma and those with at least a bachelor's degree reported similar levels of sterilization use (38% and 32%, respectively), but by 2011-2015, prevalence had declined to 19% among college-educated women and had increased to 44% among those with a diploma. The trend among college graduates was largely attributable to delayed fertility; all other things being equal, if their age at first birth had not increased, the prevalence of sterilization would have declined by approximately 3% instead of 14% between 1982 and 2002. Increased use of sterilization among women with a high school diploma was only weakly related to changes in birth timing and marital status. Among women with a high school diploma, elements other than childbearing and marital status-such as contraceptive preferences and access-appeared to influence their contraceptive behavior. Sterilization differentials between high school and college graduates may reflect or exacerbate other socioeconomic disparities that affect women's health and well-being.

Stressful life events, parental psychosocial factors, and glycemic management in school-aged children during the 1 year follow-up of new-onset type 1 diabetes.

To monitor occurrence of stressful life events, assess correlations with family functioning and parental psychosocial measures, and examine the impact of stressful life events on diabetes management in the first year after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children using a mixed methods design. In a prospective study of 5- to 9-year-olds with recent-onset T1D (mean age 7.4 ± 1.3 years, T1D duration 4.7 ± 3.3 months), we monitored glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), income, job status, family health, and marital status at baseline and every 3 months up to 1 year. We measured coping, parental depression, and diabetes family conflict at baseline. Of 128 families, 53.9% (n = 69) reported 1+ stressful event, with 25.8% reporting income change (n = 33) during this period, 23.4% additional family health changes (n = 30), 22.7% job changes (n = 29), 21.9% changes in child's school (n = 28), and 3.9% changes in marital status (n = 5). Baseline active avoidance coping, parental depression, and diabetes family conflict correlated with a higher number of stressful life events (r = 0.239, P < .01; r = 0.197, P < .05; r = 0.225, P < .01, respectively). There were also cross-sectional associations between HbA1c and income decrease, school change, and job change at various time points in the study. Families can experience concurrent life stressors during the first year of T1D, which relate to coping, depression, and conflict. Consistent with existing literature, stressful life events relate to glycemic management. Future research should explore the individual's or parent's perception of stress and ways that diabetes centers can effectively assist families of youth with T1D and concurrent life stressors.

Stressful Life Changes and Their Relationship to Nutrition-Related Health Outcomes Among US Army Soldiers.

Stressful life changes may tax people's adaptive capacity. We sought to determine if and when experiences of stressful life changes were associated with increased odds of adverse nutrition-related health outcomes among US Army soldiers relative to those who did not experience the same stressful life change. An additional aim was to determine which stressful life changes had the greatest association with these outcomes and if there were gender differences in the magnitude of the associations. Stressful life changes studied included: changes in marital status, combat deployment or return from deployment, relocation, adding a child, change in rank, change in occupation, and development of a physical limitation to duty. Using longitudinal data from the Stanford Military Data Repository, which represents all active-duty soldiers aged 17-62 between 2011 and 2014 (n = 827,126), we employed an event history analysis to examine associations between stressful life changes and a subsequent diagnosis of hyperlipidemia, substantial weight gain, and weight-related separation from the Army. Marriage was associated with an increase in the odds of substantial weight gain 3months later for both men and women. Developing a physical duty limitation was associated with an increase in the odds of a hyperlipidemia diagnosis 2months later for both men and women, as was substantial weight gain 2months later. Stressful life changes were also associated with increased odds of nutrition-related health outcomes, although we found gender differences in the magnitude of the associations. Findings could be used to mitigate the effects of stress on health by health professionals.

Time-Varying Effects of Marital Status on Gastric Cancer: A Population-Based Study.

BackgroundAlthough prior studies have shown that marital status affects the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer, its time-varying effects are not well understood. We aimed to investigate the changes in marital status’ impact over a 10-year follow-up time among patients with gastric cancer (GC) in the United States.Materials and MethodsAll patients with gastric cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2008 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were retrieved. Married patients and unmarried patients (single, separated, divorced or widowed) with complete survival time were selected for comparisons. A total of 14,545 patients who had clinical data and follow-up information available were enrolled. We used Kaplan–Meier analyses and time-dependent flexible parametric models to estimate time-varying hazard ratios (HRs).ResultsUnmarried GC patients had worse overall and cancer-specific survival compared with married patients (log-rank test: P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The time-varying analysis found that unmarried patients had a significantly higher risk of overall mortality during the 10-year follow-up time, with the lowest adjusted hazard ratio (HR) at 12 months after diagnosis (HR at 12 months, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03–1.15). For cancer-specific mortality, the time-varying adjusted HR of unmarried patients was significantly higher initially (HR at 12 months, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02–1.14) but decreased to null after 20 months (HR at 24 months = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.99–1.11).ConclusionUnmarried patients had a higher risk of cancer-specific mortality during the 20 months after gastric cancer diagnosis, which may be an appropriate time frame for intervention.

Changes and Stability in Marital Status: Evidence from Canadian Income Tax Returns

We use a 20 percent longitudinal sample of Canadian personal income tax returns to explore patterns and changes in marital status, with a focus on cohort behaviour. We define five different cohorts, each with a different starting age in 1995, and follow each over a 20-year data period. We consider and compare the changes in cohort patterns, giving special attention to the stability of married and common law unions, and for that purpose distinguishing unions with the same partner from those with a different one. Comparisons of cohort patterns show a shift toward an increased proportion reporting themselves as single or living in a common law union and a decreased proportion reporting married. The proportion married to the same partner declines and the proportion married to a new partner increases, implying some reduction in marriage stability. Common law unions, more common at younger ages, appear unstable but much of the apparent instability is removed when common law unions that would transition to married unions with the same partner are taken into account; common law as a premarital first stage appears to be increasingly common. At older ages the death of a partner is the major terminating factor at the end of a marriage, most prominently among males: widowhood (death of a partner) accounts for a much larger fraction of marriage terminations for women, death of self a much larger fraction for men, reflecting differences in life expectancy and the younger age at marriage of women, on average.

Years of life lost due to the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19 mitigation strategies based on Swiss data.

The pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has forced governments to implement strict social mitigation strategies to reduce the morbidity and mortality from acute infections. These strategies, however, carry a significant risk for mental health, which can lead to increased short-term and long-term mortality and is currently not included in modeling the impact of the pandemic. We used years of life lost (YLL) as the main outcome measure, applied to Switzerland as an example. We focused on suicide, depression, alcohol use disorder, childhood trauma due to domestic violence, changes in marital status, and social isolation, as these are known to increase YLL in the context of imposed restriction in social contact and freedom of movement. We stipulated a minimum duration of mitigation of 3 months based on current public health plans. The study projects that the average person would suffer 0.205 YLL due to psychosocial consequence of COVID-19 mitigation measures. However, this loss would be entirely borne by 2.1% of the population, who will suffer an average of 9.79 YLL. The results presented here are likely to underestimate the true impact of the mitigation strategies on YLL. However, they highlight the need for public health models to expand their scope in order to provide better estimates of the risks and benefits of mitigation.

Measuring geographic mobility: Comparison of estimates from longitudinal and cross-sectional data

Attrition of sample members from a longitudinal survey can undermine the quality of the data and its research potential, especially when the sample members who drop out are different from those who do not. People who move house are more likely to drop out of the survey as they are harder to locate, and once located, may be harder to interview in the remaining fieldwork time available. Moving coincides with many other life events (such as changes in marital status, the birth of a child, buying a home, changes in employment, or retirement) and if movers are not adequately interviewed, this may result in the study under-representing these changes and the events that occur after a move. This paper examines the weighted estimates of the rate of moving by age in a long running household panel study, the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, compared to official cross-sectional data sources and probabilistically linked Census data. Geographic mobility is examined over one-, five- and 10-year periods. Some of the differences that occur in the mobility estimates is a result of item non-response or recall error in the cross-sectional sources but little evidence is found of the differential impact of attrition in the HILDA Survey. There is, however, some indication that the longitudinal survey data may underrepresent long distance moves. Other differences between the data sources are investigated by fitting logistic regression models of mobility to estimate the effect of housing tenure and education levels over the life course. These models show similar overall trends, but there is some evidence of differential effects for renters with lower education levels which may be due, at least in part, to the differential role recall error plays in these measures. Overall, these findings reassure longitudinal data users of the quality of geographic mobility estimates from the HILDA Survey and encourage similar comparisons to be made for other longitudinal data sources.

Perceived social isolation and cognitive functioning. Longitudinal findings based on the German Ageing Survey.

There is a lack of longitudinal studies, which are both based on nationally representative samples and use standardized instruments to quantify social isolation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the link between perceived social isolation and cognitive functioning longitudinally. Longitudinal data with n = 6420 from 2014 (wave 5) to 2017 (wave 6) were drawn from the German Ageing Survey (nationally representative sample of individuals aged 40 years and over). Perceived social isolation was assessed using a scale by Bude and Lantermann. Cognitive functioning was quantified using the established digit symbol test. To reduce the problem of unobserved heterogeneity, linear fixed effects regressions were used. Regressions showed that increases in perceived social isolation were associated with decreases in cognitive functioning. With regard to covariates, decreases in cognitive functioning were associated with increases in aging and worsening self-rated health, whereas changes in marital status, employment status, income, physical functioning, and physical illnesses were not associated with the outcome measure. Based on a nationally representative sample and exploiting the panel data structure, the study findings extend current knowledge by showing that increasing perceived social isolation contributes to decreases in cognitive functioning among individuals aged 40 years and over longitudinally. Future longitudinal studies based on panel data methods are required to validate the study findings.

Long-term trends in living alone in later life in the United States, 1850-2015

ABSTRACT Recent research has looked at living alone among the elderly both within the context of the developed world and globally from a comparative perspective. To date this research has contributed relatively little to our understanding of patterns of change over time, an issue of major importance for the prediction of future trends. We propose now to look at change over time using a long-term historical perspective on living alone based on rich data from the United States, the country with by far the longest series of micro-census data in the world. Our analysis will be based on available public use manuscript samples of US censuses beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and stretching until the present. It will yield an invaluable long-term perspective, spanning the entire period of economic development and social change that characterized the history of the USA over the past century and one half. Descriptive indicators of the incidence of living alone are interpreted in terms of important societal, cultural, economic and legislative changes over the period under study. Multivariable analytical techniques are applied to these data in order to assess both the micro determinants of living alone and how independent variables such as age, sex, education and marital status change over time. The results of this study enable us to estimate the degree to which change in the United States can be used as a benchmark for patterns of historical change elsewhere, especially when controlling for levels of development.

Functioning and disability from 10 to 16years after traumatic brain injury.

With increased long-term survival after traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is a need to understand the life situation many years after the injury. In this study, we have assessed persons on average 16years after their injury and determined changes over 6years in overall outcome, living condition, marital status and vocational situation, and in their functioning and disability. Individuals (n=49, mean age 45years, 28-70years) who were assessed 6-15years (average 10years) post-TBI were reassessed 12-21years after their injury (average 16years) using internationally established TBI outcome measures. From the first to the second assessment, overall outcome using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was stable for a large majority and no significant changes in marital status or vocational situation were found. There was some significant, but very small, decline regarding cognitive function, home integration and social integration. In the multiple regression analysis, there was a small significant decline in the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI-4) Adjustment subscale score for women with a moderate-to-severe injury. The very small changes over 6years imply that persons with a TBI can reach and maintain a stable level of functioning many years post-TBI. Women with a moderate-to-severe TBI seem to be more vulnerable and may experience a small decline in some aspects of their functioning related to anxiety, depression, irritability, pain and headache and fatigue. The relatively small sample requires further studies to confirm these findings.

Internal migration and child health in Malawi

A strong and consistent association between migration and health has been found in many settings, but the overwhelming focus of this research has been on adults. In addition, identifying the effect of migration on health largely remains an unresolved challenge, due in part to the inability to distinguish between the effect of migration on health and the selection of children of differing health status into migration streams. In this research we examine the relationship between internal migration and child health in Malawi. We use longitudinal panel data with pre- and post-migration health measures for children and their mothers, which permits us to measure both migration health selection and the effect of migration on health. We also examine if child health changes over time in post-migration destinations. We do not find evidence of migration health selection: children who move have similar pre-migration health status to non-migrant children. We find that the impact of migration on child health is mediated by mothers' characteristics. Before controlling for mothers' health status, we find a strong negative impact of migration on health, particularly for children moving to rural areas or cities, and children moving due to changes in mothers' marital status. After controlling for mothers' health status, however, the negative impact of migration on child health disappears. We also find that child health is worse with longer durations spent in post-migration residence, compared to children who don't move.

청년기 여성의 결혼 및 부모 지위 변화에 따른 건강의 변화

Most women experience changes in marital and parental status in young adulthood, but little is known about how these changes are associated with health or whether the associations vary according to age and working status. This study addressed these questions by using data from the 2012-2016 Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (1,880 women or 5,310 person-wave observations). Applying fixed-effects regression models, the author first found that becoming a parent was associated with a decrease in self-rated health, which was exacerbated after the second birth. Second, marrying was associated with a decrease in stress, but the positive effects were offset by parenthood. Third, the negative correlation between marrying and stress was more pronounced when women were unemployed than when they were employed. This study advances the current literature on marriage, parenthood, and health by focusing on women in young adulthood, minimizing the potential role of health-related selection into marriage and parenthood, and factoring in the interdependence of marital and parental status in the analyses. The implications and limitations of the results are discussed.

Stressful Life Changes Affect Nutrition-Related Health Outcomes Among US Army Soldiers (P18-070-19)

ObjectivesThis prospective cohort study aimed to determine if experiencing stressful life changes were associated with an earlier onset of adverse nutrition-related health outcomes among US Army Soldiers. An additional aim was to determine which stressful life changes were most associated with these outcomes and if there were gender differences in the magnitude of the associations. MethodsStressful life changes were changes in marital status, combat deployment or returning from deployment, relocation, adding a child, change in rank, change in occupation, or development of a physical limitation to duty. Nutrition-related health outcomes were hyperlipidemia diagnosis, substantial weight gain, or weight-related separation from the Army. Using longitudinal data from the Stanford Military Data Repository representing all active-duty Soldiers who were age 17–62 between 2011 and 2014 (n = 827,126), event history analysis was used to model the association of stressful life changes with nutrition-related outcomes. ResultsMarriage was found to raise the odds of substantial weight gain three months later by 1.24 times (95% CI: 1.16, 1.32) for men and 1.68 times (95% CI: 1.51, 1.89) for women. Developing a physical duty limitation raised the odds of hyperlipidemia two months later by 1.42 times (95% CI: 1.15, 0.75) for men and 1.83 times (95% CI: 1.01, 3.32) for women and the odds of substantial weight gain two months later by 3.16 times (95% CI: 2.89, 3.44) in men and 1.69 times (95% CI: 1.36, 2.08) in women. ConclusionsDifferences in the magnitude of associations show stressful life changes affect male and female Soldiers differently. Identifying times after stressful life changes when the risk of developing an undesirable health outcome is highest offers new possibilities for proactively addressing health. Findings could guide the timing of interventions to mitigate the effects of stress on health in military and civilian populations. Funding SourcesNone. Disclaimer: Authors’ views do not reflect official DoD or Army policy.

227-LB: Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Long-Term Weight Change among Low-Income Blacks and Whites

Objective: American adults gain on average 1-2 lb/year. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors have been shown to influence body weight. This influence has not yet been well characterized among blacks and low-income Americans, who are at high risk for obesity and related diseases. Methods: Included in the study were 12,261 blacks and 6,307 whites, 40-69 years old, who participate in the Southern Community Cohort Study, had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer, and reported ≥2 body weight measures, one at baseline and another during follow-up. Mixed model was used to evaluate 5-year weight change in relation to baseline factors and changes in factors during follow-up. Analyses were conducted among all subjects and stratified by sex and race and baseline obesity status. Differences in 5-year weight change&amp;gt;1 lb with FDR-p&amp;lt;0.10 were considered significant. Results: During follow-up (median: 6 years; range: 0.5-15 years), participants gained 2.5 lb/year. After mutual adjustments, greater 5-year weight gain was seen among men (+1.61 lb) than women and associated with getting married (+1.67 lb), quitting smoking (+4.72 lb), and transition to menopause (+1.98 lb). The association for marital status change was most evident among white men (+5.80 lb) and the association for quitting smoking was most evident among subjects with baseline BMI&amp;gt;35 (+8.95 lb). Diet and other lifestyle factors (e.g., physical activity) overall contributed modestly to 5-year weight change in this population, although associations were observed for per serving increase in greens and beans among white women (-4.61 lb) and dairy among white men (+3.30 lb) and Healthy Eating Index among subjects with BMI&amp;gt;35 (-2.02 lb per 10 points increase). Conclusion: Changes in smoking, marriage, and menopause status contribute to body weight change among low-income Americans. Certain dietary factors are also related to weight change, but the association may vary by sex, race, and obesity status. Disclosure J. Yang: None. X. Shu: None. D. Yu: None.

Öğretmenlerde Örgütsel Bağlılığın Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi: Bir Meta-Analiz Çalışması

Bu araştırmada cinsiyet, medeni durum ve branş değişkenlerinin, öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılığı üzerindeki etkisinin meta-analiz yöntemiyle birleştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmalardan hangilerinin meta analize dâhil edileceğine ilişkin belirli ölçütler kullanılmıştır. Bu ölçütler şunlardır: 2009-2017 yılları arasında yapılan çalışmalar olması; cinsiyet, medeni durum, branş değişkenlerinin en az birisi üzerinde istatistiksel bulgu elde edilen tarama çalışmalar olması, Allen ve Meyer (1990)’ in örgütsel bağlılık sınıflandırmasını (duygusal bağlılık, devam bağlılığı ve normatif bağlılık) dikkate alan çalışmalar olması, örneklem grubunun öğretmenlerden oluşması ve Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalar olmasıdır. Bu araştırmada 23 çalışma meta analize dahil edilmiştir. Bütün araştırmalarda aynı değişkenler ele alınmadığı için cinsiyet, medeni durum ve branş değişkenleri için meta analize dâhil eden çalışma sayısı farklıdır. Genel etkinin hesaplanması için öncelikle yayın yanlılığı istatistiğine bakılmış, heterojenlik testi yapılmış, uzman görüşüne başvurulmuş ve sonuçlarına göre sabit etki modeli veya rastgele etkiler modeline göre analiz sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Etkisi araştırılan değişkenlerden cinsiyet [duygusal bağlılık alt boyutu için (ED=-0.114), devam bağlılığı alt boyutu için (ED=-0.072), normatif bağlılık alt boyutu için (ED=-0.153)], medeni durum [duygusal bağlılık alt boyutu için (ED=-0.111), devam bağlılığı alt boyutu için (ED=-0.069), normatif bağlılık alt boyutu için (ED=-0.109) ],branş [duygusal bağlılık alt boyutu için (ED=-0.197), devam bağlılığı alt boyutu için (ED=-0.073), normatif bağlılık alt boyutu için (ED=-0.202)], öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılıkları üzerinde önemsiz düzeyde etkilidir. Araştırmada cinsiyetin örgütsel bağlılığın duygusal bağlılık, devam bağlılığı ve normatif bağlılık boyutlarında erkek öğretmenlerin kadın öğretmenlere göre daha fazla duygusal bağlılık yaşadığı sonucuna, medeni durum değişkeninde örgütsel bağlılığın duygusal bağlılık, devam bağlılığı ve normatif bağlılık boyutlarında bekar öğretmenlerin evli öğretmenlere göre daha fazla duygusal bağlılık yaşadığı sonucuna ve branş değişkeninde örgütsel bağlılığın duygusal bağlılık, devam bağlılığı ve normatif bağlılık boyutlarında sınıf öğretmenlerinin branş öğretmenlerine göre daha fazla duygusal bağlılık sergilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

The living arrangements of elderly widows, their children, and their children's spouses

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate the role that the marital status of children has in shaping the living arrangements of their widowed mothers and themselves and to explain the increase in the proportion of elderly widows living alone, which grew by 23.2% in the USA between 1970 and 1990. We propose a model where living arrangements are determined as the outcome of a game between the mother and her child, and where the fundamentals of the model depend on children's marital status. We estimate the model using 1970 data. We calculate the accuracy of the estimation and we obtain an excellent fit. Using the same measure of accuracy, the estimated model predicts that changes in the incomes of both the widow and her offspring and changes in the children's marital status generate more than the 83% of the increase in the number of widows living alone.

Transitioning Towards More Equality? Wealth Gender Differences and the Changing Role of Explanatory Factors Over Time.

We investigate the explanatory factors that have contributed to changing wealth levels and the gender wealth gap in Germany over the period 2002-2012. In particular, we analyze the role of changes in labor supply, permanent income, portfolio composition, and marital status on wealth accumulation. Using individual level micro data from the German Socio-Economic Panel results show that real mean wealth levels for the working age population have been decreasing for both women and men since 2002 and that the wealth gap has decreased by 13.5% to 30.700€. We show that the increased participation of women in the labor market and their occupational structure had an increasing positive role on women’s wealth accumulation. Making use of the panel dimension in the data and of Oaxaca-Blinder and Firpo, Fortin, Lemieux decompositions, in comparison to previous analyses, a diminishing role of permanent income is observed, due both to a reduction in the gender difference in permanent income and in gender differences in its returns. Overall, the evidence points to more equal wealth accumulation both in terms of characteristics and returns.

Kategori Perkawinan Belum Tercatat dalam Blangko Kartu Keluarga Perspektif Yuridis

This article discusses marital status in a family card that has a registered marriage and an unregistered marriage. The important question to be answered through this article is that the legal basis for making the marriage category has not been recorded as one of the marital status in the family card blank. The analysis is carried out using the applicable laws and regulations namely Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975 concerning Implementation of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Compilation of Islamic Law, and Regulation of the Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2018 concerning Marriage Registration. Changes in marital status in family card blanks regulated in Minister of Domestic Affairs Regulation Number 118 of 2017 concerning Family Card Blanks, Registration and Quotation of Civil Registration Deed, caused the Directorate General of Population and Civil Registration of the Ministry of Home Affairs of Indonesia to make the development of the population database change to SIAK 7. This change has caused the registration of marriages which initially functioned to guarantee legal order as instruments of legal certainty through proof of marriages, to be disorderly in the law. It is because in the long-term marriages have not been recorded and remain facilitated by the state through fulfillment of administrative rights.

The association between long working hours and marital status change: middle-aged and educated Korean in 2014-2015.

BackgroundWe investigated the association between long workhours and marital status change from married to divorced or separated status that might have bad health effects.MethodsA total of 40,654 participants with married status in 2014 were followed up in 2015. Weekly workhours were categorized into four groups: ≤ 40, 41–52, 53–60, and > 60 hours per week. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between groups of workhours and marital status change after adjusting for age, total monthly household income, working type, and depression with sex stratification.ResultsThe study populations consisted of 8,346 (20.5%) females and 32,308 (79.5%) males. Odd ratios (ORs) of marital status change for females working for more than 60 hours per week was 4.26 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–14.5), when working less than or equal to 40 hours per week was used as reference in the crude model. ORs of working more than 60 hours per week was 4.57 (95% CI: 1.02–20.5) in female workers when considering age, total household earning per month, working type of daytime, and depression in a dose-response manner. However, for male workers, long workhours were not significantly related to change of marriage status.ConclusionsLong workhours for more than 60 hours per week had significantly higher risk of divorce or separation in females, but not in males. Further follow-up studies are needed to evaluate long term effects of long workhours on divorce risk.

Associations of partnering transition and socioeconomic status with a four-year change in daily steps among Finnish adults.

Aim: The aim of this prospective four-year follow-up study was to examine how socioeconomic status (SES) and change in marital status are associated with the change in pedometer-measured physical activity (PA) in adulthood among participants in the 'Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study'. Methods: Questionnaires were completed and pedometers worn at baseline in 2007 and again at follow-up in 2011 by 1051 Finnish adults (62.3% female, aged 30-45 years in 2007). A latent change score model was used to examine mean change in daily total steps, aerobic steps and non-aerobic steps during weekdays and weekend days between 2007 and 2011. Results: In women re-coupling or finding a new partner was associated with decrease in total steps (p=0.010) and being single was associated with increase in non-aerobic steps (p=0.047) during weekdays from 2007 to 2011 compared to women who were married. In men, divorcing was associated with decrease in non-aerobic steps (p=0.049). Conclusions: In order to promote PA in the general population of adults, it is recommended to pay attention to people with lower SES and those who have had changes in their marital status. These factors could be taken into account when developing strategies to promote PA among the adult population.