Livelihood Change Research Articles

Reframing rangeland systems science research in Kenya: a synthesis of social-science mixed methods to inform integrative analysis of landscape pattern and process

ContextInterdisciplinary borrowing between ecology and the social sciences has produced numerous insights about pastoral livelihood practices and rangeland ecology, demonstrating how people practicing pastoralism constantly modify their practices to adapt to social, political, economic, and biophysical change.ObjectivesI outline an approach for integrating research on pastoral livelihoods into a landscape ecology framework. I focus on access to land and resources, and an integrative approach to scale, to assess the relationship between landscape and social processes.MethodsI use remotely sensed data and ethnographic analysis of livelihood change in two semi-arid contexts in Kenya to compare broad scale changes in pastoral mobility to spatio-temporal patterns of variability in rainfall and vegetation productivity. I then synthesize the political, economic, and social relations that have most prominently influenced access to land and restructured landscape process at finer scales.ResultsSpatial controls have been imposed on land use that have increasingly partitioned landscapes and concentrated pastoral access to land. Access to land has also been influenced by changes in social norms, employment, and market relations. Informal rules and norms, social differentiation, and exclusionary partitions have produced socially differentiated land use intensity gradients and novel landscape processes that have not previously been considered in landscape analyses in Kenya.ConclusionsUnderstanding access, land use, and landscape processes as intertwined, with uneven processes of land and resource capture at different scales, would enable landscape ecologists to choose observational scales relevant to rural livelihoods and sensitive to power asymmetries, creating robust analytical linkages between social and ecological processes.

Evaluation of Sustainable Spatial Suitability of Urban and Population Expansion in Al Hillah City Using Remote Sensing Techniques

The study focused on explaining urban expansion and sustainable development of urban land and explaining the role of population expansion in Al Hillah city, Al Hillah city in the center of Babylion Governorate located. The study relied on analyzing the population data of the city of Al Hillah for a period of time (22 years) for the period (2000-2022). This data was analyzed and its role in planning and designing residential areas and neighborhoods in the Al Hillah city was analyzed based on the standards of urban planning and sustainable growth of cities. Landsat 5TM was used in the investigation, Landsat 8OLI satellite data to retrieve the NDVI, NDBI, and NDWI. The findings showed that between 2000 and 2022, urban and population growth increased, and the gradual disappearance of green lands and agricultural during these years as a result of poor planning, and this will lead to the elimination of green and agricultural areas. Urban areas are established quickly, as population pressure leads to the elimination of agricultural lands, In addition to the high temperatures, which led to changing livelihoods, affecting green lands as well, and increasing urban expansion at high rates. The recent results are useful for planning, management and sustainable development of the urban areas. There was a pressing need to make the right choice in this situation, and while it didn’t help to solve the full issue, it did help to address a significant portion of it by rerouting this growth and arranging it away from agricultural regions in order to protect future generations.

Kehidupan Ekonomi Penambang Kapur Bukit Tui Kota Padang Panjang Pasca Galodo Tahun 1987 - 1998

This research discusses the changes in the economic livelihoods of limestone miners in Bukit Tui from 1987 to 1998. The focus of this study is on the economic impact experienced by limestone miners in Bukit Tui after the Galodo disaster in 1987. The purpose of this research is to understand the life of limestone miners in Bukit Tui after the Galodo disaster in 1987 and to find out the efforts made by the miners to meet their needs from 1987 to 1998. This study is a qualitative research using historical methods such as heuristic steps, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this research reveal that the Galodo disaster significantly changed the lives of limestone miners. The economic impact felt by the miners after the Galodo disaster was the loss of their livelihoods, which then led to a decline in the economy. The limestone miners then made various efforts to meet their economic needs, such as finding new jobs as traders, motorcycle taxi drivers, farmers, and so on.

Understanding change in traditional sustainable livelihoods: a complex socio-ecological system in an indigenous community in Mexico

Abstract This research documents how a transition to a more monetized, trade-based economy modifies the socio-ecological livelihoods system of the indigenous community of Santa Fe de la Laguna, in Mexico. The research found that there had been changes in community livelihoods, from traditional activities (agriculture, forestry, and fishing) to an economy based on handicraft production (pottery) and its trade. Through the modelling of the structure, dynamics, and change processes of the system, two key repercussions are identified: first, pottery production has intensified the extraction of soil and firewood, and second, the increase in trade and the abandonment of traditional activities are diminishing people’s links with nature, which is having an impact on their links with community sociocultural and institutional systems. The paper argues that the most important economic practices and related knowledge of the community may become unviable in the face of livelihood transformations that are responding to the global monetized economy.

Long-term outcomes of the livelihoods of displaced households after hydropower dam construction: A case study in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

Abstract Millions of people have been displaced and resettled worldwide to build hydroelectric dams. Most of the previous studies show that the livelihoods of the resettled people have been getting worse, but these studies have only been evaluated over a short time frame and only selected two-time periods for assessment, including before and after displacement. Few follow-up and evaluation studies have been conducted for periods longer than 10 years. Therefore, this study conducted a study that was long-term at a resettlement site for hydropower construction in Vietnam to observe the change in livelihoods over more than 12 years of the people that were resettled. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the research to determine livelihood outcomes and to explain the causes of changes in livelihood pathways after resettlement. Our findings indicate that the loss of productive land for upland rice and dry crops was the greatest challenge for displaced households. Households which were headed by women, or those that were handicapped, were more susceptible to land loss. Displaced people also lost their traditional jobs and faced food insecurity because they did not have productive land for cultivating rice and cassava crops. As a result of this significant reduction in economic and food conditions, displaced households could not maintain their culture and religion, and the coherence of Bo Hon, the study village gradually decreased. However, displaced households made a faster recovery in income generation than other communities displaced by hydropower dams in Vietnam after 12 years. They could generate more income because they live near Hue city and receive strong support from local authorities. Through this study, it has been shown that the selection and arrangement of a suitable resettlement site with good access to the job market will be a prerequisite to help displaced households to adapt and develop their livelihoods after resettlement in conditions of limited access to natural resources.

Assessing the Scope of Digital Platform in Tourism Recovery: A Study on Women Entrepreneurs Embedding Intangible Cultural Heritage with Tourism Products

Both national and local governments and communities may benefit from preserving their ICH as a tourist attraction. Researchers have a hard time making sense of the influence that ICH data has on the psyches of interacting visitors because of its splintered character. Previous studies have indicated that promoting traditional crafts and craftsmanship as ICH may be beneficial for tourism. The Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is an asset of cultural variety and a guarantee of sustainable development, as recognized by the Convention for the Protection of the ICH (Marie & Swain, 2021). With the shock and disruption caused by the COVID 19 epidemic, ICH is expected to be the game changer in restorative tourism. Those in the tourist industry were hit the hardest by the pandemic's need for widespread changes in livelihood. As a result of the worldwide transportation shutdown, the travel sector came to a complete halt. In light of this situation, academics and industry professionals have been probing the potential of the digital space to reach out to visitors and help them work around interruptions. Nonetheless, this phenomenon has been rare and directly correlated to levels of digital literacy, internet penetration, device accessibility, and institutional backing. The purpose of this research is to examine how often used internet platforms are by women entrepreneurs that sell items with local ICH to foreign visitors. The SonajhuriHaat in Santiniketan, West Bengal, was selected as the research location

Pola Mata Pencaharian Masyarakat Pesisir di Desa Siwar Kabupaten Buru Selatan

Coastal areas as a transitional area between land and sea which are potential resources in Indonesia. Livelihoods are traditionally carried out by both farmers and fishermen. The lack of government attention in empowering local communities is one of the factors in the lack of development of the village. This has resulted in the problem of poverty is a problem that has needed attention, especially by the local government. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, namely research that aims to describe in detail certain social phenomena. The subjects in this study were determined purposively. The instruments used are observation and interviews. The data analysis used is qualitative data analysis consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of the data analysis found that the livelihood pattern of the people of Siwar village was originally as fishermen. However, due to economic factors, namely the demand for the needs of life on land, began to change from the fishery sector as a fisherman to a clove and nutmeg farmer. As a result of changes in livelihood, it naturally has an impact on the welfare of the people of Siwar village itself, namely an increase in the number of college graduates and an increase in the housing sector

GROUND TRUTHING: STUDYING PERI-URBANIZATION AND LAND-BASED LIVELIHOODS IN MANKWENG AND ITS ENVIRONS (LIMPOPO, SOUTH AFRICA)

Abstract. Peri-urbanization is often referred to as a transition zone following either an urban-rural gradient or an inner and outer peri-urban zone. Contrary to these notions and linked to its history in a former homeland, peri-urbanization in Mankweng appears as a complex and erratic process in reaction to shifting livelihoods, in-migration, and climate change. The process of ground truth for the study was designed by accommodating a combination of remote sensing images of WorldView-3 for the densely, vastly changing populated area (200 km2) and of Sentinel-2 for the overall study area of 400 km2. For the purpose of intensive data gathering, 16 plus three additional sites were selected in the area covered with the very high-resolution imagery as well as transect drives in the rural part. The study sites were selected and well distributed based on specific parameters such as building density, home garden size, road type with the goal of better interpreting what can be distinguished on the imagery and what influences land-based livelihoods. Additional information was gathered from informants during the ground truth through open questions and informal discussions. A solid knowledge of the land uses and land cover, including housing structures, agricultural practices, and challenges of land-based subsistence, was attained. The results revealed influential change drivers, settlement structure types, distinct development patterns, changes in traditional land-based livelihood specifically in terms of agriculture in the region and indicators for a functional zoning of the area. The ground truth provides a thorough basis for the object-based image analysis of the 200 km2 peri-urban area being next.

Livelihood Transformation among the Borana Pastoralists of Dhas District, Southern Ethiopia

This study intends to examine the triggers of livelihoods transformation among the Borana pastoralists of Dhas district in Borana zone, southern Ethiopia. The Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools, such as key informant interviews and focused group discussions, were used to explore the perceptions of local communities on the causes of livelihood transformation and its impact on the well-being of pastoralists and their overall survival. Purposive sampling was used to administer key informant interviews and FGDs. The findings of this study indicate that the foremost causes of livelihoods transformation in Dhas district include frequent drought and environmental degradation, pastoralists’ sedentarisation policies and conflict over boundary and grazing lands. Previously, pastoralism livelihood system was the most viable strategy in the study area providing sustainable livestock products, while, at the same time, protecting water and rangeland resources and safeguarding environment warrant the Borana pastoralist’s well-being. However, with the changing livelihood dynamics, the Borana’s pastoral system underwent major upheavals, enfeebling the pragmatism of these practices. Therefore, this study concludes that a comprehensive development strategy for supporting pastoral livelihood becomes the need of the hour to guide the efforts of all relevant stakeholders operating in pastoral areas.

Analyzing changes in land use practices and livelihoods in the Bhungroo irrigation technology Volta basin piloted sites, West Mamprusi District, Ghana

This study focused on assessing agricultural land use practices and livelihood changes as affected by long-term erratic rainfall patterns characterized by flood and drought cycles in the Bhungroo Irrigation Technology (BIT) piloted sites, West Mamprusi upper and lower catchment area in Ghana. The study defined environmental flow restoration (EFR) factors based on irrigation water demand, natural outflows (e.g. drainage, seepage and percolation), evaporative outflows, rainfall and stored water. Agro-ecological resilience (AER) factors included flooding intensity, crop production under dry season, flood recession, and irrigation, and livestock as well as mixed farming was assessed. The framework of Evaluating Sustainable Land Management (FESLM) was utilized to assess changes in land use and trends analyzed by the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) technique. The main observed land use practices were subsistence cultivation with limited irrigation 72.8%, subsistence cultivation without irrigation 64.5% and livestock keeping with some cultivation 87.4%. Corresponding land use mean weights impact on the EFR and AER were 9, 9, 8, and 9, 8, 7 respectively. The study noted that precipitation was of higher significance than temperature in terms of hydro-climate determinants in both upper and lower catchment areas. Mean monthly precipitation amount and intensity were highest between June–July in the upper catchment while in the lower catchment it was between July–August. These months corresponded with high risk of flooding and waterlogging in both catchments. The opposite was observed in March with access to irrigation water being the most EFR factor influencing the resilience of BIT especially at the upper catchment area. In terms of academic contribution, this paper posits in the hydro-climatic context that excess pressure exerted from a combination of micronized factors such as waterlogging of farmlands, flood recession rate, irrigation capabilities, climate preparedness, adoption and transferability of innovations and scalability of climate innovations are likely be the critical elements which accelerate the climate vulnerability of arid and semi-arid catchment areas. Based on these observations, the study carefully recommends improved BIT infrastructure, including the integration of grundfos pumping systems, solar pay-as-you-go energy, MTN mobile payment systems, participatory decision support systems (PDSS), with improved awareness on determinants of EFR including crop-livestock integration in ecological organic agriculture as resilience building options.

A social wellbeing approach to the gendered impacts of fisheries transition in Gujarat, India

In this paper, we use the analytical lens of social wellbeing to interpret the history of livelihood change in the coastal village of Saiyad Rajpara in Gujarat over the past 70 years. We describe a broad narrative of transition from food scarcity to food security brought about by the introduction and intensification of bag net fishing in the village. This form of fishing has largely displaced the previous economic basis for livelihoods of uncertain daily wage labour. In a pattern common along the coast, an economy offering at best subsistence has shifted to one that is market-oriented, and which generates considerable surplus. We use the social wellbeing perspective to take stock of and order the complex effects of this transition. While the intensification of small-scale fishing in Saiyad Rajpara resulted in a general and marked material improvement in the lives of the residents of the village, the social relational benefits and subjective experience of change have been more mixed, particularly along lines of gender. A social wellbeing perspective offers an approach to fisheries governance that is more inclusive and sensitive to local experience.

Local-scale factors and dynamics in climate adaptability among subsistence farmers

Climate change is the primary environmental threat to subsistence farmers’ productivity in Peru. Adaptation is promoted as the best mechanism to cope with climate change in subsistence agricultural livelihoods. However, climatic adaptability depends on the resources the farmer has access to or can use, which are not always adequate to respond effectively to the speed and aggressiveness of climate change. This study explored the local factors and dynamics (assets) influencing the climate adaptability processes of subsistence farmers in Huayhuay, Peru. Twenty subsistence farmers participated in semi-structured interviews within a basic qualitative design. The results brought to light 18 local factors and dynamics that influence the coping mechanisms of climate adaptability. These findings support other investigations that demonstrate the difficulty of climate change adaptation agricultural communities face. The difficulty of climate change adaptation has rooted the interrelationships of assets of different natures within the same adaptive process. Future research and interventions should encourage the active participation of farmers in local climate action and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of farmers' adaptability mechanisms, considering the role of each local-scale factor and dynamic.

The subsistence strategies of Qin humans in the Guanzhong Plain before the establishment of Qin Empire: A combined stable isotope and archaeobotanical approach

The turbulent stage before the unification of China under the first Empire, the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC), witnessed remarkable changes in economic livelihood and social conditions. This study aims to investigate the subsistence strategies of humans living in the Guanzhong Plain during the Late Qin State (350–221 BC) by using carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis on animal and human bone collagen, as well as starch grain analysis of human dental calculus, from Podi cemetery, Shannxi Province, China. We argue that Podi humans likely relied on a mixed subsistence strategy based on animal husbandry practices and diverse crop agricultural pattern which consist of millet, soybean, wheat, and probably supplemented by hunting and gathering (Job's tears, nuts and tubers) economy. Combined with bioarcheological studies on Qin humans, we infer that previously traditional animal husbandry economy was still being practiced in the Qin period along with the inclusion of a newly introduced agricultural economy.

Suburban pastoralists: Pastoral adaptation strategies at the rural-urban interface in Nairobi, Kenya

How does urban expansion interact with pastoral climate change adaptation? This article explores pastoral adaptation strategies at the rural-urban interface. It examines how Maasai pastoralists in peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya, respond to climate hazards in the context of urban expansion, land use change, and land privatisation. Using mixed-method research, the study is informed by a household survey (n = 72), 38 qualitative interviews, and 12 focus group discussions. Drawing on the literature on climate change adaptation, pastoral change, and peri-urban dynamics, we find that while urban expansion provides significant challenges for pastoral livelihoods in the study area, pastoralists also engage new opportunities in the peri-urban context and employ them in their adaptation strategies. We show how adaptation strategies related to mobility, diversification, market exchange, and storage are employed through a variety of efforts including engagement with urban land markets and demand for livestock products, and by capitalising on proximity to transport, trading facilities, water, and commercial fodder. Communal pooling, another adaptation strategy, is less used and perceived to be in decline. We further find that historical land ownership patterns play a significant role in adaptation strategies, as pastoralists who have benefitted from rangeland privatisation are able to convert high peri-urban land values into private rural land access and investments in, e.g. diversification. Poor households are in a more precarious position but draw on informal agreements to access land as part of their adaptation strategies. Our findings highlight how pastoral households at the rural-urban interface may draw actively on peri-urban opportunities in their adaptation strategies as part of their efforts to enhance livelihoods, and in so doing bridge peri-urban and rural space. More broadly, our study highlights the importance of understanding pastoral climate change adaptation in the context of wider changes in livelihoods, land use, and land rights, rather than as isolated actions.Graphical

Understanding livelihood changes in the charcoal and baobab value chains during Covid-19 in rural Mozambique: The role of power, risk and civic-based stakeholder conventions

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce the transmission of Covid-19 had different repercussions for domestic, regional and global value chains, but empirical data are sparse on specific dynamics, particularly on their implications for value-chain stakeholders’ local livelihoods. Through research including weekly phone interviews (n = 273 from May to July 2020) with panellists in six Mozambican communities, our research traced firstly how the baobab and charcoal value chains were affected by Covid NPIs, particularly in terms of producers’ livelihoods. Secondly, we ask how our findings advance our understanding of the role of civic-based stakeholder conventions and different types of power in building viable local livelihoods. Our conceptual lens is based on a synthesis of value-chain and production-network analysis, convention theory and livelihood resilience focusing on power and risk.We found that Covid trading and transport restrictions considerably re-shaped value chains, albeit in different ways in each value chain. The global baobab value chain continued to provide earnings particularly to women, when other income sources were eliminated, with socially oriented stakeholders altering their operations to accommodate pandemic restrictions. By contrast, producers involved in the domestic, solely market-oriented charcoal value chain saw their selling opportunities and incomes reduced, with hunger rising in charcoal-dependent communities. Our paper argues that local livelihoods were more resilient under Covid NPIs if civic-based conventions and collective, social power were present.

Highway engineering and land use change in peri-urban Nairobi: Assessing inclusive development outcomes for host communities in the Northern Bypass corridor

This article looks at the socio-environmental consequences of highway development on host communities in one of Nairobi’s peri-urban corridors. It is inspired by the fact that whereas governmental decision makers have supported highway development by arguing that such construction promotes economic growth and development, decreases traffic congestion, increases travel safety, assists in the more efficient use of existing roads, reduces poverty and improves the environment, this argument is usually pitched at the national or sub-national level thereby ignoring local community interests. Therefore, the study focused on the local socio-economic transformations that are taking place along the corridor as a result of the highway development. Such fundamental transformations occasioned by the road are often not captured in the pre-project impact evaluation documents. In this context, the study found that the construction of the road positively increased accessibility; however, improved accessibility led to land value increases and gentrification. Other effects of road development are land use change and loss of livelihoods, production of inequalities and densification. The study recommends incorporation of ex-post monitoring programs in project development to help mitigate the negative impacts on vulnerable members of the host communities who may suffer in the pursuit of the national development.

Oil extraction and the changing dynamics of pastoral conflicts: a conjoint experiment in Turkana, Kenya

AbstractCommunities inhabiting the arid and semi-arid areas of eastern Africa have long suffered from and engaged in pastoral conflicts. However, since some countries in the region became oil producers, the conditions affecting pastoral conflicts have changed. This study examines how oil extraction may influence pastoral conflicts by using a survey experiment conducted in Turkana County, Kenya, on a sample of 801 respondents. The study finds that overall, respondents’ perceived risks of pastoral conflicts decrease when they are primed about the consequences of oil extraction leading to fundamental changes in pastoral livelihoods, such as an increase in employment opportunities in the oil sector and rapid social changes. The residents of Turkana view pastoral conflicts as customary as long as pastoralism continues and fundamental changes to pastoralism-based livelihoods originating from oil discovery and extraction may lead to a decrease in the pastoralist population engaging in pastoral conflicts.

Dampak Pengembangan Wisata Selancar Terhadap Kondisi Lingkungan dan Sosial Budaya Masyarakat Lokal di Pantai Suluban


 
 
 
 Suluban is one of the coastal tourist attractions, categorized as one of the best surfing locations in the world by CNN Travel. Suluban, better known by international travelers as Uluwatu, is located in Pecatu Village, District of South Kuta, Badung regency. This study aimed to determine the impact of the development of surfing in an environmentally and socio-cultural local community in Suluban. This study was designed using a quantitative approach, where the study was conducted in Suluban beach. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 63 local communities in Suluban. The data were analyzed quantitatively using the Likert scale. The impact of the development of surfing can be seen from the two variables, environment, and socio-cultural variables. Each variable can be divided into negative impact (load) and positive impact (benefit). From these results, the respondents did not expressly state that they feel a negative impact both on the environment and socio-cultural. As for the variables that positively impact the environment and socio-cultural, respondents said they think about it. This illustrates that local communities in the region perceive, they argue if during the development of surfing in Suluban beach has several positive impacts (benefits) both in terms of socio-cultural and environmental; as to the negative effects (load), they are more neutral inclined to think that indicates there may be other factors not examined in this study in addition to the development of surfing that cause a negative impact and the socio-cultural environment in the region. The dominant impact is felt on the public perception of the local variable negative impact environment is declining agricultural area, while in the variable positive impact (benefit) environment is increasing the physical preservation of the coastal area. Furthermore, the perceived dominant impact on public perception of local communities in the variable negative impact is the change in the socio-cultural livelihood. In contrast, the variable positive impact (benefit) is the increasing socio-cultural foreign language skills.
 
 
 

Socio-economic and psychosocial determinants of violent discipline among parents in Asia Pacific countries during COVID-19: Focus on disadvantaged populations

BackgroundMobility restrictions and economic downfall as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the risk of child maltreatment, including increased risk for violent discipline use by parents. ObjectiveWe examined the socio-economic and psychosocial determinants of violent discipline among parents against children in Asia Pacific countries. Participants & settingsThis secondary data analysis included 7765 parents with children 6–18 years old in eight Asia Pacific countries. Methods24 potential determinants were identified, including household demographic factors, parents' psychosocial status, and livelihood changes. The dependent variable was parental use of violent discipline (physical, severe physical, psycho-social aggression, and any violent discipline). Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. ResultsA total of 41 % of households reported violent discipline. Parental demographic characteristics that were positively related to use of violent discipline were living in rural areas, not being a household head, female sex, age younger than 35 years, and large family size. Poor parental mental health status, loss of job or reduced income due to COVID-19, lack of food at household level, parent engagement in petty trade, and owning a business also predicted violent discipline. Mandatory curfew and receiving pandemic-related education materials were also positive predictors. ConclusionSome socio-demographic factors, economic hardship due to COVID-19, and poor mental health status of parents are associated with the use of violent discipline against children in the Asia Pacific region. These results highlight several potential target areas for child protection interventions by governmental and non-profit organizations, including economic, social, and mental health interventions.

Impacts of Eco-Poverty Alleviation Policies on Farmer Livelihood Changes and Response Mechanisms in a Karst Area of China from a Sustainable Perspective

Eco-poverty alleviation policies have significant impacts on the changes in farmer household livelihoods. This study developed a multi-dimensional index system, which applies the social cognitive theory and farmer household livelihood capital to analyze the effects of eco-poverty alleviation policies on farmer household livelihood change in a karst area in China. The multivariate logistic, entropy weight, and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution models were used to analyze the responses of 892 farmer households from eight villages in Guizhou Province, China. The results show that the Poverty Alleviation Resettlement Project (PARP) had the highest impact as it enables higher engagement of farmer households in non-agricultural activities, resulting in significant livelihood changes. Among the eco-poverty alleviation policies studied, changes in livelihoods of farmer households are highest from PARP, followed by the Ecological Forest Ranger Project (EFRP), Grain for Green Program (GGP), Forest Ecosystem Compensation Program (FECP), and Single Carbon Sink Program (SCSP). Specifically, GGP received the highest response from farmer households working out-of-province, whereas SCSP received the lowest. EFRP received the highest response from farmer households working in the village. Farmer households in different regions were found to respond differently to various eco-poverty alleviation policies, based on how specific policies can address their practical problems. It is also related to the delayed effects of these policies on their livelihoods. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing livelihood improvements for farmers at the regional level, which can aid in formulating strategies in the future to alleviate poverty and revitalize local rural communities.