Changes In Lipid Fractions Research Articles

Metabolic effects of switching to Biktarvy (B/F/TAF) in patients with HIV-1 treated with antiretroviral regimens that do not include tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or tenofovir alafenamide (TAF): The Metabic study.

Studies on switching to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)-based regimens raise concerns about a worse metabolic profile in people with HIV, even though most received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in their previous regimen. This study aims to evaluate changes in lipid fractions, glucose, and serum markers for hepatic steatosis (HS) after switching from a TDF- or TAF-sparing regimen to bictegravir/emtricitabine/TAF (B/F/TAF). We performed a retrospective cohort study of people with HIV who switched to B/F/TAF from TDF- or TAF-sparing regimens between January 2019 and May 2022 with at least 6 months of follow-up. The primary endpoint was the absolute change in lipid fractions at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were changes in lipid fractions at 12 months and changes in other metabolic parameters (glucose, creatinine, and HS based on the triglyceride-to-glucose [TyG] ratio at 6 and 12 months). Changes were analysed using mixed linear regression models with random intercept and time as a fixed effect. The study included 259 people with HIV (median age 55 [interquartile range (IQR) 47-60] years; 80% male; 88% Caucasian; CD4+ T-cell count 675 [IQR 450-880] cells/mm3; 84.3% HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL). In total, 63 patients (30%) had hypertension, 93 (44%) dyslipidaemia, 30 (14%) diabetes, and 45% obesity/overweight. Most (60%) switched from integrase inhibitor-based regimens, and 21% switched from a boosted regimen. At 6 months, significant reductions were observed in total cholesterol (-7.64 mg/dL [95% confidence interval (CI) -13.52 to -1.76; p = 0.002]), triglycerides (-23.4 [95% CI -42.07 to -4.65]; p = 0.003), and TyG ratio (-0.14 [95% CI -0.23 to -0.05]; p < 0.001). In our real-life cohort, the effect of switching TDF-/TAF-sparing regimens to triple therapy with B/F/TAF improved total cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum markers of HS at 6 months and was neutral for the remaining metabolic parameters at 12 months.

FEATURES OF LIPID METABOLISM DISORDERS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Objective: To determine the peculiarities of lipid metabolism indicators’ changes in healthy individuals with a genetic predisposition to arterial hypertension (AH) and patients with essential arterial hypertension (EAH). Design and method: 231 patients with second stage of EAH (105 men and 126 women; average age was 52.3±1.2 years) were examined. The duration of EAH was 9.7±0.45 years. 121 of them had a concomitant stable coronary artery disease (CAD). The control group included 30 healthy people of similar age and gender. A comparison group consisted of 23 healthy individuals with a AH family history. Additionally to lipid spectrum, levels of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) were determined. Statistical calculations were performed using Statistica for Windows 10.0. Results: Patients with genetic predisposition to AH had similar to indicators in patients with II EAH stage proatherogenic changes in lipid fractions. Their Lp(a) levels increased to 29.9 (24.5; 32.1) mg/dl, which is 67.0% higher than the levels in the control group (p=0.0005). Levels of apolipoproteins (apoB100 and apoA1) in the serum of healthy persons with AH predisposition did not differ from the control group. Patients with stage II EAH showed an increase in proatherogenic fractions of lipoproteins, apoB100, Lp(a), and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoA-1 compared to control (p&lt;0.0001). Analysis of lipid indicators in patients with concomitant CAD compared to patients without CAD revealed no significant differences between these two groups, except of increasing in the Lp(a) level by 24.4% (p&lt;0.05). A significant positive correlations were found between the Lp(a) level with both the sum of scores on the SCORE scale and the CAD presence (r=0.25 and r=0.35, p=0.002), respectively. Conclusions: The lipid metabolism disorders in people with determinism for AH begin even before an increase in blood pressure and are genetically determined. The addition of hypertension contributes to the further progression of lipid metabolism disorders. The obtained data indicate the high prognostic significance of Lp(a) in patients with EAH in the development and establishment of both hypertension itself and CAD and increasing of patients’ cardiovascular risk.

The effect of anticonvulsant drugs on serum lipid profile

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epilepsy is a potentially life-shortening brain disorder, the symptoms of which can be successfully treated in most patients with one or more antiepileptic drug (AED). The literature explains the association of AED therapy and dyslipidemia. The changes in lipid fraction may vary with different AED, age group, and study population. The present study was planned to assess the serum lipid profile of adult epileptic patients receiving phenytoin, carbamazepine or sodium valproate therapy and attending Neurology Outpatient Department of Government Medical College, Kottayam, compared to normal healthy controls. METHODOLOGY: A total of 150 epileptic patients on AED monotherapy attending the outpatient department of neurology were evaluated for serum lipid profile. Demographic data and medical history of consenting participants were collected by the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Fifty age- and sex-matching healthy controls also underwent similar investigation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Over 12 months, 150 patients were recruited with a mean age of 35.54 ± 10.72 years (male-to-female ratio 1:1.27). When compared to normal control population observed statistically significant high mean total cholesterol, triglyceride level in the group receiving phenytoin therapy for more than 1 year. Only significant hypertriglyceridemia is observed in carbamazepine and sodium valproate treated patients. A significant correlation between the duration of anticonvulsant therapy and lipid profile was established. CONCLUSION: Conventional anticonvulsants induce dyslipidemia and monitoring of lipid profile should be done routinely to decrease the morbidity and preserve the quality of life in these (asymptomatic) patients.

Change in metabolic parameters after switching from triple regimens with tenofovir alafenamide to dolutegravir-based dual therapy. Bi-lipid study.

The use of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has been associated with increased cholesterol and body weight. Real-life data on the metabolic effects of switching from a TAF-based triple regimen to a dolutegravir (DTG)-based two-drug regimen (2-DR) are scarce. A retrospective cohort study of patients who have switched from a triple TAF-based regimen to a 2-DR [DTG-lamivudine (DTG-3TC) or DTG- rilpivirine (DTG-RPV]) with at least 6 months of follow-up. The primary endpoint was the absolute change in lipid fractions at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were percentage changes in lipid fraction, effectiveness and safety at 6 and 12 months [intention to treat (ITT), missing = failures]. A total of 118 patients (87 on DTG-3TC, 31 on DTG-RPV) were included. Median age was 51 years (interquartile range: 43-59), 86% were male, CD4 T-cell count was 692 cells/μL, and 98% viral load (VL)< 50 copies/mL. At 6months there was a decrease in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 10.7mg/dL [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2-19.1; p≤ 0.001] and 8.3mg/dL (95% CI: 0.74-15.9; p= 0.026), respectively. There was a reduction in cardiovascular risk from 4.5% at baseline to 4% at 12 months (p= 0.040). Virological effectiveness as determined by ITT analysis was 85.6% at 6months and 66.1% at 12 months. Seven patients (5.9%) withdrew from the 2-DR and there was no virological failure. In real life, switching from a triple regimen with TAF to DTG-3TC or DTG-RPV dual therapy improves the lipid profile and is an effective and well-tolerated strategy.

Blood lipid profile as a diagnostic marker of acute pancreatitis in dogs

Acute pancreatitis is a common non-communicable pathology in dogs, the untimely diagnosis and treatment of which is lethal (27-58% of cases). One of the most common medical tests for acute pancreatitis is to determine the concentration of triglycerides and other fractions of blood lipids. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes in lipid fractions and other biochemical parameters in dogs with acute pancreatitis. For the experiment, two groups of dogs of 10 individuals each were formed. The control group included healthy animals, the experimental group – dogs with acute pancreatitis. It was found that in dogs with acute pancreatitis, the concentration of triglycerides increased by 67% compared with healthy individuals. Cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations also increased by 23 and 9%, respectively. Inflammatory processes in the pancreas led to the development of cytolytic processes in its acini, as well as hepatocytes of the liver, as indicated by increased activity of indicator enzymes ALT, AST, LF and bilirubin. In addition, in sick dogs, the protein-synthesising function of the liver was impaired: a reduced proportion of albumin was registered against the background of increased total serum protein. Acute pancreatitis leads to a decrease in insulin synthesis, which is manifested by hyperglycaemia – in sick dogs, glucose levels are probably twice as high as in healthy animals. In pancreatitis, the violation of digestion and absorption of nutrients caused by intensive use of high-energy compounds (in particular, creatine phosphate) and an increase in creatinine (3.8 times). At the same time, the catabolism of proteins increased and the products of their intermediate and final metabolism – ammonia and urea – accumulated (by 60 and 57%, respectively), which is a sign of reduced filtration capacity of the kidneys. In addition, in acute pancreatitis within the physiological norm, the concentration of calcium decreased, and inorganic phosphorus – increased

Short-term effect of low-dose colchicine on inflammatory biomarkers, lipids, blood count and renal function in chronic coronary artery disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein

AimsInflammation plays a pivotal role in atherothrombosis. Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory drug that may attenuate this process. Cardiovascular protective effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, however, seem to be limited to patients with a biochemical response. We therefore investigated whether short-term exposure to colchicine reduced inflammatory markers and whether additional laboratory changes occur in patients with chronic coronary artery disease.Methods & resultsIn 138 consecutive patients with chronic coronary artery disease and a high sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP) ≥ 2 mg/L, inflammatory markers, lipids, haematologic parameters and renal function were measured at baseline and after 30 days exposure to colchicine 0.5mg once daily. Hs-CRP decreased from baseline 4.40 mg/L (interquartile range [IQR] 2.83–6.99 mg/L) to 2.33 mg/L (IQR 1.41–4.17, median of the differences -1.66 mg/L, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.17 – -1.22 mg/L, p-value <0.01), corresponding to a median change from baseline of -40%. Interleukin-6 decreased from 2.51 ng/L (IQR 1.59–4.32 ng/L) to 2.22 ng/L (median of the differences -0.36 ng/L, 95%CI -0.70 – -0.01 ng/L, p-value 0.04), corresponding to a median change from baseline of -16%. No clinically relevant changes in lipid fractions were observed. Both leukocyte and thrombocyte count decreased (median change from baseline -7% and -4% respectively). Estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased with a mean change from baseline of -2%.ConclusionIn patients with chronic coronary artery disease and elevated hs-CRP, one-month exposure to colchicine 0.5 mg once daily was associated with a reduction of inflammatory markers. A small effect was seen on white blood cell count and platelet count, as well as a small decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Lipids and Atherogenic Indices Fluctuation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients on Long-Term Tocilizumab Treatment.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at high risk of cardiovascular (CV) events, and the chronic inflammatory state may generate quantitative and qualitative changes in lipoprotein fractions. The anti-IL-6 receptor tocilizumab (TCZ), even if effective in inflammation and joint damage prevention, determined significant alterations to RA patients' lipid levels in randomized controlled trials, but real-world data are lacking. We evaluated the changes in lipid fraction levels and disease activity in a longitudinal cohort of RA patients on long-term treatment with tocilizumab (TCZ) in a community setting. We retrospectively selected 40 naïve-biologic RA patients on treatment with intravenous TCZ compared to 20 RA patients on methotrexate treatment as the control group. Total cholesterol (Tot-Chol), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured at the baseline and at 12, 24, and 52 weeks thereafter. At the same points, 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28), clinical disease activity index (CDAI), and EULAR clinical responses were also assessed. During the first 24 weeks, we observed in TCZ-treated patients a progressive statistically significant (p < 0.001) increase in Tot-Chol, LDL, HDL, and TG, which returned close to the baseline at 52 weeks. But no changes in the lipid-related CV risk indices Tot-Chol/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios and the atherogenic index (log10 TG/HDL) were detectable. Notably, we observed a statistically significant negative correlation between changes in lipid fractions and DAS28 or CDAI. The prolonged treatment with TCZ was associated to a transient increase in cholesterol's fractions during the first 6 months of treatment, with inverse correlation to disease activity, but with no impact on surrogate lipid indices of atherogenic risk. These findings may aid clinicians in interpreting the RA patient's lipid profile in daily clinical practice.

Impact of immediate and delayed chilling of raw milk on chemical changes in lipid fraction of pasteurized milk

BackgroundIn many developing countries, milk chilling facilities are not available on the farm where milk is produced, rather these are located at the distance of 10–12 km. After milking, it takes about 2–3 h to reach milk to the chilling facilities. The milk is then chilled and transported to the milk processing plants for thermal processing and value addition. In developing countries, shelf life of pasteurized milk is only 3 days, as compared to 7–10 days in developed countries. The factors which are responsible for the shorter shelf life of pasteurized milk should be discovered for the improvement of dairy sectors of these countries. The magnitude of chemical changes which takes place in un-chilled milk and their effect on fatty acids profile, antioxidant status and lipid oxidation is not previously studied.MethodsRaw milk samples of the same farm were either rapidly chilled to 4 °C immediately or held at room temperature (35 ± 2 °C) for 2 h followed by rapid chilling to 4 °C. Immediately and delayed chilled raw milk samples were stored at 4 °C for 72 h. Both milk samples were pasteurized at 65 °C, filled in 250 ml transparent PET bottles and stored at 4 °C for 6 days. Fatty acid profile, selenium, zinc, total antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid content and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, free fatty acids, peroxide value and anisidine value were determined at different stages of the experiment. This experiment was repeated with milk of same farm for at least five times.ResultsStoring raw milk at ambient temperature (35 ± 2 °C) significantly influenced the pH and lactose content of milk. The loss of short-chain fatty acids in delayed chilled milk was 1.19%, 3.27% and 1.60%, as compared to immediately chilled raw milk. In delayed chilled milk, loss of C18:1 and C18:2 after 3 days of storage period was 6.67% and 01.22. In delayed chilled milk after 6 days of storage, loss of C18:1 and C18:2 was 7.7% and 1.39%, respectively. In immediately chilled milk loss of C18:1 and C18:2 after 3 days of storage was 3.48% and 0.64%. In immediately chilled milk loss of C18:1 and C18:2 after 6 days of storage was 4.57% and 0.9%. Almost 41% vitamin E was lost when raw milk was stored at ambient temperature for 2 hrs. About 21% and 7% vitamin E was lost in delayed and immediately chilled milk, when samples were analyzed immediately after pasteurization. Loss of selenium and zinc contents after 2 h of ambient storage of raw milk were 0.43 and 224 μg/100 g. After 2 h of storage of milk at ambient temperature, free fatty acids increased by 0.03% (p < 0.05). After 6 days of storage, rise of free fatty acids in immediately and delayed chilled milk was 0.06% and 0.14%, respecitively. Rise of 0.13(MeqO2/kg) was recorded, when un-chilled raw milk was stored at ambient temperature for 2 h. After 3 and 6 days of storage, peroxide value of pasteurized milk (delayed chilled) was 0.88 and 1.56 (MeqO2/kg). After 3 and 6 days of storage, peroxide value of pasteurized (immediately chilled) was 0.39 and 0.42(MeqO2/kg). After 2 hrs of ambient storage, 18.41% flavonoids were lost. After 2 hrs of ambient storage of raw milk, loss of total antioxidant capacity and DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 29.31% and 44.53%. After 6 days of pasteurization, loss of total antioxidant capacity and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in delayed chilled raw milk was 72.1% and 89.57%.ConclusionsThe findings of this investigation showed that delayed chilling of raw milk leads to several undesirable chemical changes in lipid fraction of milk.

Association of sleep duration and quality with blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

ObjectivesTo assess the longitudinal evidence of the relationships between sleep disturbances (of quantity and quality) and dyslipidaemia in the general population and to quantify such relationships.SettingSystematic review and meta-analysis following...

Effect of dietary inclusion of a herbal extract mixture and different oils on pig performance and meat quality

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a herbal extract mixture on pig performance and meat quality. The experiment was performed on 60 fatteners (60±0.5–112±2.0kg). Group I (control) was fed with standard feed; groups II and III received the same feed supplemented with 150mg BHT or 500mg of a herbal extract mixture (sage, nettle, lemon balm and coneflower) per kg of feed, respectively. In each group, half of the animals received 4% rapeseed oil, the other half soybean oil. The herbal extracts had no effect on animal performance but significantly improved meat oxidative stability, lowered cholesterol and TI index and increased PUFA content in meat. Slight differences between animals fed with rapeseed or soybean oils were observed. Gilt meat had significantly better (P≤0.01) AI, TI, and h/H indices than barrow meat. It was concluded that herbal extracts have a beneficial effect on pork health-promoting properties due to changes in lipid fraction.

Metabonomic analysis of serum of workers occupationally exposed to arsenic, cadmium and lead for biomarker research: A preliminary study

Environmental metabonomics is the application of metabonomics to characterize the interactions of organisms with their environment. Metabolic profiling is an exciting addition to the armory of the epidemiologist for the discovery of new disease risk biomarkers and diagnostics. This work is a continuation of research searching for preclinical serum markers in a group of 389 healthy smelter workers exposed to lead, cadmium and arsenic. Changes in the metabolic profiles were studied using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on pooled serum samples from both the metal exposed and control groups. These multivariate metabonomic datasets were analyzed with Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. Analysis of metabolic profiles of people exposed to heavy metals suggests energy metabolism disturbance induced by heavy metals. Changes in lipid fraction (very-low-density lipoprotein — VLDL, low-density lipoprotein — LDL), unsaturated lipids and in the level of amino acids suggest perturbation of the metabolism of lipids and amino acids. This study illustrated the high reliability of NMR-based metabonomic profiling on the study of the biochemical effects induced by the mixture of heavy metals. This approach is capable of identifying intermediate biomarkers of response to toxicants at environmental/occupational concentrations, paving the way to its use in a monitoring of smelter workers exposed to low doses of lead, cadmium and arsenic.

Daily and intermittent rosuvastatin 5 mg therapy in statin intolerant patients: an observational study

Objective:To examine the efficacy and tolerability of rosuvastatin 5 mg at daily and non-daily dosing regimens.Research design and methods:A retrospective survey was conducted at nine primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare centres in the United Kingdom.Main outcome measures:Changes in lipid fractions from baseline values after more than 3 months’ treatment.Results:A total of 325 patients were identified. These patients were aged 63 ± 10 years, 50% male and prescription was mostly for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (59%). Co-morbidities included: established CVD present in 41%, type 2 diabetes mellitus (15%), hypertension (74%) and smoking (9%). Adverse effects had been documented to simvastatin (75%) or atorvastatin (63%). A total of 289 patients (89%) tolerated rosuvastatin well and were still adherent after a median follow-up of 14.9 (3–79) months. The remainder (n = 36; 11%) discontinued the medication after median 5 months’ treatment due to adverse effects. Efficacy was assessed in 224 patients who had adequate data. Baseline lipids were total cholesterol (TC) 7.41 ± 1.50 mmol/L, triglycerides (TG) 2.26 (range 0.36–18.4) mmol/L; high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 1.43 ± 0.47 mmol/L and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 4.76 ± 1.38 mmol/L. Daily rosuvastatin (n = 134) reduced mean TC by 31%, TG 15% and LDL-C 43% (p < 0.001). Rosuvastatin 5 mg 2–3 times weekly (n = 79) reduced TC 26%, TG 16% and LDL-C 32% (p < 0.001). Weekly rosuvastatin (n = 11) reduced TC 17%, LDL-C by 23% (p < 0.001) but had no effect on TGs. Targets were attained in 17% of CHD-risk equivalent patients and 41% of primary prevention patients by National Cholesterol Education Program criteria and 27% and 68% using UK targets. No myositis or rhabdomyolysis was observed and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK) were similar to baseline.Conclusions:In this retrospective observational multicentre study, rosuvastatin 5 mg was found to be safe and biochemically effective either as daily or intermittent therapy in patients intolerant to other conventional statin regimens.

Clinical and economic outcomes in patients switched to simvastatin in a community-based family medicine practice

The introduction of a generic formulation of simvastatin has created the potential to provide significant low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction in a highly cost-effective manner. This retrospective cohort analysis utilised electronic medical record data from a United States, community-based, independent physician family medicine practice. Patients switched from other statins or statin combinations to simvastatin by the family medicine physicians during routine patient care from January 2002 to October 2008 were identified. Equivalent statin dosing, lipid panel changes and National Cholesterol Education Program--Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP) LDL-C goal attainment rates were compared preswitch and postswitch. The potential economic impact of simvastatin switching was also evaluated. A total of 78 patients were identified, and in 76.9% of the switches, an equipotent dose of simvastatin was prescribed. All lipid fractions showed small, non-significant increases, with LDL-C having a 2.2 mg/dl (0.06 mmol/l) increase after switching (p = 0.476). NCEP LDL-C goal attainment rates were 79.5% and 78.2% before and after switching, respectively (p = 1.00). Modelled annual cost savings associated with switching were estimated at $671.99 per patient. These results demonstrate that an independent family medicine physician practice can successfully perform statin therapeutic substitution during routine patient care. Equivalent clinical outcomes with regards to changes in lipid fractions and NCEP LDL-C goal attainment were observed in conjunction with the potential for reduced costs for patients.

The effect of packaging method on the shelf-life of gravad rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study gravad, a minimally processed product, made from rainbow trout was investigated in order to establish its shelf-life under different storage conditions. Trout fillets rubbed with 1:2 mixture of salt and sugar in the amount of 350 g kg −1 of raw material, and matured for 48 h at 3 °C were then packaged in vacuum, ambient air and two different modified atmospheres (15% N 2 , 25% O 2 , 60% CO 2 and 40% N 2 , 60% CO 2 ) and stored for 12 weeks at 3 °C. In addition, a vacuum packaged product was stored for 24 weeks at −30 °C and the effect of storage on quality was investigated. Sensory and microbiological analyses were performed as well as amino nitrogen content, the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and acidity (pH) were determined. It was shown that the changes in lipid fraction are mainly responsible for limited storage stability of the product. Vacuum packing proved to be the best method of chilled storage, where the shelf-life was 8 weeks, although frozen storage of vacuum packed gravad excee...

Lipid profile pattern in thyroid disorders in northeastern Nigeria.

Background: thyroid hormones are involved in regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism therefore, thyroid dysfunctions induce significant changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. However, lipid disorders in thyroid dysfunctions exhibit great individual variability and the pattern of changes in lipid fractions in thyroid disorders remain controversial. Objectives: To determine lipid pattern in thyroid disorders in northeastern Nigeria. Methods: 18 simple goiter, 41 thyrotoxicosis patients, and 41 control subjects were recruited at the surgery clinic and department of Chemical Pathology of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Thyroid function test and lipid profile were done for each subjects. Results: The mean(SD) serum LDL and TGs levels in simple goiter patients were significantly higher than in the control subjects. However, total cholesterol and HDL did not show any significant difference. Similarly, the mean(SD) serum LDL and TGs levels in thyrotoxicosis patients were significantly higher than in the control subjects. In addition, total cholesterol and HDL did not show any significant difference. There was no significant difference in lipid components among thyroid disorder patients. The mean(SD) TC/HDL ratio was significantly higher in both simple goiter and thyrotoxicosis patients compared to that of the control subjects. However, the ratio did not show any significant difference among the thyroid disorder patients. Conclusion: The lipid pattern did not only show dyslipidaemia in simple goiter patients alone but also in the thyrotoxicosis patients as well. Lipd profiles should therefore, be part of workup in the management of thyroid dysfunctions. Keywords : Lipid profile, Thyrotoxicosis, Simple goiter, Control Highland Medical Research Journal Vol. 5 (2) 2007 pp. 20-26

Exercise Training in Obese Children and Adolescents

Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in adult life. The increase in fat mass in children and adolescents has occurred concomitantly with a decline in reported time for exercise. Evidence suggests that non-physically active children are more likely to become non-physically active adults and that encouraging the development of physical activity habits in children helps establish patterns that continue into adulthood. Dietary treatment of obesity is relatively ineffective in adults and it has been suggested that prevention of obesity in childhood and adolescence should emphasise increased physical activity rather than diet because of fears relating to the adverse effects of inappropriate eating patterns. Despite this, there are very few randomised controlled studies investigating the efficacy of exercise training in obese children or adolescents and many of the extant studies have been poorly controlled and have not specifically stratified the independent effect of exercise versus dietary modification. This review focuses on the well designed controlled trials that have evaluated the effect of exercise training in obese children and adolescents on body composition, haemodynamic and metabolic variables, cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength and vascular function. These studies indicate that, although exercise training does not consistently decrease bodyweight or body mass index, it is associated with beneficial changes in fat and lean body mass, emphasising the importance of comprehensive assessment of body composition in future exercise-training studies. Exercise training improves cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength; however, it seems to have little effect on blood lipid profile or blood pressure in obese young people. Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated that exercise training improves vascular endothelial function, an important surrogate measure that may predict future atherosclerotic risk in obese children and adolescents. Given that improvement in vascular function in these training studies occurred in the absence of changes in lipid fractions, haemodynamic variables or glucose metabolism, exercise appears to have a direct beneficial effect on the vasculature, in addition to its putative benefits through risk-factor modification.

Changes in lipid fractions and sensory properties of Idiazabal cheese induced by lipase addition.

This work studied the addition of an adequate lipase to enhance lipolysis reactions and the development of piquant flavour and sharp odour in Idiazabal cheese, as an alternative to the use of lamb rennet paste. Cheeses were manufactured from bulk raw ewes' milk in 50 l vats with commercial bovine rennet and 80 lipase units of pregastric or 180 lipase units of fungal lipase and ripened for 180 days. A higher lipolytic activity was induced by lipase addition promoting strong changes in odour and flavour attributes. Both fungal and pregastric lipases increased the content of total free fatty acids (FFA), but the fungal lipase released mainly medium- and long-chain FFA. In contrast, the pregastric lipase preferably released short-chain FFA. Diglyceride (DG) content was considerably higher in cheeses made with added pregastric lipase compared with those made with fungal lipase or with no lipase. Monoglycerides (MG) were detected only in cheeses made with either lipase added, reaching comparable concentrations after ripening for 180 days. The cheeses made with pregastric lipase had the highest scores for odour and flavour intensity, and sharp and rennet odours, desirable attributes for the Idiazabal cheese made with lamb rennet paste. None of the texture attributes were significantly influenced by the concentrations of MG and DG in the cheeses made with either lipase. Thus, the pregastric lipase was more appropriate than the fungal lipase to develop a more traditionally-flavoured Idiazabal cheese.

Procena kardiovaskularnih faktora rizika u bolesnica sa sindromom policističnih ovarijuma

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent reproductive disorder in women. PCOS is considered a metabolic disorder closely related to obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism and unfavourable lipid profile, and all together increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of the study was to estimate the concentration of individual lipid fractions in obese PCOS patients as well as to examine the possible connection of changes in lipid fractions regarding the age of the patients. There were 59 obese patients with PCOS examined, who were divided into two groups: < 20 years (group A, n=22) and > 20 years (group B, n=37). The results of these groups were compared with the corresponding from the control groups (groups C and D). Basal values of cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, oxidated LDL, Apo AI, Apo AII, Apo V, Apo E and atherogenic indices Apo B/Apo AI and LDL/HDL were analysed. A statistically significant difference between the groups A and V for the total cholesterol (4,20 vs. 5,02 mmol/L), LDL-cholesterol (2,79 vs. 3,42 mmol/L), triglycerides (1,27 vs. 1,50 mmol/L), oxidatedLDL (56,35 vs. 65,17 U/L), Apo V (0,87 vs. 1,03 g/L), Apo B / Apo AI (0,55 vs. 0,68) and LDL / HDL (2,37 vs. 3,06) was determined. It was conformed that in the obese patients with PCOS there was significantly higher level of almost all analysed lipid fractions and atherogenic indices with extremely high oxidation of LDL cholesterol. The PCOS patients have significantly higher atherogenic potential with ageing.

Lipase Activity and Lipid Metabolism During Oat Malting

ABSTRACTExperiments were conducted to determine the relationship, if any, between lipase activity and the metabolism of lipids during malting (germination) of oat (Avena sativa L.) seed. During the course of malting, concentration of the free fatty acid fraction increased markedly at the expense of the neutral lipid fraction (predominantly triacylglycerides), while the initially high lipase activity (most of which is located in the surface layers of the grains) decreased by ≈40%. The fatty acid compositions of total and neutral lipid fractions were stable during malting, but there were marked changes in the free fatty acid and phospholipid fractions. In a comparison among 12 hulled and hull‐less genotypes, there were no significant regressions between the quantitative changes in lipid fractions and lipase activities. Brief treatments with chemicals or hot H2O that partially or completely inhibited lipase activity had various effects on subsequent quantitative changes in lipid fractions, but these changes were not consistent with the inhibitions in lipase activity observed. It was concluded that the degradation in triacylglycerides and increase in free fatty acids observed during oat malting were not controlled by the level of total lipase activity. Rather, it was suggested that oat may have another lipase present in the cells where the oil bodies are located that hydrolyzes triacylglycerides from the oil bodies during germination. Further research is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.

Coagulation abnormalities associated with the use of anabolic steroids

According to a number of recent reports, persons using anabolic steroids may be subject to an increased risk of thromboembolism. We evaluated the effect of anabolic steroid use on the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems of 16 male bodybuilders to determine whether alterations occurred that would predispose them to a hypercoagulable state. No attempt was made to regulate or guide steroid use. Paired blood samples, both with and without steroid use, were obtained from six individuals, and the remaining subjects provided single samples obtained either during steroid use or nonuse. No differences were noted in most parameters, but we did find a significant increase in protein C antigen ( p = 0.008) and free protein S antigen ( p = 0.015), with a decreased euglobulin lysis time ( p = 0.021) during steroid use. We also found a reduction in total cholesterol levels ( p = 0.035) during steroid use. At least some of these findings suggest an activated fibrinolytic state, a known effect of anabolic steroids. The results do not support the presence of a hypercoagulable state. If anabolic steroids do produce a thrombotic tendency, they may do so through alterations in other hemostatic mechanisms or changes in lipid fractions, or more sensitive coagulation assays may be required for detection.