Changes In Intestinal Flora Research Articles

The change in intestinal flora by administration of antibiotics

The change in intestinal flora by administration of antibiotics

Effects of Biliary Diversion on Intestinal Microflora in the Rat

Certain bile acids inhibit the growth in vitro of organisms commonly found in the intestine and, in particular, anaerobic bacteria. As the importance of this effect in vivo has not been demonstrated, we investigated changes in intestinal flora in the rat after diversion of bile to the urinary bladder. Five days after operation there was an increase in numbers of Proteus sp. in the stomach, mid-jejunum and caecum and of coliform bacilli in the stomach and mid-jejunum. Lacto-bacilli were increased in the stomach. There was no change in numbers of anaerobic organisms. Similar changes in bacterial flora followed 5 days of pair feeding in control rats. Our results do not suggest a specific antibacterial effect of bile salts in the rat in vivo. The changes found are probably related to semi-starvation, because the food intake of the rats after operation was about half that of control rats having an unrestricted diet.

Changes in Intestinal Flora of Farm Personnel after Introduction of a Tetracycline-Supplemented Feed on a Farm

A prospective study was undertaken to determine whether feeding farm animals antibiotics in feed caused changes in the intestinal bacterial flora of farm dwellers and their neighbors. Chickens were fed tetracycline-supplemented feed (tet-feed), and, as expected, within one week their intestinal flora contained almost entirely tetracycline-resistant organisms. Increased numbers of resistant intestinal bacteria also appeared, but more slowly, in farm members, but not their neighbors. Within five and six months, 31.3 per cent of weekly fecal samples from farm dwellers contained greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant bacteria as compared to 6.8 per cent of the samples from the neighbors (P less than 0.001). Seven of the 11 farm members, but only three of the 24 neighbors, had two or more fecal samples containing greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant coliforms (P less than 0.01). These resistant bacteria contained transferable plasmids conferring multiple antibiotic resistances. Selective pressure by tet-feed for antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chickens extends to human beings in contact with chickens and the feed.

A Study on the Relationship between Changes in Intestinal Flora and Climatic Factors

Since the use of antibiotics to prevent the frequent occurrence of infection by the dysentery bacilli has become widespread, fluctuations of intestinal flora have become a problem. On the other hand, studies on the SS medium used for the culture and isolation of the dysentery bacilli have revealed the mechanism of action of bile acid, the main component of this medium. Thus progress was achieved in the knowledge on the equilibrium of intestinal flora. After F. Kauffmann successfully classified Escherichia coli (E. coli) serologically, detailed studies have been conducted on the movement of E. coli in the intestinal tract. These studies not only solved clinical problems, but also provided the theoretical and experimental elucidation of contamination by the feces. Furthermore, advance was made in defining the physiological and pathological concepts on the bacterial flora surrounding the organism. The author has examined the fluctuation of the intestinal flora based on the concept of health. In other words, the fluctuations of the intcstinal flora as influenced by environmental factors were studied. Climatic factors were considered in the present study. In order to avoid an alteration of the intestinal flora by the action of an invading bacillus, October and November were selected for study. Feces obtained on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday of every week were studied as to the intestinal flora, and the findings were correlated with the climatic conditions of the previous day. Five young male subjects were studied. Fluctuations of the inteseinal flora were judged on the basis of the rate of appearance of E. coli among bacilli of the coli-form group in the feces, the ratio between the E. coli group and enterococcus, and changes in marker E. coli. The intestinal flora was then classified into group A : healthy intestinal flora; group B : fluctuating intestinal flora; and group C : diarrheal intestinal flora. The relationship between these groups and the highest and lowest temperature of the day, daily difference in temperature, humidity, and difference from the temperature of the preceding day was studied. 1. As the maximal temperature of the day becomes lower, the intestinal flora shows more stability. 2. When the lowest temperature of the day is 7-9°C, the intestinal flora is most stable . 3. When the daily difference in temperature is 7-13°C, the most stable intestinal flora is obtained. 4. Fluctuations appeared more pronounced on days with high humidity lasting for many hours. 5. Intestinal flora was unstable when the maximal or minimal temperature of the day dropped by more than 5°C. These observations would suggest that the intestinal flora normally fluctuates, if not pathologically, in response to changes in the outside climate.

Effect of changing intestinal bacterial flora on thyroid function in the rat.

Experiments were designed to determine if changes in rat intestinal bacterial flora are accompanied by changes in thyroid function. Attempts to modify intestinal bacterial flora of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were made by (a) feeding the non-orally absorbed antibiotic, kanamycin; (b) insanitary caging. Thyroid function was also compared in germfree and ex-germ-free animals. Qualitative and quantitative studies of intestinal bacteria were carried out concurrently; at the end of each study thyroidal radioactive iodine (RAI) uptakes and plasma radioactivities were determined at three or 24 hours after radioiodine (Na131I) was administered. Thyroid glands were weighed and total iodine concentration was measured as well as plasma protein-bound iodine (PBI). Kanamycin lowered the total aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts of female rats and this was accompanied by reduced three hours thyroidal RAI uptakes after 42 and 72 days of treatment Insanitary caging for four or eight weeks did not change intestinal bacterial flora and there were no differences in thyroid function. Female germ-free animals had significantly smaller thyroids than conventional female rats. These studies have shown that reduction in the intestinal bacterial flora may affect thyroid function - simulating modest supplementation with iodine.

Lipotropic Effect of Dextrin Versus Sucrose in Choline-deficient Rats

We determined the effect of the type of dietary carbohydrate on the amount of triglycerides accumulating in the livers of rats during the first 8 days of choline deficiency. Animals fed a choline-deficient diet with sucrose as the major carbohydrate accumulated about twice as much triglycerides in the liver as animals fed a diet in which dextrin replaced sucrose. This difference in lipid accumulation between the two groups was maintained even though one group was fed sucrose to which enough choline was added to simulate a small degree of contamination of dextrin with choline while another group of animals was fed dextrin from which most of the choline had been extracted by repeated washings with alcohol. In the choline-deficient rats fed dextrin the ceca were larger and the color of the stools lighter than in the animals fed sucrose. We believe that the partially protective effect of dextrin against fatty livers of choline deficiency is mediated through a change in intestinal bacterial flora making choline, or some related lipotropes, available to the choline-deficient rat.

Intestinal Flora in Whole-Body and Intestinal X-Irradiated Rats

Striking changes occurred in mid-small intestinal and cecal flora of rats after exposure to 1400 R of whole-body irradiation or 2000 R of intestinal irradiation delivered at 250 kVp and 30 mA. The changes reached a maximum 3 days after irradiation. A consistent 100- to 10,000-fold increase in coliforms and enterococci occurred at both sites, and similar increases in proteus occurred in most animals. The normally predominant lactobacilli decreased slightly in numbers or remained unchanged. Other organisms participated less constantly in the overgrowth. Massive bacterial invasion of the severely injured small intestinal mucosa did not occur. There was no difference in bacterial invasion of mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, or heart blood between control and irradiated animals. The bacterial overgrowth in the intestines was effectively prevented by orally administered neomycin-polymyxin B-bacitracin without altering mortality. The findings indicate that massive intestinal flora changes occur in rats wit...

Blood cholesterol levels, autochthonous intestinal flora and clostridium perfringens recovery in rhesus monkeys fed a high sucrose diet

Eighteen rhesus monkeys fed butter, high sucrose and standard monkey ration were cultured for intestinal bacterial flora and their blood cholesterol levels measured for a 6 month period. This was done to determine if a shift from a diet with starch as principal carbohydrate to sucrose would result in hypercholesteremia, atheromata production, and marked changes in autochthonous intestinal bacterial flora as claimed. None of these occurred. Instead 1 per cent cholesterol seemed essential to production of hypercholesteremia in monkeys fed either butter or sucrose and intestinal bacterial flora remained virtually unchanged irrespective of diet. Recovery of Clostridium perfringens in rhesus monkeys was considerably higher and proved to be an autochthonous organism for those animals receiving cholesterol as a dietary supplement. The role of this organism in effectuating hypercholesteremia is unclear from this study. There was no indication, however, that C. perfringens would lower blood cholesterol levels of conventionalized animals as has been suggested by other reports dealing with monocontamination of germ free animals.

Lethal Gram-Negative Bacterial Superinfection in Guinea Pigs Given Bacitracin

Farrar, W. Edmund, Jr. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), Thomas H. Kent, and Van B. Elliott. Lethal gram-negative bacterial superinfection in guinea pigs given bacitracin. J. Bacteriol. 92:496-501. 1966.-Oral administration of a single dose of bacitracin (either 2,000 or 10,000 units) was lethal to more than 80% of guinea pigs. Within the first 12 hr, there was a 2,000-fold fall in the number of gram-positive organisms in the cecum. An increase in the number of coliform bacteria in the cecum was demonstrable within 6 hr, and, by 48 hr, these organisms had increased from the normal level of less than 100 per gram to approximately 1 billion per gram. The changes in intestinal bacterial flora were associated with development of a severe cecitis, mild ileitis, and acute regional lymphadenitis. Bacteremia, primarily due to coliform bacteria, was demonstrated in approximately 40% of the animals killed between 72 and 96 hr after administration of bacitracin. Development of this disease syndrome was suppressed by the administration of neomycin and polymyxin B, nonabsorbable antibiotics effective against coliform bacteria. The lethal disease produced by bacitracin in the guinea pig is similar to that produced by penicillin.

Studies on the changes in intestinal flora by oral administration of Colistin.

Studies on the changes in intestinal flora by oral administration of Colistin.

Comparative Studies on the Changes of Intestinal Flora Caused by Administration of Kanamycin.

Comparative Studies on the Changes of Intestinal Flora Caused by Administration of Kanamycin.

Absorption of vitamin B 12 in nutritional megaloblastic anaemia

1. 1) The vitamin B 12 deficiency found in some patients with nutritional megaloblastic anaemia seen in Malaya did not appear to be directly related to a malabsorption of the vitamin. 2. 2) This, and other evidence, suggested that tropical sprue was unlikely to have been a major cause for this deficiency. It was also noted that pernicious anaemia was not encountered. Malabsorption, when it did occur, might have been related to changes in the intestinal bacterial flora and/or inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa, for the malabsorption was readily corrected by aureomycin and sometimes by prednisolone.

抗生物質投与による腸内菌叢の変動についての研究 (4)

抗生物質投与による腸内菌叢の変動についての研究 (4)

Studies on the changes in the intestinal flora by the administration of antibiotics. 5. On low-level, longterm administration of chloramphenicol. (Appendix: Food preservation effect of chloramphenicol)

Studies on the changes in the intestinal flora by the administration of antibiotics. 5. On low-level, longterm administration of chloramphenicol. (Appendix: Food preservation effect of chloramphenicol)

Nutritional Studies on the Stannous Tartrate

An investigation are attempted about the change of intestinal flora of rat, by the taking of diet containing some stannous tartrate. The intestinal flora, used for this study, are selected of general intestinal flora of rat, such as Escherichia coli, Aerobacter, Streptococci and Clostridium type bacteria. The result are shown as follows.(1) In the case of breeding with the diet containing a stannous tartrate from 2mg% to 10mg%, the intestinal flora of rat did not occur any changes, however, according to the increasing of tin content (from 55mg% to 110mg% as stannous tartrate), a number of aerobe are decreased and the growth of Escherichia coli type bacteria are suffered.(2) In the medium containing stannous tartrate from 55mg% to 110mg%, the frequency of appearance of aerobe are decreased, and one of Escherichia coli type bacteria are markedly decreased also, compared with control medium.

Nutritional Studies on the Stannous Tartrate

An investigation are attempted about the change of intestinal flora of rat, by the taking of diet containing some stannous tartrate. The intestinal flora, used for this study, are selected of general intestinal flora of rat, such as Escherichia coli, Aerobacter, Streptococci and Clostridium type bacteria. The result are shown as follows.(1) In the case of breeding with the diet containing a stannous tartrate from 2mg% to 10mg%, the intestinal flora of rat did not occur any changes, however, according to the increasing of tin content (from 55mg% to 110mg% as stannous tartrate), a number of aerobe are decreased and the growth of Escherichia coli type bacteria are suffered.(2) In the medium containing stannous tartrate from 55mg% to 110mg%, the frequency of appearance of aerobe are decreased, and one of Escherichia coli type bacteria are markedly decreased also, compared with control medium.

抗生物質投与による腸内菌叢の変動についての研究 (3)

抗生物質投与による腸内菌叢の変動についての研究 (3)

Change of Intestinal flora due to Supplementation of Antibiotics

This paper deals with changes in the intestinal flora phase of white rats breed by a basal fodder to which a mixture five antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, aureomycin, chloromycetin, terramycin) and vitamin B12 were added.Antibiotics of a level of 4mg. % and 3γ% vitamin B12 were added to the basal fodder.The test animals were breed with a fodder containing either both the antiboitic mixture plus vitamin B12 or each supplement separately for a period of 4 to 8 weeks, and were compared with the standard group.Supplemnt of vitamin B12 had no effect on change in the intestinal flora phase.Lactobacilli proved to be the most effective of the control group, while this showed a distinct decrease in all animals breed with fodder containing the antibiotic mixture, coiform bacilli multiplication concurrently occuring.No significant relationship between the change of this intestinal flora and growth of the test animals could be observed. Contrary to that mentioned above dissection revealed symptoms of abno-rmal fermentation and colitis were recognized.There morbid symptoms seem to he due to the multiplicatin of excessive coliform bacilli, resulting from destruction of the equilibrium existing between lactobaclli and coliform bacilli.

抗生物質投与による腸内菌叢の変動についての研究 (1)

抗生物質投与による腸内菌叢の変動についての研究 (1)

MECHANISM OF PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY IN RATS BY SULFONAMIDES

The use of sulfonamides in purified diets of rats has resulted in the production of vitamin deficiencies. The first identified deficiency thus induced was that of vitamin K produced by s’ulfaguanidine and succinyl sulfathiazole and was reported by Black et al. (1). It was plausible to postulate that this deficiency was a result of the inhibition by the sulfonamides of bacterial synthesis of vitamin K in the intestinal tract. It is known that coliform organisms produce vitamin K in vitro (2) and that the feces of rats on a vitamin K-free ration contain vitamin K (3). Sulfaguanidine and succinyl sulfathiazole reduce the coliform count in the feces of rats (4). phinobenmic acid, which antagonizes sulfonamide bacteriostasis, was also shown to prevent the production of vitamin K deficiency by sulfaguanidine (1). Recently other data (5, 6) have been reported which support this hypothesis of sulfonamide inhibition of intestinal bacterial synthesis of vitamin K. We (5) have shown that sulfapyrazine, sulfadiazine, and sulfathiazole are more effective than sulfaguanidine, succinyl sulfathiazole, and sulfanilamide in producing vitamin K deficiency and that this order of effectiveness of these Sulfonamides approximates the order of their bacteriostatic potency against intestinal coliform organisms as reported by White (7). In addition it was observed (5) that factors such as absorption, utilization, and alteration of requirements of vitamin K did not appear to be significant elements in the production of vitamin K deficiency by these sulfonamides. Day et al. (6) found that cecectomy increased the incidence of vitamin K deficiency in rats fed diets containing succinyl sulfathiazole. Certain evidence has been presented by Black et al. (1) which they interpret to ’be inconsistent with the hypothesis limiting the sulfonamide action to the intestinal tract. These workers found that p-aminobenzoic acid even when administered parenterally antagonized the vitamin K deficiency produced by sulfaguanidine. They reasoned, therefore, that this sulfaguanidine action “cannot be explained on the basis of changes in intestinal flora alone, but may be due to a toxic action . . . on certain tissues of the rat, which is counteracted by p-aminobenzoic acid.” They concluded that the exact mode of action of sulfaguanidine is, therefore, obscure.