Changes In Interstitial Tissue Research Articles

Effects of silver nanoparticles functionalized with Cornus mas L. extract on architecture and apoptosis in rat testicle.

To assess ultrastructural changes, alterations in matrix metalloproteinase activity and apoptosis induced by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the rat testicle. For 45days, two groups of animals received different doses of AgNPs (0.8 and 1.5mg/kg b.w.), and a control group was given the buffer used as vehicle for AgNPs. At 7 and 15days post-treatment, transmission electron microscopy, TUNEL assay, evaluation of NFkB, pNFkB, p53, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 expressions were performed on the removed testes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed severe ultrastructural changes of interstitial tissue and seminiferous epithelium sustained by positive signal for apoptosis. The promatrix metalloproteinase-2 activity and NFkB, Bcl-2 expressions were increased, mainly at 7days. AgNPs induced severe cell lesions identified even a long time after the exposure.

Effects of 17beta-estradiol and tamoxifen on the selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) mRNA expression in male reproductive organs of rats.

The selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is highly expressed in testes under gonadotropin control. The expression patterns of PHGPx mRNA by 17beta-estradiol (E2) as an estrogen and tamoxifen (Tam) as an estrogen antagonist were investigated in the reproductive organs of male rats. Twelve-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were subcutaneously injected with E2 (7.5 microg/kg/day) or Tam (5 mg/kg/day) for 1 week. The E2 treatment significantly increased the levels of PHGPx mRNA in both testes and prostates, whereas the Tam treatment significantly decreased the levels of PHGPx mRNA, compared to the vehicle control (p<0.01). The treatment with E2 or Tam slightly decreased the levels of PHGPx mRNA in epididymides. In histopathological examination, severe vacuolization and depletion of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules, cell debris in the tubular lumen, and mild proliferative changes in interstitial tissues were observed in the testes of Tam-treated rats, whereas only mild spermatogonial proliferation was observed in the seminiferous tubules of E2-treated rats. There were no typical histopathological changes in the epididymides of any of the laboratory rats but mild epithelial proliferation in the prostates of E2- and Tam-treated rats. These results suggest that PHGPx mRNA expression may be influenced by estrogen in the male reproductive organs.

Reversibility and Pathohistological Basis of Left Ventricular Remodeling in Hibernating Myocardium

The phenomenon of left ventricular (LV) remodeling with dilatation, wall thinning, and increased muscle mass has previously been reported in pigs with 7-day myocardial hibernation. This study investigated cellular and extracellular basis and reversibility of the structural LV remodeling with hibernating myocardium. Five groups of pigs were included: Group A: 7-day myocardial hibernation with a fixed coronary stenosis; Group B: 7-day hibernation with subsequent 3-week reperfusion by release of the stenosis; Group C: control group with sham operation; Group D: 24-hour myocardial hibernation to define structural mechanism of initial wall thinning in the hibernating region without confounding factors of cell loss or hypertrophy, Group E: 4-week myocardial hibernation to exclude the possibility of spontaneous regression of LV remodeling with hibernation. LAD flow decreased by 38 ± 12% ( p < 0.01) with a significant decrease in systolic wall thickening at 7 days of hibernation with severe coronary stenosis (Group A). End-diastolic wall thickness decreased by 19% ( p < 0.01) accompanied by a decrease in myocyte number across the wall (44%) and in myocyte density (24%), a significant increase in myocyte width (17%), a mild increase in interstitial tissues in hibernating region, and significant increases in LV diastolic volume and in LV mass at 7 days. After reperfusion (Group B), LV volume decreased, LV ejection fraction improved, and myocyte hypertrophy regressed with a decreased LV mass index without a significant change in interstitial tissue. LV remodeling progressed with further increases in LV volume, mass, and interstitial fibrosis in 4-week hibernation. In pigs undergoing 24 hours of myocardial hibernation (Group D), end-diastolic LV wall thickness decreased significantly in the hibernating region with a proportional decrease in the transmural myocyte number but without changes in myocyte width, myocyte density, or interstitial tissues. Therefore, progressive gross LV remodeling associated with hibernating myocardium is accompanied by increasing myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. In hibernating myocardial region, wall thinning is proportional to a decreased myocyte number across the LV wall, indicating slippage of myocytes as a preponderant mechanism for the wall thinning. Myocyte hypertrophy develops within 7 days in hibernating myocardium, causing an increase in LV mass. These changes are partially reversible after reperfusion.

The clinical significance of the stromal reaction of the head and neck cancer

A total of 71 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were investigated in terms of the existence of a basal membrane, the type and amount of infiltrative cells and blood vessels in the interstitial tissue surrounding tumor. The existence of the basal membrane was investigated using H. E stain, PAS stain, Azan stain and ABC method using anti-human fibronectin antibody. As for the infiltrative cells, the number of cells per 1000μmm3 and the types of cells were investigated using a micrometer. Concerning blood vessels examinations of the endothelium and the basal membrane of the vessels stained by ABC method using anti-factor VIII antibody were reformed. As for clinical factors, recurrence stage, existence of the local or distant metastasis, clinical prognosis, and non-specific immunoparameters including lymphocytes, T cell and B cell populations, etc. were studied. The clinical significance of the interstitial reaction was examined statistically based on the above results. The amount of infiltrative cells showed a significant positive correlation with the clinical prognosis, immune parameter (Index of PHA × peripheral lymphocyte count), and degree interstitial fibronecrotin stain. The basement membrane of the carcinoma was composed of a collagenic membrane, separated in the interstitial tissue from the carcinoma. The prognosis was remarkably in cases with defects in the basal membrane often due to distant metastasis of the carcinoma, while an intact basement membrane was related to a good prognosis. The condition of the basement membrane also significantly correlated with the increase of fibrin in the interstitial tissue. A variety of vascular changes were observed even within the same histologic type of squamous cell carcinoma. In case with a well-defined basement membrane vessels were abundant. Immunereaction against the tumor was considered to occur mainly in surround interstitial tissue. It was concluded that interstitial tissue changes would have a clinical significance concerning therapeutic course and evaluation of prognosis in cancer lost.

Evolutionary morphology of the caecilian urogenital system. I. The gonads and the fat bodies.

AbstractThe comparative morphology of the gonads and fat bodies of members of 17 genera and 46 species of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) is described and analyzed. Comparison is made with the morphology of salamanders and frogs in order to elucidate evolutionary trends and relationships within the order Gymnophiona and within the class Amphibia. The structure of the testis lobes and transverse and longitudinal ducts is described based on gross dissection and histological investigation. The pattern of spermatogenesis and interstitial tissue changes are described and compared with those of other amphibians. A trend toward fusion of testis lobes is analyzed. The characteristics of the seasonal reproductive cycle of male Gymnopis m. proxima are described, and evidence for cyclic reproductive activity in other forms is presented. The morphology of the ovaries and ova is described. Size of ovary and size and number of ova is dependent on the state of maturation of the ova. Some evidence for seasonal ovum production and breeding is presented. Fat body morphology is found to be correlated with size, nutrition, and gonad condition, as in other amphibians.

CLINICAL STUDIES ON ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA

Two cases with acute intermittent porphyia were investigated clinically, and the following results were obtained.1) Typical gastro-intestinal, neurological and cardiovascular symptomes as acute intermittent porphyria were observed during the clinical course of these two cases. Chemical analyse of urine from both cases revealed an increased excretion of porphobilinogen and δ-amino laevulinic acid.2) Generalized muscular atrophy was one of the prominent features of acute phase in any of these cases. Creatinuria was detected in one case with severe muscular athrophy in acute phase of the disease. But excretion of creatinine was not increased significantly.3) No remarkable changes were observed in activity of creatine-phosphokinase and Aldolase of serum.4) Analysis of electromyogram revealed that muscular atrophy observed in both cases resulted from both myogenic and neurogenic disturbances.5) Atrophy of whole muscular fibers was observed in histological sections of M. quadriceps femoris obtained by biopsy. But no changes in interstitial tissue could be found.6) Creatin excreted to urine was decreased to normal level, after the recovery from muscular atrophy. No abnormalities were detected in electromyogram after the complete recovery from muscular atrophy.

SENSIBILITY OF OVARY TO GONADOTROPIN

1. In order to investigate effects of steroids on the activity of chorionic gonadotropin in rabbits, its minimum doses to induce ovulation were compared in rabbits administered estradiol benzoate, progesterone, norethisterone, testosterone propionate, progesterone with estradiol benzoate, and tosterone propionate with estradiol benzoate, and in adrenalectomized rabbits. And it was found that estrogens increased sensibility of the ovary to chorionic gonadotropin, while gestagens and androgens decreased it. The sensibility was also decreased after adrenalectomy in more than 5 days.2. For the object of investgating effects of steroids on the action of pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin (PMS), estradiol benzoate, methylestrenolone and norethisterone were administered in combination with PMS to normal immature and hypophysectomized immature rats, and their ovaries were compared both macroscopically and histologically with those of animals given PMS alone. From the results it was inferred that the inhibition of PMS action by estrogen would be effected through the hypophysis. Nearly the same was inferred concerning the action of norethisterone. Methylestrenolone, however, it was discussed, would exert direct action on the ovary as well as indirect action through the intermediation of the hypophysis. In the hypophysectomized animals, increase in medium-sized follicles without antrum and decrease in degenerative changes of ova and granulosa were observed as direct effects of estrogen on the ovary, and fibrotic changes of interstitial tissue, inhibition of corpus lnteum formation and degenerative changes of corpus luteum as those of methylestrenolone.

An Atlas of Muscle Pathology in Neuromuscular Disease

The authors in their preface state that in developing this book they have tried to answer the questions: "What are the fundamental reactions of muscle to disease?" and "With what clinical entities are these reactions associated?" The first two-thirds of the book is devoted to the first question. With a series of superbly clear illustrations and a brief account in the text they have admirably and tersely fulfilled their intent. They divide the fundamental changes in muscle in response to disease into ten different categories, including structural changes in the muscle fiber, changes in muscle nuclei, changes in fiber size, ringed fibers, sarcoplasmic masses, changes in interstitial tissue, leukocyte infiltration, changes in muscle spindles and peripheral muscular nerves, the presence of basophilic fibers, and the pattern of the lesion. In the last third of the book the authors set forth their clinical classification of neuromuscular diseases. There have been many

An Atlas of Muscle Pathology in Neuromuscular Diseases

This book consists essentially of an excellent collection of photographs, about half of them in color, showing the abnormalities of the microstructure of voluntary muscle in various neuromuscular diseases. The plates are arranged in 10 sets, the first set illustrating loss of cross striation, cloudy and granular changes, floccular changes, and phagocytosis. The other nine sets illustrate changes in muscle nuclei, changes in fiber size, basophilic fibers with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli, ringed fibers, sarcoplasmic masses, changes in interstitial tissues (corlagen and fat), leukocytic infiltrations, changes in muscle spindles and peripheral muscular nerves, and pattern of lesion. By excluding trauma, infections, and tumors from consideration, the authors were able to exhibit in greater detail and to better advantage the amazing variety of ways in which the elaborate structure of the sarcostyle can be disorganized by more strictly neuromuscular disease. Examples of such disorganization are the occurrence of aberrant nuclei

Endocrine Activity of the Testis of the White Plymouth Rock

THE testes of mammals and birds have two important functions. The first and primary function is to produce the specialized cells of reproduction known as spermatozoa. The second is the endocrine function, namely, to secrete the male hormone which influences the secretion of the secondary sex glands, the growth of the comb and wattles of birds, and the sex urge associated with reproduction.The source of the germinal cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes has been recognized for many years. Recently, the writers (Kumaran and Turner, 1949) reported the results of a study of the normal development of the testes in the White Plymouth Rock. Emphasis was given to the stages in the development of the spermatozoa with advancing age although the interstitial tissue changes were also described.While it has been believed for a number of years that the endocrine activity of the testes is localized in .

SYPHILIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM AND CORONARY ARTERIES

Syphilitic infection of the myocardium has been observed for more than a hundred years. The hearts most often described were those in which gummas were present. Little thought was given to the interstitial tissue changes until the years 1866 to 1894. In 1927 reports were made which indicated that myocardial syphilis is of rare occurrence, and some investigators have intimated that the myocardium is never affected by syphilis. Varied opinions and observations made by excellent pathologists have therefore given rise to considerable controversy concerning the disease. According to Conner, 1 who has recently published an excellent summary of the development of the knowledge concerning cardiovascular syphilis, Morgagni, in his dissections of syphilitic bodies during his lifetime (1682-1771), observed syphilis of the heart, pericardium, aorta and other arteries. In a woman, aged 22, he observed ulceration of both ventricles. Conner refers further to Ricord, who in 1845 first found a gummatous

INTRASPINOUS INFECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS

By intraspinous injections of specimens of poliomyelitic virus of suitable virulence infection can be caused regularly in Macacus rhesus monkeys. The virus passes from the subarachnoid spaces into the nervous tissues in which it multiplies, and into the blood. The constant involvement of the pia-arachnoid membranes in poliomyelitis, even when no paralysis occurs, and the fact that infection can readily be produced by intraspinous inoculation suggests anew that in the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis the interstitial tissue changes within the meninges, blood vessels, and ground substance play a determining part. While the virus injected into the subarachnoid spaces can be demonstrated there by inoculation tests forty-eight hours after the injection it can no longer be detected on the sixth day, at a time when the first symptoms of infection make their appearance. The failure of the cerebrospinal fluid from human and experimental cases of poliomyelitis to produce the disease when inoculated into monkeys is due to the fact that the virus is either fixed by the nervous tissues or passes into the blood.