Changes In Human Cognition Research Articles

아리스토텔레스의 조화미를 표현한 미디어아트 연구

The rapid development of new media technology provides a broader technical space for artistic creations. The use of technologies such as sound and light effects gives the audio-visual effects of artworks three dimensions and makes them richer. However, how to analyze the ideological connotation of works of art through complex surface forms has become one of the focuses of art appreciation today. Aristotle is the master of harmonious aesthetic thought of ancient Greece, and the pursuit of harmonious beauty runs through all of his thoughts on art. Aristotle's aesthetic conceptions and philosophical wisdom still play an important guiding role in the creation of artists in our modern society, dominated by information, despite the changes of the times and changes in human cognition. This thesis will focus on the idea of harmonious beauty as advocated by Aristotle and will analyze the philosophical connotations contained in new media art works so as to explore the method of integrating philosophy and art and ultimately applying it to the creation of personal works. My work, TWIN, is based on video and is presented in the form of a projection. This work uses popular video technology in the new media era to convey classical philosophical thought and aesthetic perspectives. The realization of the integration of civilizations across different eras is a tribute to philosophy, art, technology and thousands of years of time, and it is also the original intention and purpose of this paper.

A modeling framework for determining modulation of neural-level tuning from non-invasive human fMRI data

Many neuroscience theories assume that tuning modulation of individual neurons underlies changes in human cognition. However, non-invasive fMRI lacks sufficient resolution to visualize this modulation. To address this limitation, we developed an analysis framework called Inferring Neural Tuning Modulation (INTM) for “peering inside” voxels. Precise specification of neural tuning from the BOLD signal is not possible. Instead, INTM compares theoretical alternatives for the form of neural tuning modulation that might underlie changes in BOLD across experimental conditions. The most likely form is identified via formal model comparison, with assumed parametric Normal tuning functions, followed by a non-parametric check of conclusions. We validated the framework by successfully identifying a well-established form of modulation: visual contrast-induced multiplicative gain for orientation tuned neurons. INTM can be applied to any experimental paradigm testing several points along a continuous feature dimension (e.g., direction of motion, isoluminant hue) across two conditions (e.g., with/without attention, before/after learning).

Recent selection of candidate genes for mammal domestication in Europeans and language change in Europe: a hypothesis

Background and aim Human evolution resulted from changes in our biology, behaviour, and culture. One source of these changes has been hypothesised to be our self-domestication (that is, the development in humans of features commonly found in domesticated strains of mammals, seemingly as a result of selection for reduced aggression). Signals of domestication, notably brain size reduction, have increased in recent times. Methods In this paper, we compare whole-genome data between the Late Neolithic/Bronze Age individuals and modern Europeans. Results We show that genes associated with mammal domestication and with neural crest development and function are significantly differently enriched in nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms between these two groups. Conclusion We hypothesise that these changes might account for the increased features of self-domestication in modern humans and, ultimately, for subtle recent changes in human cognition and behaviour, including language.

Interactive Multimodal Television Media Adaptive Visual Communication Based on Clustering Algorithm

This article starts with the environmental changes in human cognition, analyzes the virtual as the main feature of visual perception under digital technology, and explores the transition from passive to active human cognitive activities. With the diversified understanding of visual information, human contradiction of memory also began to become prominent. Aiming at the problem that the existing multimodal TV media recognition methods have low recognition rate of unknown application layer protocols, an adaptive clustering method for identifying unknown application layer protocols is proposed. This method clusters application layer protocols based on similarity of the load characteristics of network stream application layer protocol data. The method divides the similarity calculation in the clustering algorithm to improve the clustering efficiency of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently and accurately recognize unknown visual communication. This article proposes that, in the interactive multimodal visual information transmission, human visual perception experience has changed, the diversity of visual information content expression makes the aesthetic subject more personalized and stylized.

No conclusive evidence that difficult general knowledge questions cause a "Google Stroop effect". A replication study.

Access to the digital “all-knowing cloud” has become an integral part of our daily lives. It has been suggested that the increasing offloading of information and information processing services to the cloud will alter human cognition and metacognition in the short and long term. A much-cited study published in Science in 2011 provided first behavioral evidence for such changes in human cognition. Participants had to answer difficult trivia questions, and subsequently showed longer response times in a variant of the Stroop task with internet-related words (“Google Stroop effect”). The authors of this study concluded that the concept of the Internet is automatically activated in situations where information is missing (e.g., because we might feel the urge to “google” the information). However, the “Google Stroop effect” could not be replicated in two recent replication attempts as part of a large replicability project. After the failed replication was published in 2018, the first author of the original study pointed out some problems with the design of the failed replication. In our study, we therefore aimed to replicate the “Google Stroop effect” with a research design closer to the original experiment. Our results revealed no conclusive evidence in favor of the notion that the concept of the Internet or internet access (via computers or smartphones) is automatically activated when participants are faced with hard trivia questions. We provide recommendations for follow-up research.

When and how stereotype threat influences older adults' arithmetic performance: Insight from a strategy approach.

In 3 experiments, we investigated how age-related differences in cognitive performance are exacerbated by age-based stereotype threat. We adopted a strategy approach and investigated a domain, namely arithmetic, where age-related differences in participants' performance are either nonexistent or very small and where effects of age-based stereotype threat have never been investigated. In 2 types of tasks (problem verification in Experiment 1 and computational estimation in Experiments 2 and 3), we found that age-based stereotype threat led older adults to obtain poorer performance, to adopt less systematically and less often the better strategy on each problem, to repeat the same strategy across trials even when it was inappropriate, and to execute available strategies more poorly. We also found that poorer strategy use mediated threat effects and that individual differences in processing resources moderated individuals' sensitivity to effects of stereotype threat. Our results establish that age-based stereotype threat effects occur in a wide variety of cognitive domains and tasks and are independent of pre-experimental differences in young and older adults' performance. They deepen our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying age-based, and other stereotype threat effects. They also document how domain-general and domain-specific processing resources moderate individual differences in age-based stereotype threat effects. Our findings have important implications to improve our understanding of how and when age-based (and other) stereotype threat effects occur, and, more generally, how psychosocial factors modulate age-related changes in human cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Reviewing the Poyang Lake Hydraulic Project Based on Humans’ Changing Cognition of Water Conservancy Projects

Water conservancy projects occupy an extremely important status in human development history. Human cognition about water conservancy projects has been in constant evolution along with the changing relationship between humans and nature (water). Based on a literature review, this study provides a systemic summary of the evolution of the human need for water resources and of water conservancy projects, as well as the equilibrium between humans and nature (river and lake ecosystems). More importantly, the transformation of cognition concerning the governance of nature and river and lake ecosystems is reviewed. Taking the perspective of modern rationalism on water conservancy projects, four major changes in human cognition are identified. Further, the most salient water-related issues arising from China’s largest freshwater lake, Poyang Lake, are analyzed and the history and predicament of its governance are described. This is accompanied by a discussion on the countermeasures. Finally, based on the evolution of the human–water relationship and cognitive transformation concerning water conservancy projects, several suggestions are proposed for the planned construction of the Poyang Lake Hydraulic Project. The conclusions of this paper shed new light on the principles of water governance and water conservancy project construction in a new era that has witnessed a growing conflict between socioeconomic development and the water environment. Our suggestions are also valuable for the governance of Poyang Lake.

Bipolar $$\delta$$δ-equal complex fuzzy concept lattice with its application

Recently, bipolar as well as vague concept lattice visualization is introduced for precise representation of inconsistency and incompleteness in data sets based on its acceptation and rejection part simultaneously. In this process, a problem is addressed while measuring the periodic fluctuation in bipolar information at the given phase of time. This changes in human cognition used coexist often in our daily life where the sentiments (i.e., love or hatred) for anyone may change several times from morning to evening office time. In this case precise representation of this type of bipolar information and measuring its pattern is a major issue for the researchers. To deal with this problem, the current paper proposes three methods for adequate representation of bipolar complex data set using the calculus of complex fuzzy matrix, $$\delta$$-equality and the calculus of granular computing, respectively. Hence, the proposed method provides an umbrella way to navigate or decompose the bipolar complex data sets and their semantics using an illustrative example. The results obtained from the proposed methods are also compared to validate the results.

Neural plasticity is modified over the human menstrual cycle: Combined insight from sensory evoked potential LTP and repetition suppression.

In healthy women, fluctuations in hormones including progesterone and oestradiol lead to functional changes in the brain over the course of each menstrual cycle. Though considerable attention has been directed towards understanding changes in human cognition over the menstrual cycle, changes in underlying processes such as neural plasticity have largely only been studied in animals. In this study we explored predictive coding and repetition suppression via the roving mismatch negativity paradigm as a model of short-term plasticity (Garrido, Kilner, Kiebel, et al., 2009), and Hebbian learning via visual sensory long-term potentiation (LTP) as a model of long-term plasticity (Teyler et al., 2005). Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in 20 females during their early follicular and mid-luteal phases. Event-related potential (ERP) analyses were complemented with dynamic causal modelling (DCM) to characterise changes in the underlying neural architecture. More sustained variability in the ERP response to a change in tone during the luteal phase are interpreted as a delayed habituation of the P3a component in the luteal relative to the follicular phase. The additional increased forward connection strength over tone repetitions compared to the follicular phase suggests that, in this phase, females may be less efficient when processing deviations from predicted sensory input (error). In contrast, there appears to be no reliable change in sensory LTP. This suggests that predictive coding, but not Hebbian plasticity is modified in the mid-luteal compared to the follicular phase, at least at the days of the menstrual cycle tested. This finding implicates the human menstrual cycle in complex changes in neural plasticity and provides further evidence for the importance of considering the menstrual cycle when including females in electrophysiological research.

Negative Aging Stereotypes Disrupt both the Selection and Execution of Strategies in Older Adults

Background: Age-based cognitive deficits are exacerbated by stereotype threat effects (i.e., the threat of being judged as cognitively incapable due to aging). We tested whether age-based stereotype threat effects can occur via impair- ing older adults’ ability to select the best strategy and/or to execute strategies efficiently. Methods: Older adults (age range: 64.3–89.5 years) were randomly assigned to a stereotype threat or control condition before taking an episodic memory task. They encoded pairs of concrete words and of abstract words, with either a repetition or an imagery strategy, and then took a cued-recall task. Whereas participants in experiment 1 could choose between these two strategies, those of experiment 2 were forced to use either the repetition or the imagery strategy. Results: Our findings showed that age-based stereotype threat disrupts both the selection and execution of the most efficient, but also most resource-demanding, imagery strategy, and that these stereotype threat effects were stronger on concrete words. Conclusion: Our findings have important implications to further understand age-based (and other) stereotype threat effects, and how noncognitive factors modulate age-related changes in human cognition.

Fonctions exécutives, vieillissement cognitif et variations stratégiques

Aging is characterized by a decrease of cognitive performance in most of cognitive domains. One of the most fundamental issues is then to know what are the underlying mechanisms of these age-related changes in human cognition. Recent research suggests that in addition to speed of processing and working memory capacities, age-related impairment in executive functioning plays an important role in the cognitive decline associated to aging. Above and beyond performance, current research shows that the mediating role of executive function in age-related changes in cognitive performance occurs via changes in strategies variations (i.e., repertoire, distribution, execution, and selection of the strategies used to accomplish a cognitive task). In this article, we illustrate both strategic variations and underlying executive control mechanisms in two important cognitive domains : episodic memory and problem solving.

Hominin cognitive evolution: identifying patterns and processes in the fossil and archaeological record.

As only limited insight into behaviour is available from the archaeological record, much of our understanding of historical changes in human cognition is restricted to identifying changes in brain size and architecture. Using both absolute and residual brain size estimates, we show that hominin brain evolution was likely to be the result of a mix of processes; punctuated changes at approximately 100 kya, 1 Mya and 1.8 Mya are supplemented by gradual within-lineage changes in Homo erectus and Homo sapiens sensu lato. While brain size increase in Homo in Africa is a gradual process, migration of hominins into Eurasia is associated with step changes at approximately 400 kya and approximately 100 kya. We then demonstrate that periods of rapid change in hominin brain size are not temporally associated with changes in environmental unpredictability or with long-term palaeoclimate trends. Thus, we argue that commonly used global sea level or Indian Ocean dust palaeoclimate records provide little evidence for either the variability selection or aridity hypotheses explaining changes in hominin brain size. Brain size change at approximately 100 kya is coincident with demographic change and the appearance of fully modern language. However, gaps remain in our understanding of the external pressures driving encephalization, which will only be filled by novel applications of the fossil, palaeoclimatic and archaeological records.

Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans

Cognitive and affective processes vary over the course of the 24 h day. Time of day dependent changes in human cognition are modulated by an internal circadian timekeeping system with a near-24 h period. The human circadian timekeeping system interacts with sleep-wakefulness regulatory processes to modulate brain arousal, neurocognitive and affective function. Brain arousal is regulated by ascending brain stem, basal forebrain (BF) and hypothalamic arousal systems and inhibition or disruption of these systems reduces brain arousal, impairs cognition, and promotes sleep. The internal circadian timekeeping system modulates cognition and affective function by projections from the master circadian clock, located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), to arousal and sleep systems and via clock gene oscillations in brain tissues. Understanding the basic principles of circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology can help to recognize how the circadian system modulates human cognition and influences learning, memory and emotion. Developmental changes in sleep and circadian processes and circadian misalignment in circadian rhythm sleep disorders have important implications for learning, memory and emotion. Overall, when wakefulness occurs at appropriate internal biological times, circadian clockwork benefits human cognitive and emotion function throughout the lifespan. Yet, when wakefulness occurs at inappropriate biological times because of environmental pressures (e.g., early school start times, long work hours that include work at night, shift work, jet lag) or because of circadian rhythm sleep disorders, the resulting misalignment between circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology leads to impaired cognitive performance, learning, emotion, and safety.

Working with a robot

Research on human–robot interaction has often ignored the human cognitive changes that might occur when humans and robots work together to solve problems. Facilitating human–robot collaboration will require understanding how the collaboration functions system-wide. We present detailed examples drawn from a study of children and an autonomous rover, and examine how children’s beliefs can guide the way they interact with and learn about the robot. Our data suggest that better collaboration might require that robots be designed to maximize their relationship potential with specific users.

Pharmacotherapy for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children and Adolescents

Exposure to physical trauma has always caused profound and enduring changes in human cognition, emotion and behavior and with this, the need for appropriate treatment. However only recently a persisting triad of symptoms– re–experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal – crystallized as the core psychological reactions to trauma. This triad was designated Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD was formally recognized as a psychiatric diagnosis in 1980 with the publication of the DSM III and it was not until 1987, and the DSM III–R, that the disorder was recognized in children. The diagnosis of Acute Stress disorder (ASD) was introduced even more recently, with the publication of DSM–IV in 1994. Unlike PTSD, which is diagnosed at least four weeks after the trauma, acute stress disorder is diagnosed two days to four weeks after the trauma. Acute stress disorder also differs from PTSD in that it is explicitly conceived as a dissociative response to trauma and it will have the ability to predict later PTSD. Concerns are still raised as to the validity of both diagnoses as they apply to children. This, together with the tendency of adults in the child’s surroundings to “let sleeping dogs lie,” make the traumatic stress disorders of childhood underdiagnosed, understudied, and as a result—not always optimally treated. It is estimated that 70% of adults and 40% of teenagers have undergone a trauma which could result in the development of PTSD according to the DSM. Life time prevalence of PTSD is estimated to be 8%. In children the numbers vary widely (according to type of trauma and method of diagnosis)—10%–100% of children who have undergone trauma will go on to develop PTSD. In a survey of current practice among psychiatrists and nonmedical therapists, Cohen et al. found that although only 17% of psychiatrists said they preferred psychotropic medications to psychotherapy, the majority (95%) prescribed medications for the disorder, thus emphasizing the importance of guidelines for medication use in this disorder.

Age-Related Changes in a Human Cognitive Mapping System: Data from a Computer-Generated Environment

Two studies investigated age-related changes in human spatial cognition. In Study 1, younger and older adults searched computer-generated space, over several trials, for the location of a hidden target. Younger adults, but not older adults, quickly located the target and consistently returned to it. All the younger adults, but few of the older adults, reported using spatial relations among distal cues to navigate the space. In Study 2, young, middle-aged, and older adults performed the same task, but were provided with increased environmental support and pre-task training. The data pattern from Study 1 was replicated, with the performance of middle-aged adults falling between that of young and older adults. Although older adults in Study 2 reported less experience at completing computer-based tasks than did young and middle-aged adults, effects of this differential level of computer experience appeared to diminish over the course of experimental procedures (i.e., group differences that appeared on pre-task non-spatial practice trials were not apparent on a similar post-task trial). Age-related differences in spatial cognition persisted, however. Thus, the current data (a) suggest that a human cognitive mapping system changes over the lifespan, (b) suggest that computer-generated tasks can be sensitive to those changes, and (c) are consistent with a substantial literature investigating age-related changes in human and rodent spatial cognition.