Changes In High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Research Articles

Correlation between HDL Level with Clinical and Biochemical Markers of Atherogenesis

Introduction: HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) level is an independent predictor of risk for cardiovascular events in both genders, low levels of which have been demonstrated to have an inverse association with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Anthropometric measurements serve as surrogate markers for atherogenic burden. Atherosclerosis represents a chronic inflammatory process and low HDL being an inflammatory state, inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) may provide an adjunctive method for global assessment of cardiovascular risk. TG/HDL ratio has been proved to have a high association with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and with insulin resistance.Aim: To find out the correlation between High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level with clinical and biochemical markers of atherogenesis.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a study population of 200 individuals, who were either in-patients or outpatients in the Department of Medicine at Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal Karnataka, India. (Study period July 2012-July 2014). Individuals aged 18-70 years being investigated for dyslipidemia for the first time were included. Data was collected by in person interview by specific questionnaire. Height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured as per standard protocol. Laboratory reports were noted for the estimation of Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), HDL and Triglycerides (TG), hs-CRP, fasting insulin. Serum LDL was calculated. Statistical data analysis was done using SPSS 16.0 version. Mean and median values were calculated corresponding to the data. Results were analysed using Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Independent t- est and Mann-Whitney’s tests were used for calculation of significance of correlation.Results: Among the studied individuals 53% (106) were males and 47% (94) were females. A total of 77%(154) of the individuals with low HDL and 70%(140) individuals with normal HDL had abnormal waist circumference. Mean Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) was same across groups with low and normal HDL. Mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was similar in both the groups among males; however, a statistically significant difference was found among females. Abnormal waist circumference was found similar across both the groups. Median hs-CRP showed a statistically significant higher values among individuals with lower HDL. Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR was higher among individuals with low HDL (vs normal HDL), but it was statistically insignificant. Median TG/HDL ratio among 41 individuals were found to be 3.08, which was higher than the cut-off to signify insulin resistance. HOMA-IR and TG/HDL ratio showed a statistically significant positive correlation suggesting that TG/HDL ratio can be used as a marker of insulin resistance.Conclusion: This study revealed that anthropometric indices showed an inverse correlation with HDL levels, with BMI being a better predictor of HDL-C changes. HDL was lower in individuals with insulin resistance, with TG/HDL ratio being a significant marker of insulin resistance.

Meta-regression analysis of the effects of dietary cholesterol intake on LDL and HDL cholesterol

Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dietary guidance recommends reducing saturated fatty acid, trans fatty acid, and cholesterol intakes to reduce circulating LDL cholesterol. Cholesterol intake may also affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations, but its impact has not been fully quantified. The aims of this study were to investigate the dose-response relation between changes in dietary cholesterol intake and changes in lipoprotein-cholesterol markers for cardiovascular disease risk and to provide a reference for clinicians on how changes in dietary cholesterol intake affect circulating cholesterol concentrations, after accounting for intakes of fatty acids. We used a Bayesian approach to meta-regression analysis, which uses Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, to assess the relation between the change in dietary cholesterol (adjusted for dietary fatty acids) and changes in LDL and HDL cholesterol based on the use of data from randomized dietary intervention trials. Fifty-five studies (2652 subjects) were included in the analysis. The nonlinear Michaelis-Menten (MM) and Hill models best described the data across the full spectrum of dietary cholesterol changes studied (0-1500 mg/d). Mean predicted changes in LDL cholesterol for an increase of 100 mg dietary cholesterol/d were 1.90, 4.46, and 4.58 mg/dL for the linear, nonlinear MM, and Hill models, respectively. The change in dietary cholesterol was positively associated with the change in LDL-cholesterol concentration. The linear and MM models indicate that the change in dietary cholesterol is modestly inversely related to the change in circulating HDL-cholesterol concentrations in men but is positively related in women. The clinical implications of HDL-cholesterol changes associated with dietary cholesterol remain uncertain.

Effects of weight change on HDL-cholesterol and its subfractions in over 28,000 men and women

Changes in body mass index (ΔBMI) have well-established relationships to changes in high-density lipoprotein (ΔHDL)-cholesterol concentrations; however, their relationships to ΔHDL subfractions are less well understood. Assess the associations between ΔHDL and ΔBMI in a very large cohort. Age and sex-adjusted Δapo A1 concentrations were measured within 10 HDL subfractions in 14,121 women and 13,969 men using two-dimensional HDL-mapping. Significance was identified at .01<P≤.05 (*), .001<P≤.01 (†), .0001<P≤.001 (‡), and P≤.0001 (§). ΔBMI was significantly associated with Δα-1 (very large HDL, slope ± SE, females: -0.39±0.07§; males: -0.51±0.05§), Δα-3 (medium HDL, females: 0.18±0.04§; males: 0.19±0.04§), and Δα-4 (small HDL, females: 0.14±0.03§; males: 0.15±0.04§ mg/dL per kg/m2). As a percent of baseline, the changes in α-1 per ΔBMI were nearly twice as great as the changes in HDL-cholesterol per ΔBMI in both males (-1.53% vs -0.77%) and females (-0.79% vs -0.42%). HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly in healthy-weight patients who became overweight, overweight patients who became class I or class II obese, class I obese patients who became class II obese, and class II obese patients who became class III. In contrast, HDL-cholesterol increased in class III obese patients who became class II or class I, class II obese patients who became class I or overweight, class I patients who became overweight or healthy weight, overweight patients who became healthy weight, and healthy weight patients who became underweight. Weight change significantly affects HDL-cholesterol concentrations throughout the obesity spectrum. ΔBMI's effect on Δα-1 was nearly twice as great as its effect on HDL-cholesterol.

Effect of goat and camel milk vis a vis cow milk on cholesterol homeostasis in hypercholesterolemic rats

The study was designed to evaluate comparative effectiveness of cow, goat and camel milk in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis in experimental rats fed on cholesterol enriched diet (CED).Feeding of CED alone for 15 days to rats enhanced plasma cholesterol level to ≥ 150 mg/dl. Hypercholesterolemic rats were distributed into three groups namely cow, goat and camel. Rats in each group were fed 25 ml milk (3% fat) per day along with CED adlib for 90 days. In cow group, there was 90.9% gain in body weight and 41.3% increase in total cholesterol, but no apparent change in HDL-cholesterol,triglyceride level and atherogenic index. Trendin goat and camel milk group for body weight gain, total cholesteroland triglycerides level was similar to cow milk but the level of HDL-cholesterol significantly increased. Significantly lower cholesterol deposition in liver and higher excretion in feces in goat and camel groupsover cow milk group was recorded. Significantly higher activity of glutathione peroxidase in liver and RBCs in goat milk group and glutathione peroxidase in liver in camel group over cow milk group was noted. Comparatively, level of TBARS in liver were significantly lower in goat as well as camel group over cow milk group and it might be related to higher level of glutathione peroxidase in liver. Atherogenic index at 0 day and 90 day of study period remained unaltered in all three groups but goat and camel milk additionally assisted in reducing TBARS in liver.

Does pregnancy alter life-course lipid trajectories? Evidence from the HUNT Study in Norway

We examined the association between pregnancy and life-course lipid trajectories. Linked data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway yielded 19,987 parous and 1,625 nulliparous women. Using mixed-effects spline models, we estimated differences in nonfasting lipid levels from before to after first birth in parous women and between parous and nulliparous women. HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) dropped by −4.2 mg/dl (95% CI: −5.0, −3.3) from before to after first birth in adjusted models, a 7% change, and the total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-C ratio increased by 0.18 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.25), with no change in non-HDL-C or triglycerides. Changes in HDL-C and the TC/HDL-C ratio associated with pregnancy persisted for decades, leading to altered life-course lipid trajectories. For example, parous women had a lower HDL-C than nulliparous women at the age of 50 years (−1.4 mg/dl; 95% CI: −2.3, −0.4). Adverse changes in lipids were greatest after first birth, with small changes after subsequent births, and were larger in women who did not breastfeed. Findings suggest that pregnancy is associated with long-lasting adverse changes in HDL-C, potentially setting parous women on a more atherogenic trajectory than prior to pregnancy.

The Metabolic Race: an educational game

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic Race is a board game developed as an educational tool for health students. Based on diagnostic scores for Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes Mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity and in the prevention of these diseases, this game allows students to learn in a didactic way the clinical relevance of biochemical phenomena. OBJECTIVES: The game aims to consolidate Metabolic Syndrome biochemical events, diagnostic criteria and risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The board simulates the environment and routine experienced by university students that could contribute to the development of Metabolic Syndrome. Each group receives a board, pins, dice, question, challenge and diagnostics cards. Players move along a simplified map of Niteroi city, where places as Antonio Pedro Hospital (HUAP) are pointed out. The scoring system is based on 3 criteria for Metabolic Syndrome diagnosis: glycemia, abdominal obesity and HDL cholesterol. Students can play as patients or doctors and as they move along the board their glicemia, waist circumference and HDL cholesterol change according to their diet and how much exercise they practice. At the end, it is possible to calculate each player’s rate and provide proportional diagnosis. The healthiest patient that arrives at HUAP wins. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS: Over the last 2 years, the game has been played by 81 medical students currently attending to biochemical classes. They classified the activity as an important educational support, since 91% agreed it complements and consolidate topics discussed in classroom. It was considered entertaining by 74% of them and 86% pointed they would play again. The subject-matter was classified as difficult by 10%, highlighting the need of new methods to enhance teaching and learning process. Finally, 98% believe that games are able to optimize learning. CONCLUSION: Students who played the game were able to understand Metabolic Syndrome as a set of metabolic disorders, to identify its diagnostic criteria and risk factors.

Feasibility and acceptability of a beverage intervention for Hispanic adults: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial.

To assess the feasibility and acceptability of a beverage intervention in Hispanic adults. Eligible individuals identified as Hispanic, were 18-64 years old and had BMI 30·0-50·0 kg/m2. Participants were randomized 2:2:1 to one of three beverages: Mediterranean lemonade (ML), green tea (GT) or flavoured water control (FW). After a 2-week washout period, participants were asked to consume 32 oz (946 ml) of study beverage daily for 6 weeks and avoid other sources of tea, citrus, juice and sweetened beverages; water was permissible. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and 8 weeks to assess primary and secondary efficacy outcomes. Tucson, AZ, USA.ParticipantsFifty-two participants were recruited over 6 months; fifty were randomized (twenty-one ML, nineteen GT, ten FW). Study population mean (sd) age 44·6 (sd 10·2) years, BMI 35·9 (4·6) kg/m2; 78 % female. Forty-four (88 %) completed the 8-week assessment. Self-reported adherence was high. No significant change (95 % CI) in total cholesterol (mg/dl) from baseline was shown -1·7 (-14·2, 10·9), -3·9 (-17·2, 9·4) and -13·2 (-30·2, 3·8) for ML, GT and FW, respectively. Mean change in HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) -2·3 (-5·3, 0·7; ML), -1·0 (-4·2, 2·2; GT), -3·9 (-8·0, 0·2; FW) and LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) 0·2 (-11·3, 11·8; ML), 0·5 (-11·4, 12·4; GT), -9·8 (-25·0, 5·4; FW) were also non-significant. Fasting glucose (mg/dl) increased significantly by 5·2 (2·6, 7·9; ML) and 3·3 (0·58, 6·4; GT). No significant change in HbA1c was demonstrated. Due to the small sample size, potential confounders and effect modifiers were not investigated. Recruitment and retention figures indicate that a larger-scale trial is feasible; however, favourable changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers were not demonstrated.

The Freshman Weight Gain Phenomenon: Does It Apply To.

BACKGROUND:When transitioning from high school to university, students tend to gain weight.AIM:The study aimed to identify whether Lebanese students experience weight changes during the transition and to identify predisposing factors.METHODS:Eighty freshman students from four campuses in Lebanon were recruited in October 2015. Students were assessed anthropometrically and biochemically at two-time points, seven months apart. Students filled out questionnaires assessing demographic and lifestyle habits, physical activity levels, nutrition knowledge, sleep quality, and stress.RESULTS:The students gained approximately 4.19 lbs. (1.90 kg). There was a significant increase in waist circumference, blood glucose and triglyceride levels. There were no significant changes in HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, knowledge score, stress level, physical activity, sleep and lifestyle habits.CONCLUSIONS:Lebanese students do gain weight during their first year of university enrollment. Future research is necessary to assess the reasons for weight gain and develop suitable prevention programs.

Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial

Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial

Lack of Correlation of Plasma HDL With Fecal Cholesterol and Plasma Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Suggests Importance of HDL Functionality in Attenuation of Atherosclerosis.

A number of clinical findings suggested HDL-raising as a plausible approach to treat residual risk of CVD. However, lack of CVD risk reduction by elevated HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) through cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition and enhanced risk reduction in apolipoprotein A-I Milano (apoAI-M) individuals with low HDL-C shifted the focus from HDL-C level to HDL function. In the present study, we investigated correlations between HDL-C, HDL function, fecal cholesterol excretion, and ex vivo plasma cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) in animal models using two HDL modulators, LXR and PPAR-α agonists. In C57Bl mice, LXR agonist, T1317, raised HDL-C by 30%, while PPAR-α agonist, fenofibrate, reduced HDL-C by 30%, but fecal cholesterol showed twofold increase in both cases. CEC showed a 30–40% increase. Combination of LXR and PPAR-α agonists showed no changes in HDL-C, but, interestingly, fecal cholesterol increased by 4.5-fold, and CEC by 40%, suggesting existence of additional pathway for fecal cholesterol excretion. Regression analysis showed a lack of correlation between HDL-C and fecal cholesterol and CEC, while fecal cholesterol showed significant correlation with CEC, a measure of HDL function. ABCA1 and G1, the two important players in RCT showed greater induction with LXR agonist than PPAR-α agonist. HDL-C increased by 40 and 80% in LXR and PPAR-α treated apoA-I transgenic mice, respectively, with 80% increase in fecal cholesterol. A fivefold increase in fecal cholesterol with no correlation with either plasma HDL-C or CEC following co-treatment with LXR and PPAR-α agonists suggested existence of an HDL-independent pathway for body cholesterol elimination. In hyperlipidemic diabetic ob/ob mice also combination of LXR and PPAR-α agonists showed marked increases in fecal cholesterol content (10–20-fold), while HDL-C rise was only 40%, further suggesting HDL-independent elimination of body cholesterol in mice treated with combination of LXR and PPAR-α agonists. Atherosclerosis attenuation by LXR and PPAR-α agonists in LDLr-deficient mice was associated with increased fecal cholesterol, but not HDL-C. However, fecal cholesterol counts showed inverse correlation with aortic cholesteryl ester content. These data suggest: (a) lack of correlation between HDL-C and fecal or aortic cholesterol content; (b) HDL function (CEC) correlated with fecal cholesterol content; (c) association of reduced aortic lipids in LDLr−/− mice with increased fecal cholesterol, but not with HDL-C, and (d) existence of an HDL-independent pathway for fecal cholesterol excretion following co-treatment with LXR and PPAR-α agonists.

The associations between the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, adiponectin, resistin and metabolic profile in children with growth hormone deficiency before and during growth hormone treatment.

This study investigated associations between the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis, adiponectin, resistin and metabolic profile in 47 GH-deficient children before and during 12 months of GH treatment. 23 short age-matched children without growth hormone deficiency (GHD) or any genetic or chronic disorders were recruited as controls at baseline. Metabolic evaluation included measurements of adiponectin, resistin, IGF-1, total cholesterol (total-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (free T4) concentrations. The GH-deficient children had significantly higher adiponectin (p<0.05) and total cholesterol (p<0.05) levels, and a significantly lower level of resistin (p<0.05) than the controls. Resistin at 6 months of GH treatment significantly correlated with changes in height SDS in that period (r=0.35) and with the level of fasting insulin (r=0.50), the HOMA-IR (r=0.56) and the QUICKI (r=-0.53) at 12 months of therapy. Adiponectin level at 12 months of GH treatment was significantly associated with changes in HDL-C within the first 6 (r=0.73) and within 12 (r=0.56) months of therapy, while resistin significantly correlated with an increment in IGF-1 within 12 months of treatment (r=0.49) and with total-C at 12 months (r=0.56). Untreated GH-deficient children had higher adiponectin and lower resistin levels than healthy short children without GHD. Adiponectin and resistin levels did not change significantly during the first 12 months of GH therapy. Good responders to GH treatment had a tendency for higher resistin level during GH therapy, which positively correlates with the insulin resistance parameters.

Metabolic syndrome and biochemical changes among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients attending a tertiary care hospital of Nepal

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mutually and bidirectionally linked with metabolic syndrome (MetS) of which it is both the cause and the consequences. Worldwide, 6.3 to 33% of the general populations are estimated to suffer from the disease with even higher prevalence in the group sharing metabolic co-morbidities. Hence, this study aims to recognize various risk factors including metabolic components and blood parameters to predict the possible incidence of the disease.MethodsTotal of 429 (219 NAFLD and 210 control) subjects were conveniently selected for study during the period of 9 months. Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was done by liver imaging and based on liver enzymes. Assessment of metabolic syndrome was done by International Diabetic Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. All biochemical and hematological parameters and liver enzymes were estimated by using standard guideline. Mean comparison of quantitative data in different groups were performed using analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). Risk estimation of NAFLD associated with each character was verified by Chi-square test.ResultsThere was significant high levels of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and lipid profiles in NAFLD patients in comparison to control population (p < 0.001). Further, according to the NCEP ATP III criteria, 13.6% of NAFLD were present with MetS where risk estimate was significant (OR = 2.15). Whereas, other criteria (IDF) for MetS showed higher frequency (30.1%) with higher risk (OR = 29.75) for the presence of MetS in NAFLD patients. The change in triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C (high density lipoprotein cholesterol) was also statistically significant in different grades of NAFLD. High risk for NAFLD was associated with existing co-morbid conditions like cardiovascular risk patients (3.18 times) followed by obese patients (1.72 times) and Diabetes Mellitus patients (1.68 times) at a significant level.ConclusionThe result of this study suggests that there is an increased prevalence of all the components of MetS and significant changes in biochemical markers in cases of NAFLD. Timely diagnosis would help in delaying its complications and co-morbidities.

Trends in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) among Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic Adults with Normal Glycohemoglobin in the U.S., 2009–2014

HDL-C, an independent cardiovascular risk factor, is often impacted by biological and environmental factors. Previous studies have observed lower HDL-C levels in Hispanics, with insulin resistance as a strong predictor; however, it is unclear how HDL-C changes over time. Using data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014, we evaluated trends in HDL-C levels among 2,190 Hispanic and 7,429 non-Hispanic adults with glycohemoglobin levels &amp;lt;5.7%, stratified by age and gender. Baseline characteristics using survey methods are reported in Table 1. In terms of trends in HDL-C levels among the 3 NHANES waves, older non-Hispanic women had significantly higher levels in 2013-2014 vs. 2009-2010 (β 5.23, p&amp;lt;0.01), adjusted for BMI and smoking status. Also, Hispanics had significantly lower HDL-C levels, specially men (age 20-59: β 2.16 p=0.009, ≥60: β 5.p=0.046), but only borderline in Hispanic women (β 2.03, p=0.07). Sex-specific low HDL-C prevalence was not significantly different by race, although suggested in Hispanic women ≥60 y/o (OR 2.04, p=0.07). These data indicate that Hispanics have overall lower absolute HDL-C levels, a trend that did not improve across NHANES waves. Although stronger in men, our findings highlight the importance of age and gender on HDL-C among Hispanics and the need for further research as reports vary across studies. Table 1. Baseline Demographic Characteristics NHANES 2009-2014Hispanic Men (n=1,010; 49.54%)Hispanic Women (n=1,180; 50.46%)Hispanics, Total (n=2,190; N=20,016,409.4)Non-Hispanic Men (n=3,567; 47.94%)Non-Hispanic Women (n= 3,862; 52.06%)Non-Hispanics, Total (n= 7,429; N= 124,187,151)HDL-C mg/dl (mean ±SE)All Adults46.97±0.5355.5±0.4751.27±0.3949.32±0.3560.89±0.455.35±0.31HDL-C mg/dL(mean±SE)20-59 y/o46.85±0.5655.27±0.4851.07±0.4048.35±0.3460.19±0.4354.43±0.32HDL-C mg/dL(mean±SE) ≥60 y/o48.93±1.3658.56±1.3654.31±0.8854.18±0.9863.88±0.7959.55±0.75Low HDL-C n(%) All Adults(men &amp;lt;40 mg/dL, women &amp;lt;50 mg/dL)287 (27.72)424 (36.74)711 (32.27)880 (25.74)1,074 (25.26)1,954 (25.49)Low HDL-C n(%) 20-59 y/o248 (27.78)372 (37.24)620 (32.52)741 (27.34)898 (26.41)1,639 (26.86)Low HDL-C n(%) ≥60 y/o39 (26.6952 (29.82)91 (28.44)139 (17.73)176 (20.38)315 (19.19)Age yrs (mean ± SE)36.12±0.4036.89±0.4336.5±0.3343.26±0.4044.22±0.4043.8±0.42 Disclosure R.M. Calderon Moreno: None. M. Maldonado Fernandez: None. S. Vasunilashorn: None.

Plant sterols lower LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in dyslipidemic individuals with or at risk of developing type 2 diabetes; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

BackgroundManaging cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, e.g., dyslipidemia in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is critically important as CVD is the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of plant sterols (PS) on lowering both elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG).MethodsIn a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study, 161 individuals at increased risk of and with established T2DM, consumed low-fat spreads without or with added PS (2 g/d) for 6 weeks after a 2-week run-in period. Increased risk of developing T2DM was defined by the Australian T2DM Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK). Fasting serum/plasma total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks. Effects on acute and chronic postprandial blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured over 4-h in 39 individuals with T2DM following a mixed meal challenge without and with added 2 g/d PS at week 6. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02288585).ResultsHundred fifty-one individuals completed the study and 138 (57% men, 43% women; 44 with and 94 at risk of T2DM) were included in per protocol analysis. Baseline LDL-C and TG were 3.8 ± 1.0 and 2.5 ± 0.8 mmol/l, respectively. PS intake significantly lowered fasting LDL-C (−4.6%, 95%CI −1.2; −8.0; p = 0.009), TC (−4.2%, 95%CI −1.2; −7.1; p = 0.006) and TG (−8.3%, 95% −1.1, −15.0; p = 0.024) with no significant changes in HDL-C, glucose or insulin. Postprandial lipid (TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, remnant cholesterol), glucose and insulin responses did not differ.ConclusionsIn individuals at risk of and with established T2DM and with elevated TG and LDL-C, 2 g/d of PS results in dual LDL-C plus TG lowering. Postprandial lipid or glycemic responses did not differ between PS and control treatment.

Association between serum magnesium and blood lipids: influence of type 2 diabetes and central obesity.

To assess the changes in the relationship between serum Mg and blood lipids of Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or central obesity, a total of 8163 subjects (mean age 59·6 years, 54·9 % men) were analysed. Participants were classified according to blood Mg (below 0·65 mmol/l, 0·65-0·95 mmol/l and above 0·95 mmol/l), T2D (yes/no) and central obesity (yes/no). Blood lipids (TAG, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) were determined by standardised methods and conditions. A significant increase in blood lipids, with the exception of HDL-cholesterol, across progressive Mg groups in all subjects was noted (P0·05). TAG, TC, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher among subjects with T2D than those without T2D (P<0·05). Multivariable models for TAG and LDL-cholesterol failed to attain statistical significance in diabetics, by using a generalised linear or parsimonious model. TAG, TC, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher among subjects with T2D or central obesity. Blood lipids, with the exception of HDL-cholesterol, were associated with serum Mg, but this association was somehow influenced by T2D in LDL-cholesterol. In addition, multivariable models for both TAG and LDL-cholesterol failed to attain statistical significance among subjects with T2D, different from subjects without T2D.

Response of Lipids and Lipoproteins to Regular Aquatic Endurance Exercise: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Aim: No meta-analysis has examined the effect of regular aquatic endurance exercise on lipid and lipoprotein levels. The purpose of the current work was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of regular aquatic endurance exercise on lipid and lipoprotein levels.Methods: The inclusion criteria of the randomized controlled trials were healthy adults in an exercise group performing regular aquatic exercise and a control group not exercising, with a description of the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, or triglyceride levels provided. The net change in the lipid and lipoprotein levels was calculated from each trial, and the changes in the lipid and lipoprotein levels were pooled using a random effects model.Results: The meta-analysis examined 10 trials involving aquatic endurance exercise and 327 subjects. The pooled net changes in HDL-C, LDL-C, and total cholesterol improved significantly (HDL-C, 4.6 mg/dL; LDL-C, −10.1 mg/dL; total cholesterol, −8.5 mg/dL). When trials were limited to those involving only women, the pooled net changes in HDL-C, LDL-C, and total cholesterol improved significantly. When trials were limited to those involving subjects with a mean age < 60 years, the pooled net changes in HDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglyceride improved significantly. When trials were limited to those with dyslipidemia, the pooled net changes in HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglyceride improved significantly.Conclusions: Aquatic endurance exercise improved the lipid and lipoprotein levels and benefited women, middle-aged subjects, and patients with dyslipidemia in particular.

Cereal-Based Snack Bar with Added Plant Stanol Ester (Benecol®) Consumed between Meals Lowers Serum Total and LDL Cholesterol Effectively in Mildly to Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Subjects.

The cholesterol-lowering effect of foods with added plant sterols or stanols consumed as snacks might be compromised. The purpose of this study was to confirm the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a specially formulated cereal-based snack bar with added plant stanol ester (1.6 g plant stanols/day) when consumed between meals twice a day. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-week parallel-design study, 71 mildly to moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects were randomized into one of two groups, stanol or placebo group. Subjects were advised to replace their ordinary snacks with test products in an isocaloric manner and otherwise keep their habitual diet unchanged. The study showed that a snack bar product with added plant stanol ester lowered LDL and non-HDL cholesterol by 8.6% and 9.2% (mean%-change), respectively, as compared to the placebo product. The change in LDL cholesterol was statistically significantly different (P = 0.001) between the groups while the change in HDL cholesterol or triglycerides did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, the cereal-based snack bar with added plant stanol ester ingested without a meal reduced LDL cholesterol significantly without affecting HDL cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. The study is registered as NCT03284918.

Longitudinal associations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with metabolic syndrome in the Chinese population: a prospective cohort study

ObjectiveCurrently, most studies only reveal the relationship between baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The relationship between dynamic changes in HDL-c...

Sex steroids mediate discrete effects on HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and particle concentration in healthy men

Exogenous testosterone decreases serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in men, but whether this alters cardiovascular risk is uncertain. To investigate the effects of testosterone and estradiol on HDL particle concentration (HDL-Pima) and metrics of HDL function. We enrolled 53 healthy men, 19 to 55years of age, in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Subjects were rendered medically castrate using the GnRH receptor antagonist acyline and administered either (1) placebo gel, (2) low-dose transdermal testosterone gel (1.62%, 1.25g), (3) full replacement dose testosterone gel (1.62%, 5g) or (4) full replacement dose testosterone gel together with an aromatase inhibitor for 4weeks. At baseline and end of treatment, serum HDL total macrophage and ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), HDL-Pima and size, and HDL protein composition were determined. Significant differences in serum HDL-C were observed with treatment across groups (P=.01 in overall repeated measures ANOVA), with increases in HDL-C seen after both complete and partial testosterone deprivation. Medical castration increased total HDL-Pima (median [interquartile range] 19.1 [1.8] nmol/L at baseline vs 21.3 [3.1] nmol/L at week 4, P=.006). However, corresponding changes in total macrophage CEC and ABCA1-specific CEC were not observed. Change in serum 17β-estradiol concentration correlated with change in total macrophage CEC (β=0.33 per 10 pg/mL change in serum 17β-estradiol, P=.03). Testosterone deprivation in healthy men leads to a dissociation between changes in serum HDL-C and HDL CEC. Changes in serum HDL-C specifically due to testosterone exposure may not reflect changes in HDL function.

Influence of APOA5 Locus on the Treatment Efficacy of Three Statins: Evidence From a Randomized Pilot Study in Chinese Subjects.

Pharmacogenetics or pharmacogenomics approaches are important for addressing the individual variabilities of drug efficacy especially in the era of precision medicine. One particular interesting gene to investigate is APOA5, which has been repeatedly linked with the inter-individual variations of serum triglycerides. Here, we explored APOA5-statin interactions in 195 Chinese subjects randomized to rosuvastatin (5–10 mg/day), atorvastatin (10–20 mg/day), or simvastatin (40 mg/day) for 12 weeks by performing a targeted genotyping analysis of the APOA5 promoter SNP rs662799 (-1131T > C). There were no significant differences between the treatment arms for any of the statin-induced changes in clinical biomarkers. Reductions in LDL cholesterol were influenced by the APOA5 genotype in all three treatment groups. By contrast, changes in HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were only affected by the APOA5 genotype in the atorvastatin and simvastatin groups and not in the rosuvastatin group. Our results suggest that future studies may need to consider stratifying subjects not only by genetic background but also by prescribed statin type.