Changes In Growth Rate Research Articles

Dark respiration in leaves, stems, and fruits of Corylus avellana

Dark respiration (Rd) is a fundamental process in plant physiology. It reduces the carbohydrates gained via photosynthesis to CO2 and produces energy that can be used to satisfy the maintenance needs of organs and contribute to their growth. Because Rd is involved in the formation of new organs, it is also driven by the size and growth stage of each organ. In this work, we aimed at investigating how changes in temperature and relative growth rate (RGR) impact Rd in leaves, stems and fruits of filbert (Corylus avellana), and to assess if there are critical stages during which respiration peaks can pose a limitation to the fruit set. Rd was measured on leaves, stems and fruits of “Tonda di Giffoni” during the spring and summer of 2021. Rd in filbert leaves, stems and fruits widely varied according to temperature and RGR. The results indicate that when the nut shell grows, the carbon demand, in terms of Rd, was two-fold compared to other organs. High carbon demands have significant consequences on carbon partitioning among organs and the occurrence of possible carbon shortages limiting nut yield. Rd relationships with temperature and RGR are fundamental for the parametrization of future Rd models for filbert, and the optimization of appropriate horticultural techniques to reduce the carbon limitation to fruit set.

Cumulative excess deaths in New Zealand in the COVID-19 era: biases from ignoring changes in population growth rates

Accurate health and economic data are needed to evaluate policy responses to COVID-19. A potentially comprehensive health indicator is excess deaths. Local commentators highlight an excess deaths series that suggests negative cumulative excess mortality for New Zealand in the first three years of COVID-19 – in other words, fewer deaths than expected. This flawed measure ignores changes in population growth. Deaths rose in New Zealand from 2015 to 2019 as population grew at two percent per annum. Population growth came almost to a standstill after the border closed in March 2020. Methods of extrapolating from the past to predict future deaths, to ascertain if actual deaths exceed projections, must account for this sharp change in population growth rates. Rather than New Zealand being unique, in having negative cumulative excess deaths in the COVID-19 era, cumulative deaths are about four percent above expected deaths (through 2022) once population growth rate changes are accounted for.

РОСТ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ РЯПУШКИ (COREGONUS ALBULA, L.) ОЗЕРА ВИШТЫНЕЦКОГО (КАЛИНИНГРАДСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ) В ПЕРИОД 2012–2016 ГГ.

In the absence of annual research, information about the individual growth of species in ichitiocenoses become the basis for understanding eutrophication processes occurring in ecosystems. As example, vendace sharply reacts on any shifts in the trophic status of water bodies by changes in growth rates. The vendace is a commercial species and an object of monitoring in Lake Vishtynetskoe, it made it possible to accumulate sufficient amount of information necessary for a preliminary assessment of the stability of the lake’s ecosystem based on data of the individual specimen growth. Retrospective analysis of vendace growth data from 2012 to 2016 showed that during the period under review there are no significant interannual fluctuations, which may indirectly indicate stable environmental conditions. The observed interannual shifts in size and age characteristics are associated with fluctuations in recruitment abundance.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ РОСТА ЧЕЛОВЕКА В БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ ЗА ПЕРИОД 2021–2023 гг

The characteristics of the indicators of the final body height of men and women in the Belarusian population in 2021–2023 and their change during 1985–2023 are given. Uneven and unequal changes in both absolute height and growth rate of men's and women's final height in the Belarusian population are shown. The average final height of men for the period from 1985 to 2021 increased on average by 5.8 cm (from 175.6 to 181.4 cm) with a growth rate of +3.3%, while the average final height of women from 1985 to 2022 increased by 3.8 cm (from 164.5 to 168.3 cm), with a growth rate of +2.3%. It was found that at present in the described population the body growth of men can continue up to 22 years, and of women – up to 20 years. In 2023, there is a trend towards deceleration of final height in the Belarusian population in both men and women, but this observation requires further clarification.

Evaluation of Ecological Efficiency and Analysis of Its Influencing Factors in Provincial Coastal Regions Using Integrated Super-Efficiency DEA and Tobit Models

Abstract With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, the demand for resources has increased significantly, putting the environment under increasing pressure. Effectively using various resources has become crucial. This study employs the Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis to assess ecological efficiency during the same period and conducts a residual analysis on cities with high efficiency but not efficiently analyzed by Data Envelopment Analysis. The primary objective of this approach is to investigate the potential ecological development of these regions. The dynamic assessment of ecological efficiency is done using the Malmquist index, which takes into account changes in the total factor output growth rate. To investigate factors that affect ecological efficiency and their magnitudes, a Tobit model is being established using panel data. From 2017 to 2022, there were changes in ecological benefits among cities in Zhejiang Province due to intense competition between high-efficiency cities and frequent position changes, as evidenced by the results. The gap between cities with middle to low efficiency is narrowing, which suggests that ecological benefits are being balanced in the province despite a decreasing trend. Both the degree of openness and the proportion of asset investment have a significant and positive impact on ecological efficiency. Enhancing interregional communication, optimizing resource allocation, increasing openness, and adjusting industrial layout is essential to sustain technological innovation and progress.

Global impact of population aging on vision loss prevalence: A population-based study

BackgroundVision loss is a leading cause of healthy life loss in late adulthood. We aimed to comprehensively examine the impact of population aging on vision loss prevalence worldwide. MethodsThis population-based study used repeated cross-sectional data on vision loss and its related causes from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. We investigated the impact of population aging by decomposing changes in vision loss prevalence into contributions of population growth, population aging, and epidemiological rate changes using the latest decomposition method and comparing the net effect of population aging and epidemiological rate changes. ResultsThe global vision loss prevalence attributed to population aging increased from 1991 to 2019, reaching 183.37 million in 2019. In relation to the 19 vision loss causes, the greatest increase in population aging-attributed vision loss prevalence was observed for near vision loss, refraction disorders, and cataract, whereas the contributions of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration were not substantial. The impact of population aging on vision loss prevalence varied greatly worldwide based on development levels. However, in most countries, the increase in vision loss prevalence caused by population aging exceeded far and could not be offset by epidemiological rate variations. ConclusionsWith the aging of the population, vision loss has become one of the most serious public health concerns. It is imperative that policy makers invest more in vision health preventive medicine and implement proven, cost-effective interventions to combat the epidemic of vision loss as the population ages.

Inactivation of Carotenogenic-Biosynthesizing Genes Altered Lipids Composition and Intensity in Cronobacter sakazakii.

Cronobacter sakazakii, an opportunistic milk-borne pathogen responsible for severe neonatal meningitis and bacteremia, can synthesize yellow pigment (various carotenoids) benefiting for bacterial survival, while little literature was available about the influence of various carotenoids on bacterial resistance to a series of stresses and the characteristics of cell membrane, obstructing the development of novel bactericidal strategies overcoming the strong tolerance of C. sakazakii. Thus in this study, for the first time, five carotenogenic genes of C. sakazakii BAA-894 were inactivated, respectively, to construct a series of mutants producing various carotenoids and their effects on the cell membrane properties, and resistances to food- and host-related stresses, were investigated systematically. Furthermore, to explore its possible mode of action, comparative lipidomics analysis was performed to reveal the change of lipids that were mainly located at cell membranes. The results showed that five mutants (ΔcrtB, ΔcrtI, ΔcrtY, ΔcrtZ, and ΔcrtX) displayed negligible change in growth rate but higher permeability of the outer membrane and lower fluidity of cell membrane compared to the wild type. Besides, these mutants exhibited poorer ability of biofilm formation and lower resistances to acid, oxidative, osmotic, and desiccation stresses, indicating that different carotenoid composition significantly affected environmental tolerance of C. sakazakii. To discover the possible causes, lipidomics analysis of C. sakazakii was conducted and more than 500 lipid species belonging to 27 classes had been identified at first. Compared to that of BAA-894, the composition and relative intensity of lipid species in five mutants varied significantly, especially the monounsaturated and biunsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine. The evidence presented in this study demonstrated that the varied composition of carotenoids in C. sakazakii significantly altered the lipid profile and intensity, which maybe a crucial means to influencing the characteristics of cell membranes and resistance to environmental stresses.

PREVENTION OF THE ADVERSE BEHAVIORAL FACTORS DEVELOPMENT AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN THE PRACTICE OF GENERAL PRACTITIONERS AND PEDIATRICIANS

SUMMARY. In today's difficult time for our people, when thousands of Ukrainian children are experiencing the horrors of war, it is the duty of society to protect not only the physical but also the mental health of our children and teenagers. Adolescents need special attention, which differs from attention to smaller children and adults because they are going through a critical transitional period of life, which is accompanied by a rapid growth rate, physical and psychological changes.
 The aim – to analyze the problems of preventive work among adolescents, the possibilities of its solution, and the effectiveness of implementing the method of projects through medical and social activities among adolescents into the educational process at the Department of Therapy and Family Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine.
 Material and Methods. The target group of children aged 10 to 18 was determined to work on the project "Medical and preventive work among teenagers". All students in the group were divided into small groups of three students each.
 Results. During the implementation of the project, the students conducted educational activities aimed at popularizing medical and social knowledge in the field of adolescent health care among students of senior classes of secondary schools and colleges. These were reports and discussions for teenagers about sexual health and venereal diseases, sexually transmitted infections and HIV infection, insults and violence in the educational environment, social networks and virtual communication, loneliness, and domestic violence, the harm of smoking, alcohol, drug use and factors affecting this condition; development of proposals, recommendations for overcoming the problem.
 Conclusion. 1. A comprehensive approach to preventive measures among adolescents is an important component of maintaining the health of adolescents.
 
 Problems of medical and social factors affecting the health of a teenager include not only the work of a family doctor or state regulation, but also interaction with the non-governmental sector and the development of youth volunteerism.
 Participating in preventive measures among teenagers of sixth-year students through the implementation of the project method helps them master basic knowledge, and ensures the formation of professional competencies, communicative and social skills, abilities, and creative abilities.

Phenomenological-based semi-physical model characterizing the central metabolic response of Escherichia coli to changes in batch culture temperature

This work presents a phenomenological-based semi-physical model characterizing the E. coli response to environmental temperature changes in batch cultures. The proposed model is based on a general description of the mass balance of the central metabolism and an energy balance that focuses on key parameters. This model can represent changes in specific growth rate and alteration to the mass flows of the central metabolism. Moreover, the model can make predictions regarding microorganism growth, respiratory rate, glucose consumption, acetate accumulation, and heat exchange between E. coli and its environment at several different temperatures. The fit and validation of the model was assessed against published data obtained under aerobic growth conditions in agitated tank bioreactor cultures. Our assessment of this model indicates that mass and energy balances can predict global changes in E. coli metabolism that are associated with different temperature conditions and differences in heat flow between bacteria and the environment. This model can be used to correlate environmental conditions with experimental bioreactor parameters and simulate microorganismal response during the design of temperature control systems for bioreactors and can even be used as a base model to represent heat-inducible E. coli strains used in recombinant protein production.

10053-MNG-1 STRATIFICATION OF TUMOR VOLUME GROWTH RATE USING RISK FACTORS IN SUPRATENTORIAL MENINGIOMAS

Abstract BACKGROUND The natural history of meningiomas is still unclear, and no guidelines have been established based on objective indices regarding the necessity and timing of therapeutic intervention. Objective: We attempted to provide statistics on the characteristics of tumor volume change, stratify tumor growth by risk factors, and generate a predictive tumor volume curve based on the statistics, with the aim of describing the natural history of meningiomas. METHODS 313 cases were included in the study, with the origin of meningioma being the circumflex and parasagittal sinus areas and the cerebral sickle region, and with multiple MRI scans performed at intervals of at least 3 months. Relative growth rate (RGR) and annual volume change (AVC) were calculated by tumor volume, and the patients were classified into three groups according to the combination of gender, age, and MRI T2WI signal intensity, and compared. RESULTS The median RGR and AVC of the entire cohort were 6.1% and 0.20 cm3/year, respectively, and there were significant differences between groups in gender (p=0.018) and MRI T2WI (p < 0.001) for RGR and tumor location (p=0.025) and initial tumor volume (p < 0.001)for AVC. The median RGR and AVC in the classification were 17.5% and 1.05 cm3/year for the very high growth group, 8.2% and 0.33 cm3/year for the high growth group, and 3.4% and 0.04 cm3/year for the low growth group, showing significant differences between the groups (p < 0.001). The predicted tumor volume curve showed an average 2.24-fold or 5.24 cm3 increase in volume over 5 years in the very high-growth group, while little tumor volume change was observed in the low-growth group. CONCLUSION The combination of growth risk factors allowed stratification of tumor growth and provided a predictive tumor volume curve for each county. The results may assist in the treatment of supratentorial meningiomas.

The Relationship Between Leverage Ratio Change and Economic Growth Rate in That Development of Financial Market

The relationship between the change of leverage ratio and economic growth rate in financial markets has always been the focus of economists, policy makers and market participants. The goal of this paper is to deeply study how the fluctuation of leverage ratio affects the economic growth rate and explore the complex mechanism of this relationship. Based on the previous theoretical research on leverage ratio and economic growth, this paper shows that excessive financial leverage ratio will not only lead to economic decline, but also cause financial turmoil through the Pearson correlation research between financial leverage ratio and economic growth. The change of leverage ratio has an important impact on economic growth, but this impact is diversified and complex. A deep understanding of the relationship between leverage ratio and economy is very important for maintaining the stability of financial markets and sustainable economic growth, especially in the ever-changing global financial environment. This requires the joint efforts of policy makers, regulators and market participants to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of leverage ratio management.

The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Bank Credit Risk

Credit risk has become one of the main risks faced by banks under the background of increasing loan demand. Meanwhile, bank credit risk may be affected by a number of factors, including the expansion rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), changes in interest rate, unemployment rate and even more. These macroeconomic factors are crucial in determining how credit risk for banks is shaped. This paper concludes the different impacts of different macroeconomic factors discussed in several papers on the risks of bank credit, and illustrates how changes in GDP growth rate and rate of interest affect credit risks. Through comprehensive literature review and empirical research, this paper finds that macro factors, including the expansion rate of GDP and the rate of interest, have considerable impacts on banks' credit risk. Bank credit risk will decrease as GDP growth rate increases; however the risk of bank credit will increase as interest rates rise. At the end, the paper provides several suggestions for the development of risk management strategies, including the monitoring of macroeconomic factors and the adjustment of credit policies under different economic situations. The research results are intended to help researchers in related fields understand current research findings and patterns of development in the research field, to give a theoretical foundation and backing for their investigations, and to offer important guiding significance for banks and relevant regulators to formulate risk management strategies.

The Impact of Industrial Added Value on Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Case Study of China

China, as the world’s largest energy consumer, is faced with the growing pressure of carbon emission reduction. Promoting the sustainable transformation of the economy and society has become a major concern for all sectors of society. This paper assesses the potential impacts of industrial added value on energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from 2010 to 2020 in China using a multi-objective, linear programming model. The results show that when the industrial energy consumption is 3695.17 Mtce and the industrial CO2 emission is 9364.16 Mt, the goal of energy saving and emission reduction can be achieved. This corresponds to an annual average growth rate limit of industrial added value of 7.8%. In addition, we find that when the annual average growth rate of industrial added value is greater than 9.9%, changes in the annual average growth rate of industrial added value have no impact on economic development. However, industrial energy consumption intensity and industrial carbon emission intensity decrease with the increase in the annual average growth rate of sub-sectors. This study proposes that energy conservation, emission reduction, and a realization of the sustainable transformation of industry scheme need to be achieved by the Chinese government in order to to continue to promote the development of several sectors with low industrial energy consumption intensity and low industrial carbon emission intensity through policy implications.

Essential role of Helicobacter pylori apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt) in stomach colonization.

Bacterial lipoproteins are post-translationally modified with acyl chains, anchoring these proteins to bacterial membranes. In Gram-negative bacteria, three enzymes complete the modifications. Lgt (which adds two acyl chains) and LspA (which removes the signal peptide) are essential. Lnt (which adds a third acyl chain) is not essential in certain bacteria including Francisella tularensis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Deleting lnt results in mild to severe physiologic changes. We previously showed lnt is not essential for Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro. Here, the physiologic consequences of deleting lnt in H. pylori and the role of Lnt in the host response to H. pylori were examined using in vitro and in vivo models. Comparing wild-type, Δlnt, and complemented mutant H. pylori, no changes in growth rates or sensitivity to acid or antibiotics were observed. Since deleting lnt changes the number of acyl chains on lipoproteins and the number of acyl chains on lipoproteins impacts the innate immune response through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling, primary human gastric epithelial cells were treated with a purified lipoprotein from wild-type or lnt mutant H. pylori. Differential gene expression analysis indicated that lipoprotein from the lnt mutant induced a more robust TLR2 response. In a complementary approach, we infected wild-type and Tlr2-/- mice and found that both the wild-type and complemented mutant strains successfully colonized the animals. However, the lnt mutant strain was unable to colonize either mouse strain. These results show that lnt is essential for H. pylori colonization and identifies lipoprotein synthesis as a target for therapeutic intervention.

Rapid and sensitive screening system of Mycoplasma hyorhinis based on Sandwich-DNA hybridization with nano-amplifiers

Mycoplasma contamination in cell/tissue cultures significantly affects cell characteristics, susceptibility to infectious pathogens, and drug reactions without obvious morphological changes and noticeable changes in cell growth rates. Although the technology for screening mycoplasma is essential, conventional technologies have limitations in the selection of a quick and easy manner. Here, we introduce an innovative screening system for mycoplasma based on electrochemical methods. In the electrochemical screening, a newly designed electrode, consisting of a sandwich-DNA hybridization for high selectivity and a nano-amplifier to improve the sensitivity, has implemented a realistic screening system by presenting detection capability at extremely low (ng/μL) levels and detection potential in real samples. Therefore, this system offers rapid screening, data accuracy, temporal effectiveness, and affordable-and-portable installation, enabling timely elimination of Mycoplasma contamination and facilitating progress in biomedical and pharmaceutical research.

PSIII-13 Effects of Weather, Body Weight, and Feed Intake on Total and Liquid Water Intake in Beef Bulls

Abstract Research conducted in the 1950s to determine water requirements used cattle that vary greatly from the animals being raised today. Changes in lean composition and growth rate in young cattle and milk production and mature size in cows have likely altered water requirements. Furthermore, most of the research has been conducted on animals being fed for slaughter, rather than bulls or reproductive females. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of weather variables, dry matter intake (DMI), and body weight (BW) on total daily water intake (TDWI) in growing beef bulls. Angus (n = 15) and Simmental x Angus bulls (n = 29) with an average initial BW of 362.5 ± 27.0 kg were housed in an open front, monoslope building at the SDSU Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF) from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. Bulls were provided with ad libitum access to feed (1.15 Mcal NEg/kg dry matter, 14% crude protein, 52.2% dry matter) and water using the Insentec Roughage Intake Control system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands). Feed and water disappearance were assumed to be caused by intake. Water intake was measured in kg; however, the data were converted to L based on a correction factor determined by weighing a known amount of water. Body weights were taken every 28 d to determine ADG and predict daily BW during the duration of the study. Daily weather variables were collected from the South Dakota Mesonet station located 3.86 km from the CCERF. Weather variables analyzed included: average windchill (°C), solar radiation (W/m2), and wind speed (km/h); and minimum, maximum, and average relative humidity (%) and average temperature (°C). R-studio (R-4.1.2.pkg) was used to develop a linear mixed effects model with random intercept and slope used to account for the within subject correlations. Total daily water intake increased with increasing DMI (1.921 L TDWI per kg DMI; P < 0.0001), BW (0.025 L TDWI per kg BW; P = 0.0055), and maximum daily temperature (0.171 L TDWI per 1°C; P = 0.0023). For every 1% increase in the minimum relative humidity, TDWI tended to increase by 0.041 L (P = 0.0616). Warmer wind chill also tended to increase TDWI (0.463 L per 1°C; P = 0.0707). The effects of DMI, BW, maximum daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, and wind chill were predictive of TDWI in growing beef bulls fed during the winter months in South Dakota. This model will be useful for predicting TDWI in growing beef bulls that are raised in areas that experience similar winter weather conditions.

Resilience of Emiliania huxleyi to future changes in subantarctic waters.

Lower pH and elevated temperature alter phytoplankton growth and biomass in short-term incubations, but longer-term responses and adaptation potential are less well-studied. To determine the future of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, a mixed genotype culture from subantarctic water was incubated for 720 days under present-day temperature and pH, and also projected future conditions by the year 2100. The future population exhibited a higher growth rate relative to present-day cells transferred to future conditions after 309 days, indicating adaptation or genotype selection; this was reflected by an increase in optimum growth temperature of ~2.5°C by the end of the experiment. Following transfer to opposing conditions in short-term cross-over incubations, cell volume responded rapidly, within eight generations, confirming trait plasticity. The changes in growth rate and cell volume were larger than reported in previous single stressor relationships and incubations, suggesting synergistic or additive effects of combined elevated temperature and lower pH and highlighting the importance of long-term multiple stressor experiments. At the end of the incubation there were no significant differences in cellular composition (particulate organic content and chlorophyll a), or primary production between present-day and future populations. Conversely, two independent methods showed a 50% decrease in both particulate inorganic carbon and calcification rate, consistent with the decrease in cell volume, in the future population. The observed plasticity and adaptive capacity of E. huxleyi indicate resilience to future conditions in subantarctic waters, although changes in cell volume and carbonate may alter grazing loss and cell ballast, so influencing carbon export to the deep ocean.

Single-cell phenotypes revealed as a key biomarker in bacterial-fungal interactions: a case study of Staphylococcus and Malassezia.

Microbial interactions are determined by competition, cooperation, and inaction, depending on the transcriptional response to the metabolites secreted by each other. The consequence of these interactions is reflected in the cell phenotype by the composition of cell materials, including lipids, nucleotides, and proteins. We studied the phenotypic plasticity of single cells involved in microbial interactions using Raman spectroscopy and evaluated the types of interactions by linking phenotypes to transcriptional profiles. We used a membrane-based co-culture system to induce chemical interactions between skin-dominant bacteria and fungi, Staphylococcus and Malassezia. Staphylococcus species exhibited an amensalism interaction with Malassezia based on growth and cell viability. Malassezia co-cultured with S. epidermidis and S. aureus resulted in significant changes in the Raman spectra of nucleic acids and proteins in the Raman phenotypes, respectively. The observed differences in phenotypes during co-culture with Malassezia were significantly associated with changes in transcriptomic profiles, which demonstrated variations in the defense/resistance and biofilm-formation mechanisms of S. epidermidis, whereas no meaningful changes were observed for the transcriptome of S. aureus. These approaches provide a robust, simple, and reproducible method for comprehending bacterial-fungal interactions.IMPORTANCEEvaluating bacterial-fungal interactions is important for understanding ecological functions in a natural habitat. Many studies have defined bacterial-fungal interactions according to changes in growth rates when co-cultivated. However, the current literature lacks detailed studies on phenotypic changes in single cells associated with transcriptomic profiles to understand the bacterial-fungal interactions. In our study, we measured the single-cell phenotypes of bacteria co-cultivated with fungi using Raman spectroscopy with its transcriptomic profiles and determined the consequence of these interactions in detail. This rapid and reliable phenotyping approach has the potential to provide new insights regarding bacterial-fungal interactions.

Microbial inoculants for drought stress tolerance

Temperature, rain, humidity, wind, and solar radiation are all climatic factors that affect agricultural activities. While some agricultural areas of the world are irrigated, the vast majority rely on natural rainfall patterns. Farmers will consume more water as a result of climate change and experience less water availability, resulting in a decrease in production capacity. As one of the most important natural phenomena affecting agricultural productivity, drought is a limiting environment for plant growth. Bacteria have been shown to reduce water stress in these plant species and promote greater growth by regulating gene expression and the integration of hormones. Phytohormones modulation, stress-induced enzymatic apparatus, and metabolites are integrated into the root-to-shoot phenotypic changes in growth rate, architecture, hydraulic conductivity, water conservation, plant cell protection, and damage restoration. By demonstrating how plant growth-promoting bacteria can mitigate plant stress and provide examples of technology conversion in agroecosystems, this review illustrates how water stress can be mitigated.

The Interrelationship between Economic Growth and Tax Revenues in Cambodia

The relationship between economic growth and the growth rate of tax revenues on goods and services, tax revenue on income, profit, and capital gain, and tax revenue on international trade and transaction was analyzed using a VAR model. All variables in this study were found to be integrated of order one, therefore the model was run using first differences. The lag length of the model was determined to be optimal at lag-two based on the information criterion. The estimated results of the model successfully passed all diagnostic tests, including tests for residual normality, serial correlation, and heteroscedasticity. Since all the inverse roots of the AR characteristic polynomial were within the unit circle, the model was deemed stable. The empirical findings from the VAR model indicated that the growth rate of tax revenue on income, profit, and capital had the most significant impact on economic growth, ranging from 2.3505% to 2.7155%. This was followed by tax revenue on goods and services, ranging from 0.5776% to 0.5954%, and tax revenue on international trade and transaction, ranging from 0.2747% to 0.5930%. Furthermore, the response of the growth rate of all tax revenues to changes in the economic growth rate exhibited a cyclical pattern around its mean.