Change In Gross Value Research Articles

Economic and livelihood impacts of the decline in Indian oil sardine landings in Kerala state, India

Kerala state in the south west coast of India is a significant contributor of Indian oil sardine, and also a major consumer of the fish. Indian oil sardine landings in the state declined from 3,22,103 t in 2011 to a meagre 13,154 t in 2020. In the past decade, ring seiners contributed more than 90 per cent of the Indian oil sardine landings in the state, and the livelihoods of small-scale fishers operating ring seiners were largely affected by the decline. In this context, an analysis was carried out to study the economic impact of oil sardine decline on the marine fisheries sector and its impacts on livelihood of small-scale fishers. The economic impacts were assessed in terms of changes in gross value and inflation at landing centre and retail levels during 2011–2020. A survey was conducted at 500 fisher households to assess the livelihood impacts based on loss of employment, income and alternate livelihood options. The gross value of oil sardine declined from ₹12,562 million to ₹1,710 million at the landing centre level and from ₹22,869 million to ₹2,687 million at the retail level during 2011–2020. The annual income earned by the fish workers declined from ₹335,593 to ₹90,260 due to the decline in oil sardine landings. Likert scale analysis of the fisher’s perceptions indicated climate change, over exploitation and marine pollution as the major causes of catch decline. Sixty five per cent of the respondents strongly supported the actions for the protection of fisher’s livelihood and suggested incentive (80% strongly supported) and regulatory (45% strongly supported) based fisheries management measures for sustaining the small-scale fisher’s livelihood.

The analysis of structural changes in the Lithuanian economic sectors under conditions of uncertainty

The research aims to analyse the structural changes in Lithuanian economic sectors from 1995 to 2022. Structural changes in this research are understood as changes in gross value added by an economic sector during the period analysed. The greatest decreases in GDP happened in 1999, 2009, and 2020. During this period, economic crises in Lithuania were recorded practically every 10 years. The economic recession of 1999 is partly related to the Russian economic crisis. The negative growth in GDP in 2009 is related to the global financial crisis. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, Lithuania recorded zero GDP growth. The analysis of the period 1995-2022 reveals that the Lithuanian economy was constantly affected by short-term external turbulence but remained resistant to serious shocks. During these fluctuations, changes were formed in the structure of the economy. Some sectors of the economy expanded more, others - less. In 2004, compared to 1995, the share of agriculture in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 60 per cent. The share of financial intermediation decreased by 13.6 per cent, and other sectors decreased by almost 23 per cent. Between 1995 and 2004, the most intense structural changes were in agriculture, trade, and other sectors. In 2009, compared to 2004, the share of agriculture in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 39 per cent. The share of manufacturing decreased by 16.8 per cent, and construction decreased by almost 9.6 per cent. From 2004 to 2008, the fastest development of the construction sector was recorded, which is related to the active development of real estate. In 2004-2009, the most intense structural changes were in the agriculture, industry, and financial intermediary sectors. In 2019, compared to 2009, the share of industry in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 2 per cent, the financial sector decreased by 12 per cent, and other sectors decreased by 6 per cent. In 2009-2019, the most intense structural changes were in the agriculture, construction, and financial sectors. From 2019 to 2022, the most intense structural changes were in industry and financial sectors. In the ideal case, the positive result of structural changes is economic progress. During economic progress, there is an even and long-term development of all economic sectors. Because the structure of the economy is a complex mechanism, changes in it must not be too speedy and not chaotic. Only then could economic progress be the result of structural changes.

Sectoral changes of employment in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic: Are reallocation shock effects applicable?

The aim of this study is to analyse changes in employment and their determinants in twenty sectors of economic activity in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on the direct short-run employment effects. The changes in employment in the pandemic period (restricted to 2020q2–2021q2) with the changes in the pre-pandemic period (2015q1–2020q1) are compared. Statistics Poland and Eurostat are the sources of data. The analyses are based on quarterly and annual frequencies and cover the period from 2015q1 to 2021q2. Changes in employment are explained by the changes in gross value added, the differences in elasticities of employment with respect to the gross value added and the impact of the pandemic period. The results suggest that employment was affected by a reallocation shock—a decrease in employment that occurred in some sectors (e.g. arts, entertainment and recreation) was associated with an increase in other sectors (e.g. human health and social work activities).

GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES: THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG?

The objective of this study is to test empirically the relationship between structural changes (changes in gross value added and employment) and economic growth. We used a panel Granger-causality analysis based on annual data for eight transition countries, covering the period 1995–2011. The main finding is that the causality relations analysed are heterogeneous processes and are identified more often when we measure structural changes by value added than by changes in employment. Among the countries analysed, we separate a subgroup of economies with very strong bilateral causality (small countries such as Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia), a subgroup in which no causal relationships are observed (e.g., Hungary in the case of employment), and a group with a one-directional relationship (e.g., Poland, where GDP changes cause employment changes, but not vice versa). The research results point to the necessity of taking into account different relationships, whether one- or two-directional, between growth and structural changes in government economic policy. The paper presents a verifiable methodology, which was originally used to identify the analysed relationship in transition countries.

Socio-economic characteristics of resilient localities – experiences from Slovenia

The concept of resilience is used to refer to a territory’s capability to withstand recession and recover afterwards. This paper explores what types of localities were most resilient to the 2008 economic recession due to their socio-economic structure. Resilience was defined on the basis of a business cycle as the recovery to pre-recession value and is measured with the change in gross value added per employee by municipality in Slovenia (LAU 2), and the change in the registered unemployment rate. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the most resilient Slovenian municipalities’ socio-economic structure before the recession. It was found out that specialization, export and transport infrastructure had the greatest influence on local resilience, while economic development and social structure partly influenced it. This paper adds to the discussion of the vagueness of the concept of resilience by clarifying its definition and measurement. Findings about socio-economic structure’s influence on resilience are important for academics as well as practitioners who contribute to municipality’s ability to avoid or mitigate a future recession.

Public Administration: Institutions, Resource Transfer, Jobs

The study deals with institutional peculiarities of public administration and examines the way in which bureaucratic behaviour models influence the effectiveness of government decisions and the conduct of economic policy. The methodological basis of the study is bureaucratic theory and neoinstitutional economic theory. The author proves that the ongoing institutional changes in the form of government decisions affect resource transfers between various types of economic activity, in particular, a transfer of labour and capital between economic sectors. Moreover, the ratio between risk and profitability of various types of activity, undergoing constant and dynamic changes due to these corrections, determines the dynamics of the resource and the entire economic system. However, apart from the ratio between risk and profitability, the level of manufacturability is also relevant. We present a model of determining gross value added by the specified parameters which determines the transfer of capital and labour. The model evaluates the changes in gross value added of the manufacturing sector in a situation where there are shifts in the risk of doing business within the sector. The change in the risk ratio towards its decrease in processing and increase in the transactional and raw materials sector results in a significant rise in value added in the processing sphere. The overall level of the initial manufacturability predetermines the possibility of creating jobs; therefore, the task of increasing the number of high-performance jobs is determined precisely by this state. The estimation of the number of jobs in accordance with the method proposed by the Federal State Statistics Service camouflages the scope and the essence of the problem. Instead of using salary or value added when comparing with average values, in order to evaluate high-performance jobs we suggest considering the overall manufacturability of the economic system and the number of automated workplaces that allow enhancing productivity through higher “production manufacturability”.

Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Measurement of Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Indian Manufacturing Sector

It is generally believed the structural reforms that usher in competition and force companies to become more efficient were introduced later in India following the macroeconomic crisis in 1991. However, whether or not the post-1991 growth is an outcome of more efficient use of resources or greater use of factor inputs, especially capital, remains an open empirical question. In this article the author uses plant-level data from 1990 and 2015 to address this question. The results indicate that while there was an increase in the productivity of factor inputs during the 1990s, most of the growth in value added is explained by growth in the use of factor inputs. The author also finds that median technical efficiency declined in all but one of the industries between the two years, and change in technical efficiency explains a very small proportion in the change in gross value added.

Football in Greater Manchester: Growth Effects of Premiership Status Teams

An extensive body of economic literature suggests that in the United States, there is little gain to a city from using tax revenues to subsidize or in other ways support professional sports franchises. One of the difficulties with these studies is the stability of professional team location. Manchester, England provides an opportunity to examine the growth effects associated with adding and subtracting top tier teams from a single sport in a single area over the course of several decades. Five different Greater Manchester area teams have been in the Premiership with as few as one and as many as four in any given year since the founding of the Premiership. Using Greater Manchester borough level data from 1991 through 2013 we look for changes in gross value added overall and in categories associated with professional sports when Premiership status changes. We find no sustained role for Premiership status, but do find a one off gain in gross value added growth when a team is promoted.

Is the post-reform growth of the Indian manufacturing sector efficiency driven? Empirical evidence from plant-level data

It is generally believed that the structural reforms that were introduced in India following the macro-economic crisis of 1991 ushered in competition and forced companies to become more efficient. However, whether the post-1991 growth is an outcome of more efficient use of resources or greater use of factor inputs remains an open empirical question. In this paper, we use plant-level data from 1989–1990 and 2000–2001 to address this question. Our results indicate that while there was an increase in the productivity of factor inputs during the 1990s, most of the growth in value added is explained by growth in the use of factor inputs. We also find that median technical efficiency declined in all but one of the industries between 1989–1990 and 2000–2001, and that change in technical efficiency explains a very small proportion of the change in gross value added.

An Interpretive View of an Institutional Process: Measuring Effectiveness and Changeability of the Cooperative Extension Service

variables may be impossible. In the present context, it was assumed that the rate of change in gross value of farm products sold and outputinput ratios in agriculture were dependent variables reflecting the effectiveness of extension; and the total extension budget per farm, the number of extension agents per farm, and the budget per agent were independent. Relationships between variables were first tested using nine pairs of states representing a wide range of values of farm products sold and a wide geographic dispersion.2 Intrapair comparisons from the 1935-40 period showed that high extension inputs yielded higher ratios of change in gross value of farm products sold in only three pairs of states. In three pairs, a lower input associated with a higher growth rate; and in three pairs, results were inconclusive. In the 1950-54 period, three pairs associated higher input with higher growth rates and six pairs associated higher inputs with lower growth rates. Perhaps, extension's effectiveness is declining. The 48 continental states were then ranked with reference to the rate of change in gross values of farm products sold as a percentage of the average rate for all 48 states. Quartiles within this distribution were com1 Agricultural Economics Contribution Number 373, Economics and Sociology Con