Changes In Geometry Research Articles

A novel framework for elucidating the effect of mechanical loading on the geometry of ovariectomized mouse tibiae using principal component analysis.

Murine models are used to test the effect of anti-osteoporosis treatments as they replicate some of the bone phenotypes observed in osteoporotic (OP) patients. The effect of disease and treatment is typically described as changes in bone geometry and microstructure over time. Conventional assessment of geometric changes relies on morphometric scalar parameters. However, being correlated with each other, these parameters do not describe separate fractions of variations and offer only a moderate insight into temporal changes. The current study proposes a novel image-based framework that employs deformable image registration on in vivo longitudinal images of bones and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for improved quantification of geometric effects of OP treatments. This PCA-based model and a novel post-processing of score changes provide orthogonal modes of shape variations temporally induced by a course of treatment (specifically in vivo mechanical loading). Errors associated with the proposed framework are rigorously quantified and it is shown that the accuracy of deformable image registration in capturing the bone shapes (∼1 voxel = 10.4μm) is of the same order of magnitude as the relevant state-of-the-art evaluation studies. Applying the framework to longitudinal image data from the midshaft section of ovariectomized mouse tibia, two mutually orthogonal mode shapes are reliably identified to be an effect of treatment. The mode shapes captured changes of the tibia geometry due to the treatment at the anterior crest (maximum of 0.103mm) and across the tibia midshaft section and the posterior (0.030mm) and medial (0.024mm) aspects. These changes agree with those reported previously but are now described in a compact fashion, as a vector field of displacements on the bone surface. The proposed framework enables a more detailed investigation of the effect of disease and treatment on bones in preclinical studies and boosts the precision of such assessments.

Impact of arterial system alterations due to amputation on arterial stiffness and hemodynamics: a numerical study

Subjects with amputation of the lower limbs are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. We hypothesize that amputation-induced alterations in the arterial tree negatively impact arterial biomechanics, blood pressure and flow behavior. These changes may interact with other biological factors, potentially increasing cardiovascular risk. To evaluate this hypothesis regarding the purely mechanical impact of amputation on the arterial tree, we used a simulation computer model including a detailed one-dimensional (1D) arterial network model (143 arterial segments) coupled with a zero-dimensional (0D) model of the left ventricle. Our simulations included five settings of the arterial network: (1) 4-limbs control, (2) unilateral amputee (right lower limb), (3) bilateral amputee (both lower limbs), (4) trilateral amputee (lower-limbs and right upper-limb), and (5) quadrilateral amputee (lower and upper limbs). Analysis of regional stiffness, as calculated by pulse wave velocity (PWV) for large-, medium- and small-sized arteries, showed that, while aortic stiffness did not change with increasing degree of amputation, stiffness of medium and smaller-sized arteries increased with greater amputation severity. Despite a staged decrease in cardiac output, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values increased, resulting in an increase in both central and peripheral pulse pressures but with an attenuation of pulse pressure amplification. The most significant increase in peak systolic pressure and decrease in peak systolic blood flow was observed at the site of the abdominal aorta. Wave separation analysis indicated no changes in the shape of the forward and backward wave components. However, the results from wave intensity analysis showed that with extended amputation, there was an increase in peak forward wave intensity and a rise in the inverse peak of the backward wave intensity, suggesting potential alterations in cardiac hemodynamic load. In conclusion, this simulation study showed that biomechanical and hemodynamic changes in the arterial network geometry could interact with additional risk factors to increase the cardiovascular risk in patients with amputations.

Syndrome Sinistre: Left Brachiocephalic Vein Compression and its Neurological Manifestations.

Embryologically, the left brachiocephalic vein (LBV) originates as an anastomotic channel between the right and left anterior cardinal veins. This positions the LBV between the manubrium sterni anteriorly and the innominate artery posteriorly. This pattern of adjacency of the aorta to the LBV is unique to mammals and results from a quirk of evolution. With age, the ascending aorta unfolds, elongates and dilates. Simultaneously, there is a change in the thoracic geometry that reduces the thoracic volume primarily from disc height loss and kyphosis. These transitions progressively compress the LBV. Normally, this compression is circumvented via collateral pathways and "Blood finds a way". However, traversing these circuitous pathways comes at a cost and can result in delayed transit times and venous congestion. While it is possible that compression of the LBV in the setting of adequate collateral channels may fail to provoke any pathologic sequelae, we propose a phenomenon in which such compression in the setting of inadequate collateral circulation may lead to a state of pathologic venous congestion. This anatomic anomaly and its associated clinical features, if identified, can offer a new avenue for treatment options for some of the hitherto unexplained neurologic disorders.

Deformed alluvial terraces record an excess of slip over the last few centuries on the Himalayan Topographic Frontal Thrust of central Bhutan

Deformed alluvial terraces are ubiquitous markers of a fault’s recent activity and may help assess its slip rate and associated seismic hazard. They are often considered as a nearly flat surface translated and rotated along a planar or listric fault. The present study challenges these assumptions by revealing uneven terrace treads and verticalization of the Topographic Frontal Thrust (TFT) in south-central Bhutan. We model this finding as combined variability in both the aggradation and geometry of the TFT. We estimate a Holocene slip rate of 19.6 ± 4.1 mm.yr−1, which confirms that the TFT accommodates most of the shortening across the range. Contrary to previous studies, we find an excess of slip over the last few centuries, which implies a lower seismic hazard. These results highlight the importance of considering the non-planar component in terrace shape, shallow abrupt changes in fault geometry, and aggradation in future morphotectonic studies worldwide.

TriHuman: A Real-time and Controllable Tri-plane Representation for Detailed Human Geometry and Appearance Synthesis

Creating controllable, photorealistic, and geometrically detailed digital doubles of real humans solely from video data is a key challenge in Computer Graphics and Vision, especially when real-time performance is required. Recent methods attach a neural radiance field (NeRF) to an articulated structure, e.g., a body model or a skeleton, to map points into a pose canonical space while conditioning the NeRF on the skeletal pose. These approaches typically parameterize the neural field with a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) leading to a slow runtime. To address this drawback, we propose TriHuman a novel human-tailored, deformable, and efficient tri-plane representation, which achieves real-time performance, state-of-the-art pose-controllable geometry synthesis as well as photorealistic rendering quality. At the core, we non-rigidly warp global ray samples into our undeformed tri-plane texture space, which effectively addresses the problem of global points being mapped to the same tri-plane locations. We then show how such a tri-plane feature representation can be conditioned on the skeletal motion to account for dynamic appearance and geometry changes. Our results demonstrate a clear step toward higher quality in terms of geometry and appearance modeling of humans as well as runtime performance.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТЕПЛОВИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ НА ВУГЛЕЦЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОДАХ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТІ ДІЇ ПЛАЗМИ ПРИ ГЕНЕРАЦІЇ НАНОСТРУКТУР У ВАКУУМНІЙ ДУЗІ

A mathematical model has been refined to determine the thermophysical and thermomechanical processes on electrodes during the plasma formation of nanostructures. The model takes into account the effects of electrode spots, evaporation, sputtering, and thermal stresses in the electrode bodies. Calculations of temperature distribution on the surfaces of the graphite cathode and anode were carried out, considering the conditions necessary for obtaining nanostructures. An analysis of the thermophysical processes on the surfaces of the graphite cathode and anode during the transition to the working regime was conducted. The stability of the electrodes during plasma generation of nanostructures was determined by changes in the geometry of the electrodes. Calculations of the temperature fields on the end surface of the graphite cathode showed that with a continuous increase in the cathode surface temperature, the nature of its distribution does not change fundamentally. Calculation of temperature fields along the radius of the graphite cathode at different moments in time during the transition to the working regime showed a slight impact of evaporation on the change in the cathode's geometry. Determining the temperature fields along the generatrix of the anode showed the greatest impact of evaporation on the small area of the anode closest to the cathode. The dependencies of the acting stresses on temperature for the graphite cathode and anode were obtained. Studies of the dynamics of changes in thermal stresses on the electrodes during the formation of nanostructures in a plasma environment indicate that the values of thermal stresses are far from the material's strength limit. A theoretical study of the thermophysical and thermomechanical processes on the graphite cathode was carried out and compared with experimental measurements. The calculation of the electrodes' lifespan during the creation of carbon nanostructures in a plasma environment was 2.52∙105 s. The experimental lifespan of the graphite cathode is 2.88∙105 s, which is quite close to the calculated value. The coincidence of the obtained theoretical and experimental results indicates the viability of the developed model. The article may be of interest when designing equipment for obtaining nanostructures in a plasma environment and for further research on the physical parameters of electrodes.

Variable Geometry Turbine Turbocharger Optimization Using Machine Learning for On-Highway Fuel Cell Applications

<div>Turbocharger design involves adjustment of various geometric parameters to improve the performance and suit mechanical constraints, depending on the application-specific requirements. In designing the turbine stage, these parameters are optimized to maximize durability and efficiencies at the required operating points. For a heavy-duty class eight truck, “road load” and “rated power” are generally considered the two most important operating points. The objective of this article is to improve the efficiencies of these two operating points.</div> <div>The common challenge in the development of a turbine wheel design is the large number and interdependence of parameters to optimize. For example, increasing the blade thickness improves structural strength but reduces the mass flow capacity, thus influencing its performance. It is general practice to optimize the wheel geometry using iterative CFD analysis. However, running simulations for every single change in geometry involves significant computation time and does not guarantee the global optimum.</div> <div>This study proposes a machine learning (ML)-driven optimization process for variable turbine geometry (VTG) wheels with two target operating points. Initial CFD data is collected and used to train/validate a ML model for each operating point. A multi-objective optimization algorithm utilizes these ML models to provide a list of ideal turbine wheel designs, and the best candidates are validated in CFD for accuracy. The results are a balanced maximization in efficiency for both operating points, with an improvement in the pareto front by 1.4% points over CFD optimization alone.</div>

Study on Flexural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with FRP Grid–PCM Composite Reinforcement

To study the flexural performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) grid–polymer cement mortar (PCM)-composite-strengthened RC beams, the finite element numerical simulation of FRP grid–PCM composite RC beams is carried out using ABAQUS to analyze the effects of the amount of FRP grid reinforcement, the type of FRP grid material, and the geometry of FRP grid on the flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams and to establish the flexural capacity calculation formula of FRP grid–PCM-reinforced RC beams in case of debonding failure, based on analysis of the influencing factors. The results show that increasing the reinforcement of the FRP grid and increasing the stiffness of the FRP grid can improve the flexural bearing capacity of RC beams, and the change of FRP grid geometry has little effect on the flexural bearing capacity of RC beams. The established formula for calculating the flexural bearing capacity of FRP grid-reinforced concrete beams can better predict the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beams under peeling failure.

Surgical dissection of ignition behavior of aluminum nanoparticles using molecular dynamics

Aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) show great promise in energy technology, yet their atomic behavior during ignition remains a puzzle. This study provides insights into atomic migration processes within ANPs of different chemical layers during ignition and combustion, inspired by surgical peeling techniques. The research reveals that cavity formation in ANPs is inevitable due to disparities in atomic migration rates between core and surface areas, with core aluminum atoms experiencing sudden and significant stress alterations crucial for cavity formation. A linear trend in atom counts across radial layers correlates with particle geometry, influencing reactivity and morphological changes. The proposed Bond Environment Change (BEC) analysis reveals that oxygen atoms in the ANP shell undergo a three-phase evolution: intensive bonding, gradual relaxation, and stable configuration, reflecting the dynamic transformation of the oxide layer during the reaction process. While this research provides a deeper understanding of ANP ignition and combustion mechanisms, it may serve as a reference for refining ANP synthesis and guiding further inquiries in the field of nanoparticle-based energy technologies.

Axial length association with corneoscleral sagittal height and scleral asymmetry.

To determine how corneoscleral geometry changes with axial length and to assess the usefulness of including the sagittal configuration of the anterior segment when predicting the axial length. An observational study was performed including 96 healthy subjects (96 eyes). Axial length was calculated from optical biometry (IOL Master 500). Corneal curvature and scleral sagittal height parameters at 13, 14 and 15 mm were obtained automatically using corneoscleral topography (eye surface profiler; ESP). In addition, corneal and scleral sagittal heights at numerous locations (21 radii: 0-10 mm from the corneal apex at 12 angles: 0-330°) were calculated using the raw height data extracted from the ESP. The relationships between axial length and the study parameters were analysed using Pearson correlation analysis. The equations for the prediction of axial length were obtained by fitting multiple linear regression models. The temporal-nasal scleral asymmetry at 13-, 14- and 15-mm chord lengths was significantly correlated with axial length (r2 ≤ 0.26; p < 0.001). Significant inverse correlations were found between the temporal scleral sagittal height and axial length (r2 ≤ 0.28; p ≤ 0.02). The nasal scleral sagittal height was not associated with axial length. Three significant multiple linear regression models were fitted based on spherical equivalent, corneal radius and scleral asymmetry at 13 (r2 = 0.79; p < 0.001), 14 (r2 = 0.80; p < 0.001) and 15 (r2 = 0.80; p < 0.001) mm chord lengths. Larger ocular globes show reduced temporal-nasal scleral asymmetry, mainly due to the lower sagittal height of the temporal sclera. Thus, the geometry of the temporal scleral may be a factor of interest during myopia progression.

PDOC-05 MULTIPLE ISOCENTRE VMAT PLANNING FOR PAEDIATRIC CRANIOSPINAL IRRADIATION USING THE HALCYON LINEAR ACCELERATOR

Abstract Paediatric brain tumours constitute the leading cause of cancer specific deaths worldwide. Many patients require craniospinal irradiation (CSI), one of the most technically demanding techniques in radiotherapy. Many LMIC centres have installed Varian Halcyon® linear accelerators and require a technique to execute CSI safely. This study evaluates a multiple isocentre VMAT planning strategy for CSI. The Halcyon is a ring based linac with a single 6MV flattening filter free (FFF) photon beam, a stacked and staggered double MLC for beam shaping and modulation, and no movable collimator jaws. Multiple isocentres are required for treatment fields longer than 28 cm. Paediatric CSI requires dose to be delivered to the entire thecal sac incorporating whole brain as well as entire spinal cord, resulting in long planning target volumes. In addition to the length of the treatment field, CSI treatments are complex due to the change in geometry of the target and the patient body over the length of the treatment field. Traditional 3D conformal radiotherapy techniques (3DCRT) require multiple isocentres with field matching and junction feathering. VMAT offers an alternative, but also require multiple fields to achieve coverage. A Halcyon based three isocentre VMAT technique was investigated and evaluated according to the QUANTEC criteria. Portal dosimetry quality assurance was performed on all fields to ensure they were clinically deliverable. High quality paediatric CSI VMAT treatments can be delivered on the Halcyon, using three isocentres with automatic feathering applied in field overlap regions. Two full arcs and one support arc were used for the brain area, with two posterior partial arcs per spine isocentre, each covering a total of 140 degrees posteriorly to limit integral dose and dose to the lungs and kidneys. Imaging and setup is required for every isocentre further than 8cm/10cm (Halcyon V2/V3 respectively) from the previous isocentre.

Transcriptional regulation of postnatal aortic development

The aorta exhibits tremendous changes in geometry, composition, and mechanical properties during postnatal development. These changes are necessarily driven by transcriptional changes, both genetically programmed and mechano-responsive, but there has not been a careful comparison of time-course changes in the transcriptional profile and biomechanical phenotype. Here, we show that the greatest period of differential gene expression in the normal postnatal mouse aorta occurs prior to weaning at three weeks of age though with important evolution of many transcripts thereafter. We identify six general temporal patterns, including transcripts that monotonically decrease to lower or increase to higher steady state values as well as those that either peak or dip prior to or near weaning. We show that diverse transcripts within individual groupings correlate well over time, and that sub-sets of these groups correlate well with the developmental progression of different biomechanical metrics that are expected to be involved in mechano-sensing. In particular, expression of genes for elastin and elastin-associated glycoproteins tend to correlate well with the ratio of systolic-to-diastolic stress whereas genes for collagen fibers correlate well with the daily rate of change of systolic stress and genes for mechano-sensing proteins tend to correlate well with the systolic stress itself. We conclude that different groupings of genes having different temporal expression patterns correlate well with different measures of the wall mechanics, hence emphasizing a need for age-dependent, gene-specific computational modeling of postnatal development.

Adsorption Effects of Isoniazid Drug Over Carbon Nanotube (C56H16) and Ab‐Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation (ADMP) – A Computational Quantum Chemical Approach

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is a deadly disease of global concern. The previous work studies the geometric optimization, vibrational analysis, TDDFT, and electronic properties of the TB pathogen drug isoniazid (ISO). This communication will discuss the changes in geometry, electronic properties, and shielding parameters of ISO‐absorbed carbon nanotube (CNT) (CNT‐ISO, C56H16). This study has used the DFT/B3LYP/6–311G (d, p) method for the first time to report ISO's electronic structure and interaction parameters on the CNT surface. The same level theory is used to discuss the thermodynamic stability of CNT‐ISO. The calculated UV spectra of CNT are compared with UV spectra of CNT‐ISO by using the same level theory in a water solvent, which provides a better comprehension of CNT as a drug delivery system after absorption of the ISO in the human body. The nature and strength of interactions have been discussed with the help of NBO and AIM analysis, and the frontier orbital highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO‐LUMO) gap, chemical softness, and chemical hardness have been calculated to understand its complete chemical properties. The characters of the frontier molecular orbitals are discussed and analyzed by comparing the DOS spectra of CNT with CNT‐ISO. It has also examined the scan plot of interaction with time using ab‐initio dynamics simulation (ADMP) calculations.

Low-profile dielectric grooved GRIN lens for broadband millimeter-wave applications

Microwave lenses are utilized at millimeter waves to ensure high-gain and narrow-beamwidth radiation patterns. This paper proposes full-dielectric grooved graded-index (GRIN) lenses with an improved effective permittivity profile of the lens. The proposed grooved GRIN lenses combine changes in the lens geometry with the stepped effective permittivity profile to better approximate the theoretical permittivity profile of the lens. A prototype GRIN lens has been designed, fabricated, and measured. The designed lens has diameter and thickness equal to 72 mm and 19.04 mm (5.3λ0, 1.4λ0 at the center frequency of 22 GHz), respectively. The lens covers the entire K-band (18–26.5 GHz) with aperture efficiency better than 44%. Moreover, it achieves the maximum gain and aperture efficiency of 23 dBi and 64%, respectively.

Transient mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of aero ball bearing under non-steady state conditions

A transient mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication model of bearing considering the thermal effect and the changes in velocity, load, and contact geometry is proposed. Based on the bearing dynamic and lubrication analysis, the effects of bearing rotational speed and start-stop conditions on the dynamic behavior and lubrication performance are studied. Results show that when the bearing rotational speed exceeds a certain critical value, the increasing speed will reduce the film thickness, especially the outer raceway. The increasing bearing acceleration can cause a higher slide-roll ratio and film temperature at the initial start-up process. Compared with the start-up process, the lubrication change in the shut-down process has a similar opposite trend, but the overall lubrication performance is better.

Tiling-based lattice generation for structural property exploration

Advancements in additive manufacturing enable the development of artificial lattice structures with unique properties not found in natural materials. Specifically, filament-based lattices are known for having a lightweight yet strong nature, exhibiting auxetic behavior and excellent energy absorption capabilities. Recent research has focused on developing algorithms and frameworks to manipulate cell geometry and material properties to achieve unusual properties. However, the exploration of the full design space is hampered in practice primarily due to restrictions on cell tiling variation. Here, for the first time, a Tiling-Based Lattice Generation (TBLatGen) framework is presented that relies on various tiling operations and stochastic changes in internal cell geometry. By utilizing reflections, rotations, glide reflections, translations, and combinations of these operations, lattice structures are tiled to achieve an extensive range of properties. For instance, achieving Poisson's ratios ranging over at least ±20 using a minimal set of design parameters is demonstrated, a range unprecedented in prior studies. Experimental testing of a physical prototype validates the auxetic behavior of one newly proposed tiled lattice structure. Beyond this, the proposed TBLatGen framework is anticipated to be applicable to general periodic metamaterials, enabling the design and discovery of new structures exhibiting exceptional mechanical, thermal, electrical, or magnetic properties.

Sediment Transport and Flood Risk: Impact of Newly Constructed Embankments on River Morphology and Flood Dynamics in Kathmandu, Nepal

AbstractFloodplain encroachment by embankments heightens flood risk. This is exacerbated by climate change and land‐use modifications. This paper assesses the impact of embankments on sediment transport, channel geometry, conveyance capacity, and flood inundation of a reach of the Nakkhu River, Nepal. Using the CAESAR‐Lisflood landscape evolution model based on a 2‐m digital elevation model, we simulate four flood scenarios with and without embankments and sediment transport: a historical 25‐year return period flood event used to design the embankments, 50‐year, 100‐year, and 1000‐year return period flood events forecast using the Generalized Logistic Model (using data from 1992 to 2017). Our results indicate that flow confinement by embankments reduces inundation by 99% (from 22.5 to 0.3 ha) for the historical 25‐year flood discharge of 42.23 and by 15% (from 28.8 to 24.4 ha) for the 1000‐year return period flood discharge of 95 (similar to a 25‐year maximum mid‐future). The presence of embankments increases downstream sediment transport by more than 32% for all flood scenarios considered. Inclusion of sediment transport leads to a fivefold increase in predicted inundation area for a 25‐year maximum mid‐future flood compared to the no‐sediment case in the embanked channel. Changes in channel geometry due to sedimentation significantly reduce conveyance capacity increasing overtopping flood risk, particularly where the channel is sinuous or located on flat terrain. Our results indicate that sediment erosion in outer meanders may threaten embankment stability by promoting undercuts. It is recommended that sediment transport effects be factored into embankment design and floodplain planning.

Influence of Blowing Musical Instruments on Geometrical Face Changes: 3D Evaluation Study.

This study examined changes in facial geometry while playing wind instruments. Nine musicians participated (6 men, 3 women, mean age 52 years) in part 1 of the study, and 3 musicians participated (3 women, mean age 41 years) in part 2. In part 1, the high and low notes of each instrument were selected as test sounds. Facial geometry data were recorded using a 3D scanner. In part 2, facial geometry data were recorded using a 4D scanner while a melody was played. Data were superimposed and analyzed using 3D analysis software. Numerical values and color maps of deviations were obtained. The results of part 1 revealed that the median 3D deviation was 1.1 mm (range 0.42-1.45 mm), indicating that facial geometry while playing high and low notes was varied. The results of part 2 showed that the stable part was the frontal region and dorsal part of the nose. The approach used in this study has potential applications for evaluating facial geometry during musical instrument performances.

Wettability-dependent dissolution dynamics of oxygen bubbles on Ti64 substrates

In this study, the dissolution of a single oxygen bubble on a solid surface, here Titanium alloy Ti64, in ultrapure water with different oxygen undersaturation levels is investigated. For that purpose, a combination of shadowgraph technique and planar laser-induced fluorescence is used to measure simultaneously the changes in bubble geometry and in the dissolved oxygen concentration around the bubble. Two different wettabilities of the Ti64 surface are adjusted by using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The dissolution process on the solid surface involves two distinct phases, namely bouncing of the oxygen bubble at the Ti64 surface and the subsequent dissolution of the bubble, primarily by diffusion. By investigating the features of oxygen bubbles bouncing, it was found that the boundary layer of dissolved oxygen surrounding the bubble surface is redistributed by the vortices emerging during bouncing. This establishes the initial conditions for the subsequent second dissolution phase of the oxygen bubbles on the Ti64 surfaces. In this phase, the mass transfer of O2 proceeds non-homogeneously across the bubble surface, leading to an oxygen accumulation close to the Ti64 surface. We further show that the main factor influencing the differences in the dynamics of O2 bubble dissolution is the variation in the surface area of the bubbles available for mass transfer, which is determined by the substrate wettability. As a result, dissolution proceeds faster at the hydrophilic Ti64 surface due to the smaller contact angle, which provokes a larger surface area.

Detached eddy simulation of traffic-induced air pollution in an urban highway with complex surrounding morphology

Air pollution caused by traffic is a major contributor to unhealthy ambient air quality in the vicinity of urban highways and puts the health of residents and pedestrians at risk. Therefore, it is imperative to examine local pollution reduction methods. The present paper is concerned with Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) of an urban area with high concentration of air pollutants. As an example of a complex surrounding morphology, the studied domain encompasses a 2.5 km stretch of high-traffic highway, a bus terminal, and the nearby residential buildings. The numerical procedure is validated with some benchmark wind tunnel and numerical data. The locations of pollution accumulation have been identified and the effect of the ambient wind speed on the change of the maximum pollution concentration points has been investigated. Furthermore, potential pollution reduction strategies for such complex morphologies have been proposed based on the geometry change to prevent the formation of critical zones of pollution accumulation. The results show that critical zones are generally formed behind the walls of upstream buildings, adjacent to the upstream wall of the highway, and in front of the walls of downstream buildings. It was also found that changes in the ambient wind speed do not significantly alter the location of these critical zones. Furthermore, increasing the distance between adjacent buildings and the highway from 21 m to 30 m, can result in an average reduction of 76% in maximum carbon monoxide concentration values. An investigation into the impact of upstream buildings height indicates that reducing the height of certain buildings can effectively diminish pollution concentration to zero in residential areas and surrounding sidewalks. Additionally, increasing the depth of the highway and erecting 2 m solid barriers on either side of the highway are identified as two other effective techniques for reducing pollution concentration on both sides of the highway. The findings can be utilised to develop novel strategies aimed at enhancing air quality for residents and pedestrians.