Changes In Gas Levels Research Articles

Monitoring System for Levels of Voltage, Current, Temperature, Methane, and Hydrogen in IoT-Based Distribution Transformers

The distribution network is an integral part of electricity distribution, both technically and non-technically, which is very vulnerable to disturbances. This disturbance should be resolved as soon as possible so that it does not interfere with the performance of the electricity distribution and also damage the distribution transformer. In overcoming this disturbance, it can be done by using a safety device and a voltage breaker in each load area. The protection system in the distribution network must work quickly and immediately isolate abnormal conditions to prevent further damage and minimize blackouts. This disturbance should be resolved as soon as possible so that it does not interfere with the performance of the electricity distribution and also damage the distribution transformer. . The effects of this disturbance are changed in voltage, current, temperature, and gas levels in the distribution transformer. So we need a tool that can monitor the condition of the transformer. NodeMCU ESP8266 is a microcontroller that can connect to the internet network, which is used as the central control. The PZEEM-004T sensor is applied as a current and voltage reader. For gas measurement, the MQ-4 sensor is used to measure CH4 gas levels; the MQ-7 sensor is used to measure CO gas levels, and the MQ-8 sensor is used to measure H2 gas levels. The test results found that due to the unbalanced load conditions, there was an increase in temperature in the transformer, which resulted in changes in gas levels. Where from the test, it was found that the lowest gas content was CH4 reaching 113 PPM, CO went 21PPM, and H2 reaching 158PPM.

The effects of short-term and long-term air pollution exposure on meibomian gland dysfunction

We aim to assess the effects of different air pollutants on meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). As a prospective multicenter study, 864 patients were recruited from four different regions (i.e., coal, oil, steel, and living). The oil region had a significantly lower temperature and higher O3 and SO2 concentrations than other regions. Notably, participants in oil region presented with more frequent and serious MGD signs and higher cytokine levels (median interleukin 6 [IL-6] in oil: 2.66, steel: 0.96, coal: 0.38, living: 0.56; IL-8 in oil: 117.52, steel: 46.94, coal: 26.89, living: 33; vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] in oil: 25.09, steel: 14.02, coal: 14.02, living: 28.47). The short-term fluctuations of cytokine levels were associated with the changes in gas levels (PM2.5 and IL-8: β = 0.016 [0.004–0.029]; O3 and IL-6: β = 0.576 [0.386–0.702]; O3 and IL-8: β = 0.479 [0.369–0.890]; SO2 and VEGF: β = 0.021 [0.001–0.047]). After long-term exposure, lid margin neovascularization (r = 0.402), meibomian gland (MG) expression (r = 0.377), MG secretion (r = 0.303), MG loss (r = 0.404), and tear meniscus height (r = − 0.345) were moderately correlated with air quality index (AQI). Individuals in oil region had more serious MGD signs and higher cytokine levels. MGD is susceptible to long-term exposure to high AQI.

Embedded systems and the Internet of Things: Can low-cost gas sensors be used in risk assessment of occupational exposure?

The Internet of Things (IoT) explores new perspectives and possible improvements in risk assessment practices and shows potential to measure long-term and real-time occupational exposure. This may be of value when monitoring gases with short-term maximum levels and for time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations used in standard measuring practices. A functional embedded system was designed using low-cost carbon monoxide (CO) electrochemical sensors and long-range-wide-area-network radio communication technology (LoRaWAN) was used to enable internet connectivity. This system was utilized to monitor gas levels continuously in the working atmosphere of an incineration plant over a 2-month period. The results show that stable and long-term continuous data transfer was enabled by LoRaWAN, which proved useful for detecting rapid changes in gas levels. However, it was observed that raw data from the low-cost sensors did not meet the NIOSH accuracy criteria of 25% of the estimated true concentration based on field data from a co-located gas detector that met the NIOSH accuracy criteria. The new IoT technologies and CO sensor networks shows potential for remote monitoring of exposure in order to: (1) detect rapid changes in CO and other possible hazardous airborne gases; and (2) show the dynamic range of real-time data that may be hazardous for workers in the sampled areas. While the IoT low-cost sensors appear to be useful as a sentinel for monitoring hazardous atmospheres containing CO, the more useful finding may be showing real-time changes and the dynamic range of exposures, thus shedding light on the transient and toxic nature of airborne hazards. More importantly, the low-cost CO sensors are not a clear substitute for the more costly real-time gas detectors that perform within the NIOSH accuracy criteria.

236 RESPIRATION AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION EFFECTS ON MA PACKAGING OF STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES

Natural variation of product respiration rate and temperature variation during shipping and marketing influence the atmosphere inside MA packages. Respiration rate variation data was collected at 0C and 5.5C for `Allstar' and `Honeoye' strawberries and at 5.5C for `Heritage' raspberries. Coefficient of variation was 8% for raspberries and ranged from 6.5% to 12.5% for strawberries. To determine package-to-package variations, steady-state O2 partial pressures were measured in 100 similarly designed packages and frequency distributions were constructed. For `Honeoye' variety, `O2 partial pressures ranged from 3.5 kPa to 13.7 kPa with a median of 7.5 kPa in one set of packages and from 0.4 to 1.65 kPa with a median of 0.6 kPa in another set of packages with different design. Large variations were also observed for `Allstar' variety and raspberries. The results compared well with package O2 distributions predicted by a mathematical model that was constructed based on respiration rate variation. A modeling approach was used to predict frequency distributions and changes in gas levels in strawberry and raspberry packages for several possible temperature variation situations and for different types of package designs.

Ventilation, gaseous exchange and air sac gases during moderate thermal panting in domestic fowl.

Gaseous exchange, ventilatory pattern and gas levels within the interclavicular and abdominal air sacs of domestic fowl were monitored before, during and after periods of moderate hyperthermic panting. O2 consumption (VO2) remained virtually unaltered and CO2 production (VCO2) increased slightly during panting as compared to normal respiration. Resting VO2 was 12.2 ml X kg-1 X min-1. Resting (eupneic) PO2 and PCO2 of the interclavicular and abdominal air sacs were 100.1 and 38.5 torr, and 125.2 and 16.4 torr respectively. During panting the partial pressure of the abdominal air sac Pabs, O2 and Pabs, CO2 fell and rose to extreme values of 109 and 29.8 torr respectively. Simultaneously the partial pressure of the interclavicular air sac Pics, O2 and Pics, CO2 changed by smaller amounts to 107.5 and 32.3 torr respectively. Ventilatory pattern during thermal panting was characterized by rapid, shallow movements which were interrupted at regular intervals by short sequences of slower, deeper breaths. During these intermittent periods of eupneic breathing gas levels returned towards normal and these alterations were reflected in transient variations in VO2 and VCO2 about their mean values. Changes in gas levels within the lung-air sac system are discussed in connexion with the peripheral control of ventilation during panting.