Changes In Forest Area Research Articles

USING GUYANA’S MONITORING REPORTING & VERIFICATION SYSTEM TO GUIDE NATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT & DECISION MAKING

Abstract. The Guyana Forestry Commission’s (GFC) Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (MRVS) is a combined Geographic Information System (GIS) and field-based monitoring system, which has underpinned the conducting of a historical assessment of forest cover as well as eight national assessments of forest area change to date. The System seeks to provide the basis for measuring verifiable changes in Guyana’s forest cover and resultant carbon emissions from Guyana’s forests, which will provide the basis for results-based REDD+ compensation in the long-term. With the continuous compilation, analysis and dissemination of MRVS results on a typically annual basis, the GFC envisioned a larger role for this data, in informing national processes such as natural resources policy and management. This resulted in a significant broadening of the application of the MRVS data and products for purposes that are aligned or complementary to national REDD+ objectives and forest policy and management. These broader applications have allowed for a beneficial shift towards the increased use of remote sensing data and scientific reporting to inform forest management, governance and decision making on natural resource management across forested land. This has resulted in a transformation in the nature of data available to inform decision making on forest management and governance, and overall environmental oversight, from predominantly social science data and factors to now incorporating remote sensing and scientific observations and reporting. Primary decision makers are turning to scientific based reporting to determine best approaches for developmental initiatives in Guyana. This study shows how Guyana has demonstrated significant progress in making remote sensing products accessible and useful to policy makers in Guyana.

Assessing the potential impacts of climate and population change on land-use changes projected to 2100 in Japan

CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials CR 79:139-149 (2019) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01580 Assessing the potential impacts of climate and population change on land-use changes projected to 2100 in Japan Tomohiro Fujita1,*, Toshinori Ariga1, Haruka Ohashi2, Yasuaki Hijioka1, Keita Fukasawa3 1Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan 2Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan 3Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan *Corresponding author: fujita.tomohiro@nies.go.jp ABSTRACT: Projecting land-use changes can help with identifying potential threats to biodiversity and ecosystem function, thus mitigating impacts on human livelihoods. We examined changes in 6 land-use categories in Japan: paddy fields, croplands, forests, wastelands, built-up areas, and other artificial land cover. Land-use changes were projected to the year 2100 while considering effects from climate and population change. We developed regression models to project proportional changes in land-use areas using predictors derived from a previous dataset. Using these models, we projected future trends of each land-use type under alternative climate and population change scenarios. Our results revealed that, in Japan, climate change is likely to have a greater impact on croplands, forests, and wastelands, whereas population change has more influence on paddy fields, built-up areas, and other artificial land cover. For example, proportional changes in forest area did not vary much among population change scenarios but differed substantially among climate change scenarios. In contrast, proportional changes in the areas of paddy fields did not vary much among climate change scenarios but differed greatly among population change scenarios. Our results also indicated that land-use changes can vary by region. Although the total area of paddy fields decreased nationally by the year 2100, paddy field area was projected to increase in Hokkaido, especially under the scenario of high greenhouse gas emissions (an increase of 2228 km2, +95.7%). Our study confirms that climate and population change will affect future land-use changes in Japan. KEY WORDS: Demographics · Random forest · Land-use change · Paddy · Biodiversity Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Fujita T, Ariga T, Ohashi H, Hijioka Y, Fukasawa K (2019) Assessing the potential impacts of climate and population change on land-use changes projected to 2100 in Japan. Clim Res 79:139-149. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01580 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in CR Vol. 79, No. 2. Online publication date: December 05, 2019 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; Online ISSN: 1616-1572 Copyright © 2019 Inter-Research.

Driving forces of changes in China’s wetland area from the first (1999–2001) to second (2009–2011) National Inventory of Wetland Resources

Based on the wetland areas recorded in the First National Inventory of Wetland Resources (FNIWR; 1999–2001) and the Second National Inventory of Wetland Resources (SNIWR; 2009–2011), as well as regional environmental parameters including meteorological conditions and land-use structure, the driving forces of changes in China’s wetland area from the FNIWR to the SNIWR were investigated. The total area of China’s wetlands larger than 1 km2 decreased from 384.8 × 103 km2 in the FNIWR to 350.8 × 103 km2 in the SNIWR. Natural wetland areas, including marshes, rivers, lakes, and coastal wetlands, decreased by 33.8 × 103 km2 over the study period, accounting for 99.4% of the decrease in the wetland area. Regions with decreased marsh and reservoir wetland areas were located mainly in Central and Eastern China, and those with increased river and lake wetland areas were located in Western China. There were no significant regression coefficients between the percentages of change in marsh and lake wetland areas and environmental parameters. However, changes in river wetland areas were positively regressed with changes in forest areas, mean annual temperature, and extreme minimum temperature, and changes in reservoir wetland areas were positively regressed with changes in city construction areas and mean annual temperature. Therefore, it seems that increased forest area and regional temperature alleviated the degradation of river wetland areas, while increased city construction areas and regional temperature alleviated the degradation of reservoir areas.

Monitoring changes in land use and distribution of mangroves in the southeastern part of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

Mangroves are one of the most valuable and productive coastal ecosystems. Previous studies show a severe loss of mangroves around the world over the last several decades due to natural and anthropogenic activities. Mangroves located in the southeastern part of the Mekong River Delta (MRD) are also affected by these activities. Shrimp farming is considered as one of the main drivers causing the rapid loss and degradation of mangroves. The goal of this study is to assess the spatiotemporal changes in land use and distribution of mangroves in the Soc Trang and Bac Lieu provinces of the southeastern part of the MRD. Multi-temporal Landsat data were used for land use and land cover (LULC) classification using the maximum-likelihood classification algorithm. The changes in mangrove forest areas were monitored using medium spatial resolution (Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager) satellite imageries from 1988 to 2018. In the study area, there were seven major LULC types namely, dense mangroves, sparse mangroves, aquaculture farms, arable land with crop cover, arable land without crop cover, settlements, and water bodies. The overall accuracies of the LULC maps in 1988, 1998, 2008, and 2018 were 81.2%, 83.3%, 78.3%, and 81.9%, respectively. This study reveals that dense and sparse mangrove forests have decreased by 90% from 5495 hectares (ha) to 515 ha and by 55% from 14,105 to 6289 ha, respectively from 1988 to 2018. On the other hand, the aquaculture farm has increased at the rate of 5024 ha/year for a period of 30 years. This rapid growth of aquaculture farming activities caused the rapid loss and degradation of mangroves in the MRD. Quantitative information about mangrove change obtained by this study is considered to be useful for future coastal management and relevant policies in the MRD.

The response of water balance components to land cover change based on hydrologic modeling and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis in the Upper Awash Basin

Study regionUpper Awash basin at the headwater of Awash River. Study focusComprehensive assessment of land cover (LC) change effect on the water balance components using integrated approaches of hydrologic modeling and partial least squares regression (PLSR) provides better understandings of the impact of recent development activities on water resources. The SWAT model was validated at five subbasins and used to simulate the water balance and hydrologic response to LC changes at multiple temporal and spatial scales. PLSR was used to evaluate the significance of the relative influence of LC classes on the hydrologic components. New hydrological insights for the regionBased on the multitemporal LC change detections, Upper Awash basin is characterized by the decline of natural vegetation due to the swelling rise of cropland and urbanization. The monoplot of PLSR components exhibited that groundwater is highly correlated with the forest areas and lateral flow is strongly correlated with pasture, whereas, surface runoff is significantly attributed to the change in urban and cropland. The Variable Importance for the Projection (VIP) and PLSR weight (w) revealed that the decline of groundwater is mainly due to urban (VIP = 1.34 and w=-0.55), whereas, the change in forest area enhanced groundwater (VIP = 1.04 and w = 0.47). The study provides valuable information on the contribution of particular LC to change in water balance which is vital for improved water resources management.

Poverty reduction saves forests sustainably: Lessons for deforestation policies

Efforts to reduce deforestation are increasing worldwide through the implementation of climate change mitigation schemes and have recently been promoted as one of the goals of the United Nations’ 2015–2030 Sustainable Development Goals. However, existing strategies are associated with high costs, low effectiveness, and potential adverse economic impact on tropical countries and local people. Moreover, because the underlying causes of deforestation are not clearly understood, the policy options that would be most effective in halting deforestation are not known. Therefore, in this study, I examine the main factors influencing forest area change by synthesizing the results of a multinational data analysis, a Malaysian socio-economic survey, and Indonesian household surveys on deforestation that were conducted between 1990 and 2014. I reveal that poverty has a strong impact on forest area change and that high agricultural rent accelerates deforestation. I then use logical equations based on my own findings and those of previous studies to represent the relationships between deforestation, poverty, agricultural rent, and forest scarcity. From these equations, I derive clear and reasonable explanations for the causes of deforestation and assess the effectiveness of various policies and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation strategies to halt deforestation. I suggest that poverty-reduction strategies can represent sound and effective methods for reducing tropical deforestation. These findings will facilitate development of sustainable strategies that will both reduce deforestation over long term and reconcile forest conservation with social welfare.

Assessment of scenario-based land use changes in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

Land scarcity and land-hungry are two important terms are used for a highly populous country like Bangladesh. The only hilly area of Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), is a forest dominated area of the country is also experiencing forest area and other land area changes. With the advent of time, changes of different factors like geophysical, socioeconomic, proximity to built infrastructure or climatic are producing changes in the spatial pattern of land use of the CHT. In this regard, it is crucially important to crystallize the dynamics of land cover changes for scrutinizing the underlying causes of land cover change patterns in the Hill Tracts area. With this view in mind, in the present study, we developed two scenarios (from 2010 to 2040) of land cover change like business as usual, plus environmental protection priority and predicted the future land cover in the study area. We employed the Dynamics of Land System (DLS) model to simulate the land uses based on the driving mechanisms. The findings implied a huge increment of built-up area with shrinkage of cultivated lands, forestry area and grassland from 2010 to 2040 under the business as usual scenario. While, under the environmental protection priority scenario, forestry areas, grassland, and built-up areas would expand with the contraction of cultivated land, and water areas mainly. The research findings offer worthwhile information for policymakers to conserve the environment and economic growth in a more sustainable way.

Classifications of Forest Change by Using Bitemporal Airborne Laser Scanner Data

Changes in forest areas have great impact on a range of ecosystem functions, and monitoring forest change across different spatial and temporal resolutions is a central task in forestry. At the spatial scales of municipalities, forest properties and stands, local inventories are carried out periodically to inform forest management, in which airborne laser scanner (ALS) data are often used to estimate forest attributes. As local forest inventories are repeated, the availability of bitemporal field and ALS data is increasing. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of bitemporal ALS data for classification of dominant height change, aboveground biomass change, forest disturbances, and forestry activities. We used data obtained from 558 field plots and four repeated ALS-based forest inventories in southeastern Norway, with temporal resolutions ranging from 11 to 15 years. We applied the k-nearest neighbor method for classification of: (i) increasing versus decreasing dominant height, (ii) increasing versus decreasing aboveground biomass, (iii) undisturbed versus disturbed forest, and (iv) forestry activities, namely untouched, partial harvest, and clearcut. Leave-one-out cross-validation revealed overall accuracies of 96%, 95%, 89%, and 88% across districts for the four change classifications, respectively. Thus, our results demonstrate that various changes in forest structure can be classified with high accuracy at plot level using data from repeated ALS-based forest inventories.

Evaluasi Kesintasan dan Pertumbuhan Beberapa Jenis Pohon Lokal di Area Restorasi Cagar Biosfer Cibodas

One of the threats faced with Cibodas Biosphere Reserve area is the changes of forest area into plantation. Various efforts were made by Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGP) management to restore the area to its original function. One of the efforts is planting trees in the ex-plantation area that has been abandoned by the farmers. In 2016, Cibodas Botanics Garden was collaborated with TNGP to plant native trees species that had potency of high carbon sequestration. Six hundreds seedlings from 12 native trees species were planted ie, Altingia excelsa Noronha , Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC ., Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. , Castanopsis tunggurut (Blume) A.DC , Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. , Euonymus indicus B. Heyne ex Wall ., Lithocarpus indutus (Blume) Rehder , Magnolia blumei Prantl, Persea rimosa Zoll. ex Meisn ., Syzygium acuminatissimum (Blume) DC., Sloanea sigun (Blume) K. Schum ., and Schima wallichii Choisy . The observations of evaluation done by January, February and July 2016. Parameters were observed are plant height, root collar diameter and crown width. Then, the data were analyzed by RGR (Relative Growth Rate) and RPI (Relative Performance Index). The results of observation during six months after planting shown that the average survival rate was 60.56%, with the largest survival rates were Altingia excelsa and Castanopsis javanica (80%). Castanopsis tunggurut was the lowest survival rate than the other plants (33,33%). The best growth rate is shown by Schima wallichii. In this case, obstructed plant growth is caused by the high density of weeds and shrubs so that seedlings are less exposed to sunlight and nutritional deficiencies, and also the damage that caused by humans, especially for Castanopsis tunggurut and Sloanea sigun.

Dynamic model of land use change in landslide hazard zones in Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra

Population growth has an impact on land resource needs, pressure on land use will have an impact on environmental degradation. As an effort to reduce pressure, policy efforts in land use are needed. This study aims to develop dynamic models in land use and develop land use policy direction.The method used in dynamic modeling uses system analysis and land change policy direction using ISM analysis. In dynamic modeling, land use change uses three scenarios, namely: optimistic scenario, muder scenario, and pessimistic scenario. In determining the direction of the policy involving all stakeholders as many as 15 experts. The results of dynamic model analysis show that forest area changes from time to time of 1.6 percent per year. Changes in forest areas will have an impact on increasing environmental disasters. As an effort to save the environment, there is a need for law enforcement and strict sanctions against perpetrators of forest area destruction.

CHANGES OF SOIL FAUNA DIVERSITY IN SEVERAL TYPES OF SUPER WET TROPICAL RAIN FOREST AREA

Land type changes in the super wet tropical rain forest area caused fluctuations in the diversity of soil fauna which caused disruption of ecosystem balance. This research was conducted for four months, in November 2017-February 2018. Data on soil fauna was taken using pitfall traps and hand sorting. Furthermore, the soil fauna data obtained were identified and calculated the value of the diversity index, evenness and dominance on each type of land for four months. The results showed that forests had a high diversity index of soil fauna, which were 3,134, 3,313 and 3,314 in the first to the third month. While in the 4th month the forest diversity index decreased to 2,981. In open land, the soil fauna diversity index value is moderate, which is 2.631, 2.998, 2.782 and the diversity index increases in the fourth month, is 3.084. Mixed gardens have a value of the fauna diversity index of 2,728, 3,113, 2,870 and increased in the fourth month of 3,084. Whereas monoculture gardens have diversity index values of 2,527, 3,214, 2,935 and 2,927. Changes in land types of super wet tropical rainforests have an effect on changes in the level of diversity of soil fauna and not always these changes reduce the level of diversity of soil fauna.

IDENTIFIKASI TIPE KERUSAKAN POHON MENGGUNAKAN METODE FOREST HEALTH MONITORING (FHM)

Trees are an important part of the compilation of forest ecosystems blocks of collections of plants and/or animals, Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park, Lampung Province. Block collection of plants and or animals serves as a place for collecting, protecting and preserving biodiversity. The problems that occur in this block are changes in forest areas, initially primary forests become mixed forests due to land clearing. Land clearing causes various types of tree damage which causes a decrease in tree health and forest health, so it is necessary to identify tree damage conditions. The purpose of the study was to determine the condition of tree damage based on the location of tree damage, type of tree damage and severity. Identification is carried out using the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method, the measurement parameter is the condition of tree damage. The study was conducted in June 2018 in a collection block of plants and / or animals Tahura WAR Kelurahan Sumber Agung, Kemiling, Bandar Lampung covering 141.18 ha. The sampling intensity used was 2.30%, data collection was carried out in eight FHM cluster clusters. Based on the results of the study there were 144 individual trees that were damaged. The location of damage occurs mostly in the roots and the lower part of the stem is 29%, the lower stem is 18% and the branches are 15%. There were 11 types of damage observed with the largest type of damage, namely open wounds by 46%, broken or dead branches by 17%, cancer by 9% and leaves, shoots or shoots damaged by 9%. The most severe severity is found in the severity of 20% with a percentage of 39%, severity of 30% with a percentage of 35% and severity of 40% with a percentage of 7%.

Dynamic Model of Land Use Change in Landslide Hazard Zones in Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra

Population growth has an impact on land resource needs, pressure on land use will have an impact on environmental degradation. As an effort to reduce pressure, policy efforts in land use are needed. This study aims to develop dynamic models in land use and develop land use policy direction.The method used in dynamic modeling uses system analysis and land change policy direction using ISM analysis. In dynamic modeling, land use change uses three scenarios, namely: optimistic scenario, muder scenario, and pessimistic scenario. In determining the direction of the policy involving all stakeholders as many as 15 experts. The results of dynamic model analysis show that forest area changes from time to time of 1.6 percent per year. Changes in forest areas will have an impact on increasing environmental disasters. As an effort to save the environment, there is a need for law enforcement and strict sanctions against perpetrators of forest area destruction

Analysis of forest change and deforestation in Turkey

The paper assesses the extent of the forest area change in Turkey between 2005 and 2015 across 81 provinces and seven geographical regions. The results show that the situation varies at provincial and regional levels, but overall Turkey's forest area increased. An increase in forest areas in 60 out of 81 provinces was recorded, while there was a decrease in 19, and no change in the remaining two. There was a significant negative correlation between forest area and human population size. However, the change in forest area was found to have a significant positive relationship with the change in forest growing stock and current annual increment. Decrease in forest area was mainly seen in the provinces where there has been an intensive population increase, mainly through the impact of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. In addition, it was observed that forest areas in these provinces became more fragmented due to allocations based on new legal regulations. A further finding was that the increase in total forest area was not the result of afforestation efforts by Turkey's forestry organisation but resulted from changes in the socioeconomic structure of the population, and related processes such as rural to urban migration.

DETERMINAN DEFORESTASI NEGARA-NEGARA DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA PERIODE 2008-2015

This study aims to analyze the process of changing forest area or deforestation that is multidimensional and complex, encompassing economic aspects, aspects of governance, social and demographic aspects and physical and environmental aspects represented by 15 independent variables in 10 countries in Southeast Asia in the year period 2008-2015. The analysis and study besides relying on the theoretical foundation and previous research also included several variables that describe the complexity and multidimensional changes in forest area. However, these efforts are often constrained by incomplete data and data reliability. In contrast to some previous studies which focused more on economic aspects or aspects of population increase that affected changes in forest area. This research also includes aspects of governance and social and demographic aspects as well as environmental aspect which are expected to complement the spectrum and study of the problems of deforestation and forest degradation. The method used in this study uses pooled least squares and a series of tests to produce the best model specifications and estimators. In research that uses a 95% confidence level on p-value at a value of α = 0.05, it was found that from 15 variables there were only 6 (six) variables that significantly affected the increase in the human development index.

PERUBAHAN LUAS DAN KERAPATAN HUTAN MANGROVE PULAU PANIKIANG KABUPATEN BARRU

ABSTRACT This study aims to find out how changes in mangrove forest area and how the density of mangrove forests in Panikiang Island changes from 1998 to 2018. Analysis of changes used is the analysis of remote sensing images. The image used is satellite imagery LANDSAT 5 TM acquisition 1998 and LANDSAT OIL imagery acquisition in 2018. The guided classification method with the maximum like-lihood method is used to determine changes in mangrove forest area, while for non-guided classification using NDVI formula. The results obtained in 1998 mangrove vegetation covering an area of 6.93 hectares experienced changes in land cover to non-vegetative mangrove and elsewhere on the island became 3.24 hectares of mangrove vegetation. Changes in the area of mangrove forests from 1998-2018 were 3.92 hectares.The density of the Pannikiang Island mangrove forest in 1998 with the class of meetings decreased by 34.56 hectares, the density class increased by 23.67 hectares and the density rarely increased by 7.2 hectares.

Implikasi Perizinan Sektor Berbasis Lahan Terhadap Kondisi Kawasan Hutan Di Provinsi Riau

Forest resources can be utilized through various activities in the land-based sector, including forestry, plantations, and mining. The implications of the issuance of various permits are indicated to cause changes in the area of forest and land cover. This paper aims to analyze and explain the implications of the various land-based sector licenses that have been issued by the local government and the central government on the condition of forest areas in Riau Province. The research method was carried out with qualitative descriptive analysis, through interviews, spatial analysis, and review and tracking documents. The results of the study showed that during the period 1986-2017 there had been a change in the area of forest area and land cover. The biggest changes in forest areas occur due to the conversion of forest areas into plantations, while the largest land cover changes in successive classes are land cover for plantations (Pk), forest plantations (Ht) and mining (Pn). Some of the recommendations that we propose are the temporary dismissal of licenses in the Riau forest area, the rearrangement of all licenses related to forest areas, increasing integrity and willingness of all parties in Riau and the central government in sustainable forest management.

PENGARUH PERUBAHAN LUAS HUTAN MANGROVE TERHADAP KONSENTRASI TOTAL SUSPENDED MATTER (TSM) DI MUARA PERANCAK, JEMBRANA – BALI

Study of the function of mangrove forests as a sediment trap has been largely undertaken using field measurement methods, but only a few researches that fully utilize remote sensing data to find out the influence of mangrove forest’s area changes against the Total Suspended Matter (TSM) making this study very interesting and important to do. This research was conducted in Perancak estuary area which is one of mangrove ecosystem area in Bali besides West Bali National Park, Benoa Forest Park and Nusa Lembongan. The data used to generate TSM information and change of mangrove forest area in this research is medium resolution satellite image data, Landsat. Tidal data and rainfall data were used as a supporting data. The information of TSM concentration obtained by using Budhiman (2004) algorithm, shows that along with the increasing of mangrove forest area has caused the decreasing of TSM concentration at mouth Perancak river. The decline was caused by sediments trapped and settled around trees or mangrove roots, especially the Rhizophora mangroves. In addition to the increasing of mangrove forest area, the tidal oceanography factor also greatly influences the TSM fluctuation around Perancak river mouth.

Projecting global planted forest area developments and the associated impacts on global forest product markets

Planted forests are a rising share of total forests globally and an increasingly important source of timber product output, affecting national and global markets. We estimated econometric models of planted forest area by OECD and non-OECD country groups that control for economic, institutional and environmental policies likely to influence future changes in planted forest area. The models are then used to project planted forest area over next 55 years for 180 countries under five alternative scenarios of global socio-economic changes, represented in shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), adjunct products emerging from the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). By embedding key features of the SSP projections into a global forest sector model, we evaluate how planted forests lead to different global forest product market outcomes for each SSP, compared to corresponding outcomes where planted forests are not considered separately. Projected global planted forest area in 2070 ranges from 379 million ha (Mha) for SSP3 (a relatively poor and unequal world) to 475 Mha under SSP5 (a relatively wealthier and more equal world), representing respective increases of 46% and 66% compared to 2015. SSPs with the highest planted forest area increases have the lowest product prices (down by 12% by 2070, compared to SSP5 without planted forests) and higher global forest products production and consumption quantities (by as much as 3.3% by 2070, compared to SSP5 without planted forests). However, production does not increase in all countries by similar amounts, due to changes in relative advantages in production brought about by reduced product prices.

PERSPECTIVES OF LISOTATHOLOGICAL MONITORING BY MATERIALS OF RESISTANCE OF FUSION SCANNING OF FORESTS BY THE EXAMPLE OF ZHYTOMYR REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF FOREST AND HORTICULTURAL HOLDING

PERSPECTIVES OF LISOTATHOLOGICAL MONITORING BY MATERIALS OF RESISTANCE OF FUSION SCANNING OF FORESTS BY THE EXAMPLE OF ZHYTOMYR REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF FOREST AND HORTICULTURAL HOLDING