Changes In Economic Situation Research Articles

MODERNIZATION OF STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF STATE CONTROL (SUPERVISION) OVER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

The article analyzes the essence of modernization of the State policy in the field of control (supervision) over economic activity with due regard for the changing political and economic situation in the country. The author examines the main conceptual approaches to the definition of basic terms, and also identifies the features and purpose of state control (supervision) in the economic sphere. It is found that the state of the system of control (supervision) over economic activity does not always correspond to the realities of today. Hence, the author concludes that the control system is not always relevant and effective. The author identifies the main problems on the way to modernization of legislation in the field of control (supervision) over economic activity. The author proposes to use adequate means of regulating and controlling economic activity during a special period caused, for example, by a pandemic, military operations on the territory of Ukraine, etc. The author examines the key areas of state policy in the field of legal regulation of control (supervision) over economic activity. The author defines the system of regulatory and legal support of the state policy in the field of control over economic activity at different stages of economic development of the country. The author analyzes the legal acts adopted under the legal regime of martial law aimed at stabilizing the situation in the economic system of our country.

Research of the dynamics of wholesale segment concentration level in the regional pharmaceutical market

Introduction: The study of the competitive environment in the pharmaceutical market is an element of the analysis of the drug supply system. The purpose of the study is to analyze the dynamics of concentration levels in the wholesale segment of the regional pharmaceutical market. Materials and methods: Data on market shares of key players were collected and summarized based on the executed contracts (461 contracts in total) for the supply of pharmaceutical products in the model region. For the competitive analysis of pharmaceutical distributors, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHIn) calculation method was used. We also used the method of constructing the SV matrix, which has the form of a graph consisting of four quadrants divided on the abscissa scale by the obtained values of market concentration ratios (CRSV) and on the ordinate scale by the values of Hall-Teidman indices (HTSV). Results: Market concentration indicators in the wholesale segment of the regional pharmaceutical market indicate the formation of oligopoly. The constructed SV matrix demonstrated the dynamics of market concentration levels corresponding to the changing economic situation. Based on the results of the analysis, proposals to improve the competitiveness of regional pharmaceutical distributors were formed. Conclusion: The study of the dynamics of market concentration indicators allowed to analyze their state, establish the vectors of their drift, and propose measures to optimize the wholesale supply of pharmaceutical goods.

The Gypsy condition in Kiskunhalas: work, consumption, and indebtedness after socialism

ABSTRACT The article outlines the recent history of the Gypsy minority in the town of Kiskunhalas, Bács-Kiskun county, with an emphasis on its changing economic situation. Gypsy households benefited from secure employment until the late 1980s. Some of them were able to profit from the embourgeoisement opportunities available to all citizens in the socialist mixed economy. Under postsocialist conditions, however, most Gypsies face uncertainty and hardship in everyday life. Theoretically, the article engages with the work of Michael Stewart, who has argued that the demise of socialism and the replacement of central planning and compulsory wage-labour by the freedoms of market society brought opportunities for Gypsies to prosper economically, as well as to reassert a cultural identity which had been stymied for decades. I argue that this libertarian perspective overlooks the very real disadvantages that most members of the minority experienced after 1990, and which they have continued to experience in different forms under Fidesz-led governments since 2010. Like the poorest segments of the ethnic Hungarian population, Gypsies are exposed to neoliberal capitalism in its distinctive postsocialist populist form. The article concludes with an exploration of everyday financialization: indebtedness entrenches class differences and has negative consequences for persons, households and communities.

The threshold analysis of the Official Development Assistance (ODA), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and economic growth in selected African countries

There is a scarcity of research on the analysis of thresholds of official development assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment (FDI), and economic growth in Africa. Most of the studies focused on analysing the correlation between official development assistance (ODA) or foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. This study stands out from others by adopting a comprehensive approach to analyse the threshold analysis of ODA, FDI, and economic growth in many countries on a continental scale. We examine the threshold for ODA, FDI, and economic growth by analysing annual data from 1980 to 2018 in 30 African countries. The primary method used for the estimation was the panel threshold regression approach. The threshold analysis test assessed the impact of ODA, FDI, and economic growth. The current study utilised threshold analysis and found a positive coefficient of 0.0620, indicating a favourable correlation between FDI and economic growth. On the contrary, the negative coefficient of 0.0683 shows a detrimental correlation between ODA and economic growth. Therefore, officials must enforce the level of ODA that is necessary to stimulate FDI and foster economic growth in Africa. Furthermore, it is crucial for authorities to implement a monitoring system to closely monitor these thresholds and adjust the policy accordingly in response to changing economic situations. The findings of this study will not only contribute to academic discourse, but will also provide vital perspectives for politicians, practitioners, enterprises, and foreign investors on how to effectively implement policies that stimulate economic growth and attract foreign investment in Africa. Furthermore, this study offers recommendations for further research in the domain of international capital flows.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF COMPENSATION BONUSES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

Aim: This paper focuses on the evaluation of the impact of the use of compensation bonuses during a pandemic on the economic situation of companies. Methods: In order to achieve this objective, a primary quantitative survey in the form of a questionnaire survey was conducted in Czech enterprises and two research questions were set. The research questions were answered by testing four hypotheses, which focused on testing the relationship between the use of compensation bonuses and the nature of the change in the economic situation of the enterprise in terms of sector, size and prevailing business relationship. The parametric two-sample one-factor ANOVA and Pearson's Chi-squared test were used to test the hypotheses. Main findings: The results showed that the use of compensation bonuses was associated with a negative change in the economic situation of the firms. Differences in the magnitude of the effect were observed in terms of the prevailing business relationship and the size of the enterprises. The business sector did not affect the strength of the association between bonus use and change in economic situation. Limitations of the paper: the paper focuses on observing the short-term trend and is limited to Czech enterprises during the pandemic period.

ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY HORSE BREEDING PRODUCTS BY BREED AND REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The system of remuneration for workers in productive horse breeding currently provides for a direct relationship between the level of wages and the quality of the products obtained. In the context of the practical implementation of on-farm self-accounting in herd horse breeding, the form of an annual self-accounting task has proven itself well. In the near future, as the current economic situation changes and a stable demand for high-quality, environmentally friendly horse meat emerges, highly productive horse genotypes, preserved and propagated in breeding farms in various regions, will find wide application, both in purebred breeding and for use in various crossbreeding options.

Regional differentiation of the tax burden on personal income in Canada

The income of citizens reflects the degree of economic development of the country, and in the regional aspect – the degree of economic development of each region. Canada is very similar to Russia in its geographical location, nature and climate, so the standard of living of the population in this country is of interest. One of its indicators is the income of citizens. The state’s approach to personal income taxation reflects the general socio-economic policy in the country. The study analysed the tax burden on personal income in the provinces of Canada in 2000–2022, determined the dynamics of this indicator for the period under review, and identified the existence of correlation between the amount of income and the tax burden on it in the regional aspect. The results obtained found that in Canada, there is a conditional division into eastern provinces with a traditionally high tax burden, western provinces with a national average tax burden, and northern territories with a relatively low tax burden. A certain inverse relationship between the amount of citizens’ income and the tax burden on it has been established. In regions with high incomes, the tax burden is usually lower, and in regions with low incomes, it is generally higher. However, there are regions that are exceptions, which shows the relative financial independence of regional authorities in Canada. The dynamics of the tax burden on personal income in the analysed period reflected the impact of the crises of 2008 and 2020 when it decreased. This fact demonstrates the sensitive response of regional governments to the changing economic situation.

Integration perspectives for improving regional policy in rural areas of Bulgaria

Purpose. The purpose of the research is to determine the degree of implementation of specific regional policies in rural areas in the context of Bulgaria’s integration into the European Union through the prospects of the changing economic situation and new trends in the implementation of regional policy. Methodology / approach. The focus of the research is the need for a working regional policy that gives importance to the development of rural areas and influences the demographic and socio-economic processes in Bulgaria. The study is defined by comparative analysis, reference to expert assessment, use of statistical data, and analysis of strategic documents and programs related to regional development. Results. This research has shown that the applied regional development policies within the European Union have partial success. At the same time, the problems and emerging deficits are successfully defined, but it is more difficult to find optimal solutions that can be applied in more than one municipality. In this direction, regional policy has its achievements in its development, but new solutions are still being sought for several spatial and territorial problems in connection with integration into a common European market. This means a comprehensive process of functional impacts in the socio-economic development of nearly 281 regions. In Bulgaria, the situation is even more complicated, because it is necessary to have a dual approach in regional politics. On the one hand, the development of the most urbanised regions, and on the other hand, the development of the rural areas, which are decisive for the development of the greater part of the territory of Bulgaria. Originality / scientific novelty. The regional development policy carried out in the years after 2007 has a static and spontaneous character, the new approach of the measures and programs after 2023 are based on new concepts and elements in line with information technologies, development of intelligent systems, economic connectivity to overcome the backward development of rural areas. New approaches and moments are proposed in the construction of a regional policy, which has a new framework and provisions for the development of the European economic space. In this direction, the need for expert decisions related to the management of regional development comes to the fore. Practical value / implications. It is necessary to make regional development a national priority. In addition, governments should facilitate access to young people and medium-sized businesses for the use of inputs and the promotion of projects. Access to financing, strategic, and planning activities, which have their characteristics at different levels, must be further developed.

The Social- Economic Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic on Parents’ Income and Pupils Learning in Iganga District, Uganda

Globally, COVID-19 outbreak had a significant impact on the social-economic implications of parents' income and students' learning. Many school employees lost jobs and students dropped out of school in Uganda as a result of the varied social and economic effects of COVID19. A descriptive design was used to determine the effects of Social- Economic Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic on Parents' income and Pupils learning in Iganga. In-depth interviews were conducted with some selected respondents in 9 sampled primary schools in Iganga District. With the help of teachers, a random sample of 18 pupils was taken from the sampled schools and interviewed. Subsequently with the assistance of local leaders, parents were interviewed in their communities. Content analysis was used to obtain related data to the effects of social economic implications of covid19 pandemic on parent’s income and pupil’s learning. Government and civil society organization reports were among the materials examined. The findings revealed that there was changing economic situation as a result of COVID19 that affected pupils' access to different learning opportunities such as inadequate resources and knowledge about the use of digital technologies. Some of the socioeconomic challenges that affected pupils' learning and parents' income were inadequate time given to pupils learning and inadequate professional trained teachers to handle online teaching and learning. It is recommended that the government should provide more funding as well as clear, detailed, and consistent guidance to help head teachers and teachers to manage the gaps created by COVID19 on pupils' learning in Primary schools.

ANALISIS DENGAN METODE ETHNONURSING LEININGER PREVALENSI KUSTA: SOSIAL, BUDAYA DAN PERAN TENAGA KESEHATAN

Leprosy has not been eliminated in six provinces in Indonesia, one of which is Papua. Mappi Regency, Papua, contributed one thousand cases of leprosy in the last five years and 100 active cases in 2020. The high leprosy prevalence in Mappi Regency is still a mystery of the main cause. It is necessary to explore the causes of the high prevalence of leprosy in the region. The study aimed to explore socio-cultural factors and the role of health workers on the prevalence of leprosy in Mappi Regency, Papua, Indonesia. The study method was Qualitative ethnonursing by purposive sampling. This research was conducted in Mappi Regency. Data saturation was obtained from fourteen informants: four leprosy patients, four leprosy patients' families, three health workers, and three stakeholders in Primary Health Center Kepi, Kota 2, Senggo, and Health Office Mappi. Data retrieval and processing with Leininger's Ethnonursing analysis was assisted by Atlas.ti application. The study result showed there were seven emerging themes, including social and cultural: leprosy is considered like a common disease, changes in economic situation, affordability and geographical conditions, leprosy care by patients, families, and communities, suboptimal practices of health workers, limited role of government, budget, and logistics, and expectations for handling leprosy cases. The study concluded that social and cultural factors and the role of health workers contribute to the prevalence of leprosy in Mappi District, Papua, Indonesia. Strengthening the role of families, communities, health workers, and government policies is needed to support the recovery of leprosy patients and reduce the prevalence of leprosy.

Profitability Transmissions Among Polish Economic Sectors

Dynamics is one of the key attributes defining the modern economy, the most constant element being change. The economic situation changes over the years – affecting the asset and financial situation of the constituent entities, but also as a consequence of changes taking place within those entities. Also to be included in the network of dependencies is the interaction of economic actors, the effects of which are visible with more or less delay. Entities in the market economy are interested in maximising their value, and one of the intermediate objectives in pursuit of the main objective is to maximise profitability, i.e. the entity’s ability to generate profits. This ability, in the long term, is a determinant of the entities’ functioning and development. Consequently, business entities commonly analyse the level of their profitability, most often comparing it to industry results – to position the effects of their activities against those of their competitors. It is much less common to analyse the level of profitability in relation to entities in other sectors, without considering them as a direct benchmark in the assessment. What is underestimated, however, are the interrelationships and dependencies that exist between sectors and which may, over a certain period of time, have a significant impact on the situation of other sectors.

Case Analysis and Future Expectations of Chinese Enterprises Suffering Heavy Losses in the International Futures Market: Take the Bank of China and Tsingshan LME as Examples

Affected by various factors such as COVID-19 epidemic and war, the world economic situation changes more frequently, which leads to increased instability in the international and domestic financial derivatives market. For the substantial changes in the international and domestic financial derivatives market, how to deal with sudden changes and analyze the failure cases in the change of financial derivatives is of far-reaching significance to the rapidly developing domestic financial derivatives market. By taking the Bank of China “crude oil treasure’ margin call liquidation case and Tsingshan LME Nickel Futures Squeeze Case as the core of the study, this paper uses case analysis method to deeply study the possible problems and failures in the futures market under the condition of financial derivatives market instability and puts forward suggestions on how to deal with these problems. This paper analyzes the attributes and characteristics of China’s ‘crude oil treasure’ products and nickel futures products, restores the event process, describes the impact of the event on investors, trading institutions and banks, and puts forward suggestions for improvement. The suggestions in this paper are as follows: First, the company and the regulatory department should strengthen risk supervision and management; Second, companies and investors should improve their professional capabilities.

НОВІ ТРЕНДИ ТА ІННОВАЦІЇ В БУДІВЕЛЬНІЙ ГАЛУЗІ

The article is devoted to the issues of describing new trends and innovations in the construction industry. It is determined that the trends in the construction industry are largely focused on society, determining the main vector of development of construction companies – meeting the growing needs of the population and business. It is emphasised that the changing economic situation stimulates the development of new trends, which leads to a change in the business environment. The construction industry plays an important role in the structure of the national economy, as it creates all the conditions for its comprehensive development. It is the construction industry that determines the possibility of establishing the necessary infrastructure, communications, buildings and structures, and other nonresidential facilities in the economy and thus shapes the promising areas of development of territorial entities. The relevance of studying current trends and innovations in the construction industry is due to the fact that the identification of such trends allows not only to track the transformation of the construction sector, but also to identify the characteristic landmarks of future changes in real estate, which ultimately affects the entire economy. Today, trends in green development, the introduction of unique innovations that take into account the needs of modern consumers (households and businesses), the use of high technologies in the automation of many business processes, and a focus on creating added value for construction projects through the formation of comprehensive offers and the expansion of sales channels are of particular relevance. It is emphasised that new innovations in the construction industry are associated with the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies; introduction of 3D printing technologies; promotion of modular construction practices; use of drones and robots in construction (robotics), mobile technologies for remote management and control; comprehensive digitalisation of business processes; promotion of the concept of ‘smart home’ and “smart city”; promotion of VR and AR technologies.

Wojsko Polskie w składzie Zjednoczonych Sił Zbrojnych Układu Warszawskiego w końcowym okresie jego funkcjonowania

The Warsaw Pact (UW) was an instrument of the Soviet Union’s military influence on the so-called Eastern Bloc during the confrontation of the East with the West. The purpose of this article is to present the activity of the Polish Armed Forces in the composition of the United Forces of the Warsaw Pact in the 1980s (in the final period of its operation). The most important fact was the lack of operational independence of Poland, which was limited by the Soviet Union. Due to the changing political and economic situation, the Polish authorities saw no point in further participation in the “Allied” organization, which was dissolved on July 1, 1991. The most complete study on the subject is a publication by J. Pałka (2022) which presents the operational participation of the Polish Army in the Warsaw Pact based on the archival sources of the Central Archives of the Military Historical Bureau.

Making managerial decisions based on analysis of financial statements

Today, in a changing economic situation, an important condition for ensuring financial stability and maximizing profits for commercial organizations is tactical and strategic planning, based on a competent analysis of financial statements. Developing a management decision is considered one of the fundamental tasks of the enterprise management process. Analysis of the financial statements of a commercial organization allows you to assess the financial position, performance efficiency and prospects for its development, which helps to identify possible problems and propose ways to solve them. The authors substantiate the role of financial reporting analysis for making competent management decisions. The article analyzes the financial statements of PJSC «Pigment» for 2019–2021. The stages of making management decisions and the circumstances influencing them are also considered. An analysis of the main indicators of financial stability, liquidity and profitability of the enterprise indicates an increase in operating efficiency and a certain decrease in financial stability. Based on the analysis, effective management decisions are developed to overcome existing financial difficulties.

Comparative Analysis of NBA and CBA Marketing Strategies Based on Fan Psychology

Nowadays, because of the popularity of basketball, there are now two basketball organizations. One is NBA and the one is CBA. In today's highly developed sports commercialization, the NBA (national basketball league) is undoubtedly one of the most influential in many sports business brands, whether from the ratings, advertising profits, or it to the leading role of related industry chain, the market value of the NBA almost no the business giant can match. No matter how the world economic situation changes, people love the NBA. This is not a wonderful sports game can achieve business myth, outside the NBA field has an outstanding business operation team and perfect and careful operation system, the operation system properly embedded in the background of American society, culture, makes the sports business activities and big culture atmosphere positive interaction, to create the sports evolution for business, business rise Huawei culture model of success. However, in contrast, the CBA is more inferior than the NBA, which is closely related to the marketing strategy, inseparable. The following section analyze and compare the respective marketing strategies of NBA and CBA organizations and make suggestions for this. This research is in order to help the CBA to take a better development path to some extent.

Specifics of consumer behavior in modern Russia

The article discusses the change in consumer behavior in the conditions of the epidemiological situation associated with the spread of the Covid-19 virus, as well as due to the aggravation of the international political situation caused by the start of a special military operation of the Russia in February 2022. These circumstances demonstrate the relevance of the study. The main purpose of the article is to identify the behavior features of the national consumer in the conditions of changing economic and foreign policy situation at the present stage. Particular attention is paid to the concept consideration of “consumer behavior” from the point of view of classical and neoclassical approaches. The article analyzes the behavior of consumers and examines the factors determining its change. The specifics of consumer behavior in the period from 2020 to 2023 are revealed. The importance of studying this topic at the present time is substantiated, as well as possible directions for changing consumer behavior and the work specifics of Russian companies in modern conditions are determined.

ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF BANK ACTIVITIES UNDER CONDITIONS OF INTERNAL THREATS

The development of banking meets crisis situations which due to social role and the specificity of functions requires a specific method of management as well as measures to prevent crises. The need to develop anti-crisis management occurs at the time of planning banking activities and relates to the specifics of the banking sector.
 In modern relations the unstable and changing economic situation is prone to constant changes, and as a rule, the inability to quickly adapt to these conditions creates a crisis situation in a bank which turns into a crisis state and becomes a risk for bank existence and requires the immediate implementation of measures for financial recovery .
 The article considers the concepts of crisis, banking crisis, anti-crisis banking management, provides a primary assessment of anti-crisis measures that are used in domestic banking practice in emergency situations, suggests directions for further work in anti-crisis management to prevent the consequences of a banking crisis at the current stage. It has been found that the banking crisis can be studied as a crisis of a separate banking institution or as a crisis of the entire banking system. The causes of crises have been clarified, the classification of which has been supplemented by a separate group of factors of emergency situations, since they require a more detailed study and the development of appropriate anti-crisis measures to overcome their consequences. It has been determined that anti-crisis management is carried out at different stages and with different goals: in normal conditions of bank functioning - with the aim of preventing a crisis, in crisis conditions - with the aim of overcoming its negative consequences.

THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS IN POLAND IN THE LIGHT OF THE CHANGES IN THE ECONOMIC SITUATION

This article aims to assess the magnitude of the impact of the changing economic situation, related to the COVID-19 pandemic, on the financial situation of local government units (LGUs) in Poland. It employs an indicator analysis, along with a comparative analysis of measures of the financial condition of LGUs. It assesses the extent of financial self-reliance, development opportunities, budget results and operating results, as well as debt. Polish LGUs covered by the comparative analysis are categorized by their respective types. The analysis covers the years 2018–2021. In describing the condition of local government finances, it can be ascertained that the role of self-revenue decreased in 2020; this indicates a reduction in LGUs’ financial self-reliance. The deterioration of the financial situation can be further evidenced by falls in LGUs’ operating surpluses and investment expenditures. Cities with powiat (municipal) rights find themselves in the most disadvantaged situation.

Teaching Education Process and Citizenship in the Contemporary Digital Environment. Pre and Post-Covid Perspectives

The rapidly changing reality, which has been influenced by the development of technology and the industrial revolution since the nineteenth century, has largely weakened the teaching profession and the form and type of professional certification. This weakening also devaluates the idea of citizenship, which is largely conveyed during the education process. Contemporary education (4.0) is focused on practical education, where the space for shaping attitudes and creating behaviour patterns is marginalised. The relationship between education and industry related to socialisation and culture-forming processes is part of the development of individuals in societies and part of a broader formal development plan for different types of state and national organisations. The processes of systemic changes in education do not always keep up with the changing social, political and economic situation. The authors of this article indicate how the teacher education process looked in the past, through a sociohistorical approach based on the understanding of what teachers think about the meaning of digital learning in everyday school life and work. In order to do this, it was necessary to undertake an investigation from the perspective of the teachers themselves. This was helpful for the analysis of the semantic and ideological imperfection of education 4.0, based on the role of teaching staff in digital citizenship education.