Changes In Different Parts Research Articles

Integrated Analysis of Ginsenoside Content and Biomarker Changes in Processed Ginseng: Implications for Anti-Cancer Mechanisms.

Black ginseng is the processed product of ginseng, and it has been found that the content and types of rare ginsenosides increased after processing. However, there is limited research on the ginsenoside differences between cultivated and forest ginseng before and after processing and among various plant parts. This study investigated the effects of processing on ginsenosides in different parts of cultivated and forest ginseng. After processing, the contents of Re, Rg1, S-Rg3, Rg5, R-Rh1, Rk1, Rk3, and F4 were significantly increased or decreased, the growth age of forest ginseng was not proportional to the content of ginsenosides, and the differences in ginsenoside content in ginseng from different cultivation methods were relatively small. Chemometric analysis identified processing biomarkers showing varying percentage changes in different parts. Network pharmacology predicted the EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as a potential key pathway for the anti-cancer effect of black ginseng.

Adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience: The Sustainable Development Goals 13 (SDG 13) and efforts to combat climate change in different parts of the world

Adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience: The Sustainable Development Goals 13 (SDG 13) and efforts to combat climate change in different parts of the world

IMPACT OF STRESS ON EMOTIONAL HEALTH AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION

Background. Emotional stress can have both a positive effect, which is aimed at adaptation, and a negative one, which affects the higher integrative functions of the brain, and also leads to the development of numerous diseases. In this regard, the problem of establishing the influence of stress factors on the emotional state and cognitive function becomes relevant, which creates the prerequisites for a detailed analysis of the scientific data. Aim: to investigate the impact of chronic stress on emotional health and to determine the impact of stressful factors on human cognitive functions. Material and methods. The review included 63 articles, which have been selected using the following keywords: «chronic stress», «cortisol», «cognitive functions», «emotions», «memory», in the databases of scientific medical data PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. An analysis of the existing research results on the impact of stress on emotional health and cognitive functions was carried out. Results. Stress causes a multiple effect on the human nervous system, leading to structural changes in different parts of the brain such as atrophy and reduction of brain volume and mass with long-term consequences for the nervous system resulting in impaired cognitive abilities and memory. Alteration of neuronal plasticity, caused by chronic stress, due to dendrite atrophy and decreased spinal density may underlie the depressive disorders. Additionally, chronic inflammation, which also results from prolonged stress, can develop depression and disturb cognitive functions. The hippocampus contains the high density of glucocorticoids receptors, thus increased basal concentration of cortisol may result in functional and structural changes in the hippocampus with atrophy and impaired neurogenesis. Chronic stress can affect cognitive function both acutely and chronically. The acute effect is caused by beta-adrenergic effects, while the chronic effect is caused by long-term changes in gene expression mediated by steroid hormones. Conclusion. Chronic stress with an increased basal concentration of glucocorticoids affects the hippocampus leading to impaired memory, cognition, and thinking, also increases risk of depression, anxiety disorders.

The dilemma of constitutional mobilization: The housing and the environmental social movements at the Chilean Constitutional Convention

The dilemma of constitutional mobilization: The housing and the environmental social movements at the Chilean Constitutional Convention

Study of Cold Wave and Cold Stress in the Four Metropolitan Cities of India for the Period 1985–2020

Cold waves, cold nights and warm nights are major threats to human beings during winter due to climate change in different parts of India. The analysis of these has been studied for four major metropolitan cities (Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Delhi) of India during the period 1985–2020. The authors have used the 90th and 10th percentile threshold to identify the cold nights, warm nights and cold waves during the winter season. The degree of discomfort and cold stress category are identified using the Humidity Index (HD), and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The results indicate that the cold night event in Mumbai is ~0.36% higher than both Kolkata and Chennai cities but it is ~0.42% higher than Delhi. The number of cold wave events in Delhi is 53.5% higher than in Kolkata during the period of the study. It is also observed from the study of UTCI that the possibility of slight cold stress in the Delhi region during cold nights is 59.36% more than in other metropolitan cities. The study indicates that in the winter season, the climate of Delhi is more dynamic but for Kolkata it is relatively less dynamic.

The relationship between climate change and fog phenomenon in southern Iraq

The weather is thought about one of the most crucial sources of the atmosphere that has actually gone under throughout the final years of the 20th century a lot of adjustments, which resulted in scientists' interested to pick up studies on them and also research to reach its causes n the sensation that one of the problems of times, key changes consequent environment. The importance. Climate change at the global level entailed climate changes in different parts of the world, including the southern Iraq governorates, so alterations in the weather components at the selected weather stations in and around the study area are to be informed while this will indicate the effects of these changes on the fog phenomenon occurrence during the period 1941-2003.The research dealt with the alterations in climate elements in southern Iraq for specific climate cycles. It also identified the effect of shifting weather patterns on the frequency of fog occurrences in the study area.

The impact of Apis dorsata forest honey administration on follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in rats (Rattus norvegicus) forced swim test as a chronic physical animal model.

Chronic physical stress has many effects on the nervous system and can cause structural changes in different parts of the brain and hemomodulatory, including hormonal. Current pharmacotherapeutic treatments have limited efficacy and are associated with many deleterious side effects. The aim of this research is to determine how Apis dorsata forest honey administration affects follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in rats who are subjected to forced swim tests as a model of chronic physical stress placed in a container filled with water from which it cannot escape. This was an experimental laboratory study with 32 rats divided into four treatment groups: control (C), Treatment 1 (T1) with a forced swim test + honey (2 g/rat/day), Treatment 2 (T2) with a forced swim test + honey (4 g/rat/day), and Treatment 3 (T3) with a forced swim test + honey (6 g/rat/day). All treatments were administered for 14 days. Then, blood was taken for FSH and LH serum tests, and a one-way ANOVA and Duncan test were used to statistically test the data analysis. The results of this study indicate that the administration of forest honey had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the FSH parameter, but there was a significant decrease in LH levels in the T2 and T3 groups (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that giving forest honey to rats who were subjected to a 14-day forced swim test had no effect on FSH and LH levels. In rats given a forced swim test as a model of chronic stress, administration at doses of 4 and 6 g/rat/day reduced LH serum levels. Thus, giving forest honey could maintain reproductive health in rat that experience chronic stress.

Alterations in mRNA level of proteins related to redox state and mitochondria in an Alzheimer's disease animal model: Promising targets in neuroprotection.

Oxidative stress and disturbances of mitochondrial function in the brain play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about the dynamics of these changes in different parts of the brain at the early stage of AD. This study aimed to determine the expression of genes encoding superoxide dismutases (SOD1, SOD2), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuins (SIRTs). Moreover, transcription of genes related to mitochondrial electron transport complexes (ETC) and biogenesis in the brain cortex of 4-, 6- and 12-month-old transgenic AD Tg mice was analyzed. We observed significant decreases in mRNA of Sod2, Parp1 and Sirt1 in the 3-month-old AD Tg mice and upregulation of Parp1 in the 6-month-old AD Tg mice by qPCR analysis. Then, mt-CytB and mt-Co1 (complex III and IV) mRNA levels were increased in 12- and 6-month-old AD brains, respectively. These changes were linked to lower cytochrome c oxidase activity in 3- and significantly in 6-month-old AD Tg mice. Moreover, transcription of several genes involved in mitochondria biogenesis, such as Nfe2L2 and Tfam, was upregulated respectively in the 3- and 6-month-old AD Tg mice. Expression of genes encoding PGC1 and NRF2 was significantly downregulated in 12-month-old AD Tg mice. In summary, our data identified significant changes in gene expression of Sod2, Parp1 and Sirt1 at an early age (3-6-month-old AD mice) then Ppargc1, Nfe2L2 and Sirt1 at a later age. Recognizing these alterations may be important in better understanding the complexity of pathology in AD. Moreover, our results could be helpful in consideration of appropriate target(s) in neuroprotection.

Temporal Floodplain Change Assessment Using GIS: A Case of Tinau River, Butwal

The understanding of historical floodplain change plays a pivotal role in the minimization of flood risk to communities. Though many research works in Nepal have attempted to study the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change in different parts of the country, they have not dealt with identification of the floodplain and its change pattern over the period of the time. This study is aimed at understanding the historical change in floodplain of Tinau River in Butwal city which has repeatedly witnessed devastating flooding events. For the purpose, historical Landsat images for the year 1988, 1999, 2009 and 2020 were acquired from earth explorer site of USGS. The supervised classification was performed in QGIS by classifying into vegetation, agricultural land, water bodies, floodplain and settlement. The result shows that there is significant decrease in the area of the floodplain. In the span of around 32 years, its area has decreased by around 229 hectares. The major regions of floodplain encroachment are found to be Buddhanagar, Majuwa and Sundarnagar. Moreover, significant increase in the area of settlement and decrease in agricultural land was observed. The result could be helpful for the policy makers to formulate strategies to prevent floodplain encroachment and cope with flood risk. Likewise, it can be baseline for further studies which delve into the details of change analysis of floodplain.

Color Change in Different Parts of the Hazelnut Fruit

Amaç: Bu araştırma kabuklu ve iç fındıkta önemli kalite kriterlerinden biri olan renk değerlerinin meyvenin farklı kısımlarına göre değişimini ve bunlar arasındaki ilişkileri korelasyon ve temel bileşen analizine göre belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.&#x0D; Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırma, Gülyalı ilçesinde (Ordu) yetiştirilen 'Tombul', 'Palaz', 'Çakıldak', 'Kara Fındık', 'Kuş', 'Sivri', ve 'Yuvarlak Badem' çeşitlerinde yürütülmüştür. Kurutulmuş meyvelerde L, a, b, kroma (C) ve hue (h) renk ölçümleri kabukta ekvatoral, taban ve uç kısımda; iç fındıkta testa, göbek ve unda yapılmıştır. Meyvenin her bir kısmında beş ayrı noktada ölçüm yapılmıştır. Ölçümlerden elde edilen verilere korelasyon ve temel bileşen analizi uygulanmıştır.&#x0D; Araştırma Bulguları: Meyvenin toplamda altı kısmı için belirlenen 30 renk değerinde en yüksek varyasyon uç a, un a ve göbek a, en düşük varyasyon taban h, testa h, un h ve göbek L değerlerinde görülmüştür. L, a, b, C ve h renk değerleri arasında en yüksek ilişkiler, sırasıyla, göbek C-b, un C-b, ekvatoral C-b, taban C-b, uç C-b, ekvatoral h-L, uç C-a, testa C-b, taban C-a ve ekvatoral h-b arasında ve pozitif yönlü olmuştur. Temel bileşen analizinde fındık meyvelerinin farklı kısımlarının renk özelliklerindeki toplam varyasyonun 2/3’üne ilk beş bileşende (%69.68) ulaşılmıştır. 1. ve 2. temel bileşen toplam varyansın, sırasıyla %20.75 ve %17.99’unu açıklamıştır. 1. temel bileşene en fazla katkıyı, sırasıyla, pozitif yönde un b, göbek a, un C, göbek C, göbek b, un a, taban a, taban C ve taban b renk özellikleri, negatif yönde, testa L ve un L özellikleri yapmıştır.&#x0D; Sonuç: Kabuklu ve iç fındığın farklı kısımlarındaki renk değerlerinde en yüksek varyasyon a, en düşük h değerlerinde gözükmüştür. Her kısımdaki renk değerleri arasında en yüksek ilişkiler C ve b değerleri arasında pozitif yönde ortaya çıkmıştır. Kabuk renk değerleri ile iç fındığın renk değerleri arasında ve testa ile iç fındığın diğer kısımları arasında önemli ilişkiler olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca temel bileşen analizine göre, renklere göre çeşitleri ayırt etmede özellikle 1. ve 2. temel bileşendeki değişkenlerin yeterli olabileceği söylenebilir.

The volume of the thalamus and hippocampus in a right-handed female episodic migraine group

Background/aimMigraine is a disabling headache with clinical and radiological complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the volume of the thalamus and hippocampus in migraineurs, the role of white matter lesions (WMLs), and the migraine characteristics in volume changes.MethodsBrain MRIs of 161 right-handed female episodic migraine patients and 40 right-handed, age-related, healthy women were performed. Left and right thalamus segmentation was performed on the 3D MPRAGE images using the Freesurfer 5.3 image analysis suite. Hippocampal subfield segmentation was based on a novel statistical atlas built primarily upon ultra-high-resolution ex vivo MRI data.ResultsThe left hippocampus had a smaller and the left thalamus had a larger total volume than the right one in both the control (p &amp;lt; 0.001) and migraine groups (p &amp;lt;0.001). Patients with white matter lesions (L+) showed smaller right thalamus and right hippocampal tail volumes than patients without lesions (L–) (p = 0.002 and p = 0.015, respectively) and controls (p = 0.039 and p = 0.025, respectively). For the right hippocampal body, we found significantly smaller volume in L+ patients when compared to L– patients (p = 0.018) and a similar trend when compared to the control group (p = 0.064). Patients without aura (A–) showed a larger right hippocampus (p = 0.029), right hippocampal body (p = 0.012), and tail volumes (p = 0.011) than patients with aura (A+). Inverse correlations were found between attack frequency and the volumes of the left and right hippocampal tails (p = 0.018 and p = 0.008, respectively).ConclusionThese findings indicate that WMLs may influence the volume of the right thalamus and hippocampus, while migraine aura and attack frequency may lead to volume changes in different parts of the hippocampi in migraine patients. These data support the necessity of effective migraine management to limit subcortical volume loss in migraineurs.

Short Communication: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat livestock ailments in Dallo Manna District, Oromia State, Ethiopia

Abstract. Gobana AH, Telila H, Jilo SA. 2023. Short Communication: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat livestock ailments in Dallo Manna District, Oromia State, Ethiopia. Asian J Ethnobiol 6: 127-136. Historical information on the use of medicinal plants is in danger of extinction due to changes in different parts of the world, including Ethiopia. This study aimed at the ethnobotanical analysis of medicinal plants used to treat animal diseases. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the selected informant sources. Analysis of ethnobotanical data used the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), preference ranking, ranking matrix, and calculating the degree of fidelity. Dallo Manna Region was reported to have all 68 medicinal plant species used to treat veterinary diseases. The most common family is Fabaceae (7 spp.), followed by Euphorbiaceae (5 spp.), Asteraceae (5 spp.), and Solanaceae (4 spp.). The local people generally used the root, followed by leaves, seeds, and stems, to prepare drugs for treating livestock diseases. All medicine is made and used immediately; some are boiled and dried. In addition, the most common route of administration for treating animal diseases in the study area is oral, followed by topical application and nasal. The highest consensus criteria (ICF) values were recorded in ophthalmology, followed by dermatology. Most species have been reported for treating gastrointestinal disorders, followed by species for treating skin diseases and fever. Ten participants compared nine herbs used to treat veterinary diseases to determine their rankings. Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel. in the first place, then this was followed by Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Embelia schimperi Vatke in third place, which achieved the highest value among traditional medicinal plants. The main threats to veterinary medicinal plants are overharvesting of available species, agricultural land expansion, and less attention to traditional medicine due to modernization.

Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used To Treat Livestock Ailments, In Dallol Manna District, Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, South East Ethiopia

Historical information on the use of medicinal plants is in danger of extinction due to different changes in different parts of the world, including Ethiopia. This study, carried out in the DallomAna, Oromia regions of Ethiopia, aims at the ethnobotanical analysis of medicinal plants used in the treatment of animal diseases. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the information sources selected. Analysis of ethnobotanical data using tools such as the Consensus Consent Factor (ICF) preference ranking, ranking matrix, and calculating the degree of fidelity. In Dallomanna Region reported all 68 medicinal plant species used to treat veterinary diseases. The most common family is Fabaceae (7 spp.), followed by Euphorbiaceous (5 spp.), Asteraceae (5 spp.) Solanaceae (4 spp.). For the preparation of drugs for the treatment of livestock diseases, plants are generally used as the root, followed by leaves, seeds and stems. All of the medicine is made and used immediately, and some of it is boiled and dried for use. In addition, the most common way of route of administration for treatment animal diseases in the study area is oral, followed by topical application and nasal .The highest consensus criteria (ICF) values were recorded in ophthalmology, followed by dermatology. Most species have been reported for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, followed by species for the treatment of skin diseases and fever. Ten participants compared nine herbs used to treat veterinary diseases to see how they ranked. This was followed by Hagenia Abyssinia in first place, then Zingier ofcinale and Embelia schimperi in third place. Nicotiana tabacum, Phyllanthus ovalifolius, Ruta chalepensis Santalum album followed Hagenia abyssinica, which achieved the highest value among traditional oyster medicinal plants. The main threats to veterinary medicinal plants were overharvesting of available species, agricultural land expansion, and less attention to traditional medicine due to modernization.

Spatial heterogeneity ensures long-term stability in vegetation and Fritillaria meleagris flowering in Uppsala Kungsäng, a semi-natural meadow.

Semi-natural grasslands are becoming increasingly rare, and their vegetation may be affected by environmental changes and altered management. At Kungsängen Nature Reserve, a wet to mesic semi-natural meadow near Uppsala, Sweden, we analysed long-term changes in the vegetation using data from 1940, 1982, 1995 and 2016. We also analysed the spatial and temporal dynamics in the Fritillaria meleagris population based on countings of flowering individuals in 1938, 1981-1988 and 2016-2021. Between 1940 and 1982 the wet part of the meadow became wetter, which led to an increased cover of Carex acuta and pushed the main area of flowering of F. meleagris up towards the mesic part. Annual variation in the flowering propensity of F. meleagris (in May) was affected by temperature and precipitation in the phenological phases of growth and bud initiation (June in the previous year), shoot development (September in the previous year) and initiation of flowering (March-April). However, the response to weather was in opposite directions in the wet and mesic parts of the meadow, and the flowering population showed large year-to-year variation but no long-term trend. Variation in management (poorly documented) led to changes in different parts of the meadow, but the overall composition of the vegetation, species richness and diversity changed little after 1982. Species richness and species composition of the meadow vegetation, and the long-term stability of the F. meleagris population are maintained by the variation in wetness, highlighting the importance of spatial heterogeneity as an insurance against biodiversity loss in semi-natural grasslands and nature reserves generally.

Remote Sensing in Field Crop Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review of Sensor Systems, Data Analyses and Recent Advances

The key elements that underpin food security require the adaptation of agricultural systems to support productivity increases while minimizing inputs and the adverse effects of climate change. The advances in precision agriculture over the past few years have substantially enhanced the efficiency of applying spatially variable agronomic inputs for irrigation, such as fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, and water, and we can attribute them to the increasing number of innovations that utilize new technologies that are capable of monitoring field crops for varying spatial and temporal changes. Remote sensing technology is the primary driver of success in precision agriculture, along with other technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), robotic systems, weather forecasting technology, and global positioning systems (GPSs). More specifically, multispectral imaging (MSI) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) have made the monitoring of the field crop health to aid decision making and the application of spatially and temporally variable agronomic inputs possible. Furthermore, the fusion of remotely sensed multisource data—for instance, HSI and LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data fusion—has even made it possible to monitor the changes in different parts of an individual plant. To the best of our knowledge, in most reviews on this topic, the authors focus on specific methods and/or technologies, with few or no comprehensive reviews that expose researchers, and especially students, to the vast possible range of remote sensing technologies used in agriculture. In this article, we describe/evaluate the remote sensing (RS) technologies for field crop monitoring using spectral imaging, and we provide a thorough and discipline-specific starting point for researchers of different levels by supplying sufficient details and references. We also high light strengths and drawbacks of each technology, which will help readers select the most appropriate method for their intended uses.

Climate change mitigation potential of agroforestry farms in West African Savanna

Agroforestry is a land management strategy which interfaces between agriculture and forestry. It is a reliable means to combating climate change in different parts of the world. Although majority of smallholder farmers in Ghana are aware of the benefits associated with agroforestry practice, degradation of trees on farmlands remains a major concern. This study investigates the potential of agroforestry as a climate change mitigation strategy in the Nandom Municipal. Eight (8) agroforestry farms were selected for assessment using the non-destructive method. In each farm, the trees were identified by both scientific and local names. The diameter at breast height and height of the trees were measured. The biomass was estimated using the allometric model developed by Aabeyir et al. (2020). The carbon was estimated from the biomass using a factor of 0.47. The results indicate that carbon sequestration is high among trees species like Lannea velutina, Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa which often have large DBH. The study therefore recommends for nursery and integration of such tree species with smallholder crops for purposes of agroforestry.

Gross and Histopathological Changes in Gastrointestinal Tract in Cases of Acute Transoral Paraquat Poisoning

Abstract Background and Justification Paraquat is one of the easily available household poisons and has become an easy source of committing suicide, especially in rural India including in West Bengal where it is used as a “weedkiller.” Out of the fatal 272 poisoning cases where autopsies were done at NRSMCH Morgue in the year 2019, 56.6% of cases died due to transoral paraquat poisoning. Though adequate literature is available showing gross and microscopic changes in lungs, liver, and kidneys following transoral paraquat poisoning, data showing the effect of the poison in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is limited though its detrimental effects on the GI tract are associated with increased morbidity. Objectives The objectives of the study were to assess the gross and histopathological changes in different parts of the GI Tract involving lips, tongue, esophagus, and stomach in paraquat death cases brought for autopsy in NRSMCH Morgue, Kolkata, to fill the gap in the existing literature to a certain extent. Methods The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study that was done over 5 months and during which we got 38 cases based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Macroscopically Congestion with erosion and hemorrhage was seen mostly in the stomach followed by the esophagus. Histopathologically desquamation was the consistent finding in all organs attributed to the corrosive property of the paraquat solution. Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrations are predominantly seen in the tongue followed by the esophagus and lips. Hyperplasia of the surface epithelium was noticeable mostly in the esophagus followed by the tongue and lips but not in the stomach. Involvement of Distortion of glandular architecture in the stomach outnumbers the other organs, followed by the tongue. Necrotic changes were limited to the stomach and esophagus only. Both ulceration and necrotic changes were predominantly limited to the lowermost part of the esophagus than its rest portion, mainly at the junction of the esophagus and stomach where the surface epithelium shifted from squamous to columnar variety. Conclusion The result of the study can be utilized by healthcare professionals to prepare proper medical/surgical interventions to reduce mortality and morbidity in transoral paraquat poisoning cases concerning GI complications.

Respiratory Function Assessment through Kinematic Analysis of Chest Wall Movements: Effects of Position and Gender.

The effect of position and gender on chest movements and respiratory volumes is controversial and investigated in only a few studies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of position and gender on the breathing pattern during four different positions in healthy individuals. In this cross-sectional study, twenty-eight (14 males, 14 females) healthy individuals participated aged 20-45 years. The optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) method was used for the three-dimensional evaluation of chest wall motions and the compartmental analysis of the breathing pattern in supine, sitting, standing, and active straight leg raised (ASLR) positions. Volume changes in different parts of the chest wall were also measured. Position affected total and compartmental respiratory volumes in both genders. Respiratory volumes decreased in the supine position compared to sitting and standing. Total and abdominal respiratory volumes also decreased in females when comparing supine positions with the ASLR. A higher pulmonary rib cage contribution was identified in females, and males exhibited higher abdominal rib cage volume compared with females. The breathing pattern was affected by position and gender, and the respiratory volumes increased in more upright positions, perhaps due to a greater gravitational load. The ASLR decreases the respiratory volume, which is probably due to increased postural demand.

HYPOBARIC HYPOXIA CAUSING HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE RAT'S BRAIN

Hypobaric hypoxia causes degenerative changes in different parts of the brain, which leads to the formation of cerebral edema. This study aimed to investigate the morphohistological changes in the brain of rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. In particular, the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and striatum were studied. Animals were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 10 days. Histomorphological examination showed degenerative changes in the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and striatum, accompanied by pyknosis of neuronal nuclei, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and neuronal shrinkage, while the cortex of the large hemispheres remained almost intact. Histological studies showed that different parts of the brain respond to hypoxic conditions with different manifestations.

Struggles for Hegemony Have Not Ceased

Peter Thomas’s criticism of arguments advanced recently of an era of “post-hegemony” in Western democracies may be extended by considering the experience of post-colonial Asia and Africa. Reviewing the use of the Gramscian concepts of consent and passive revolution in the study of modern South Asian history, this paper argues that both of Gramsci’s objectives –a general theory of power and the analysis of historically contingent and strategic politics– can be retained to yield valuable analytical insights. The paper concludes that rather than focusing on whether the analysis of hegemony can remain true to Gramsci’s text, one can put the concept to analytical use in explaining political change in different parts of the world today.